Lolu lwazi olufushane ngenhloso yokwazisa ukuthi izingcezu ze-altare legolide lamakholoni ezakhiwe phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha, leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili, zenziwa ngokhuni oluqoshiwe olwenza ingxenye yangaphambili yokuhlobisa phambi kombukeli kanye nohlaka lokweseka ngokhuni lonke yakha ukusekelwa kwengxenye engenhla.
Ngasikhathi sinye, leli nothi kuhloswe ngalo ukuthi libe nentshisekelo ukuze labo abakwazi ukuhlanganyela ekulondolozweni kwalo, ngoba izinto eziningi ze-altare zilinyazwa yinundu, kuze kube sezingeni lokuthola kwezinye izindawo kuphela i-lamina ngegolide, ngoba izinambuzane sezivele zidle izinkuni.
Lolu lwazi olufushane ngenhloso yokwazisa ukuthi izingcezu ze-altare legolide lamakholoni ezakhiwe phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha, leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili, zenziwa ngokhuni oluqoshiwe olwenza ingxenye yangaphambili yokuhlobisa phambi kombukeli kanye nohlaka lokweseka ngokhuni lonke yakha ukusekelwa kwengxenye engenhla. Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndatshana ihloselwe ukuheha labo abangakwazi, basebenzisane nayo ekulondolozweni kwayo, ngoba izinto eziningi ze-altare zilinyazwa ibhu, kuze kube sezingeni lokuthola kwezinye izindawo kuphela i-lamina igolide, ngoba izinambuzane sezivele zidle izinkuni.
Iningi lamasonto akhiwe phakathi nonyaka ka-1540 kuya ku-1790, ngaphakathi, ahlotshiswe ngokucebile ngezinto zensimbi zaseMexico ezingaba i-altare elikhulu, elitholakala ngemuva kwepresbytery, izingqimba zesibambiso ezinamathele ezindongeni zetransept i-nave enkulu kanye nama-lateral anamathiselwe ezindongeni zezinhlangothi ze-nave enkulu. Kuzona izitayela ezine ezilandelayo zingabongwa: IPlateresque, iBaroque Estípite noma iChurrigueresco, iBaroque Salomónico ne-Ultra Barroco noma i-Anástilo (Shroeder et al 1968).
Yini ama-altare
Izingcezu ze-altare zisekela uchungechunge lwezindikimba zenkolo futhi zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili; anterior noma frontal ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko, enye ngakwesokunxele ibizwa ngokuthi iVangeli kanti enye isesandleni sokudla, leyo ye-Epistle, ngayinye inezingxenye ezilandelayo: umzimba, imigwaqo, ama-entrecalles, isisekelo (i-predella), isisekelo, amakholomu, ukubambeka, ukubaza, ukudweba kwephaneli, imidwebo kawoyela, amafiya, izinyawo, ama-niches, ama-racks kanye nezinsika (Herrerías, 1979). Ingxenye engaphambili yileyo evezwa abathembekile, leyo ebonwa ngempela futhi ecatshangwe yibo futhi yaziswa izivakashi ezijwayelene nobuciko beColonial. Ingxenye engemuva ukusekelwa kwezakhi zengxenye engaphambili futhi imvamisa yakhiwe ngokuthunyelwe, ama-andron, imishayo, ama-idler, amapulangwe, amabhodi namaraki ahlanganiswe ndawonye aqondile futhi avundlile ngosizo lwezinto zokubopha zensimbi naku amanye amacala aboshwe nge-henequen twine. Amabhodi namapulangwe ahlanganiswe emaphethelweni awo ayaqiniswa noma kufakwe izindwangu zelineni futhi zimbozwe ngaphezulu ngentambo ye-henequen, nayo enanyathiselwe.
Ngemuva kokwenza iNational Project for the Fumigation of Museums, Archives and Libraries of the INAH, phakathi kuka-1984-1994 nangemuva kokwenza ukufuthelana kwezinto ezithile ze-altare ezicelwe amabhodi amadolobha ahlukahlukene kanye neRestoration Directorate yaleso sikhungo, kanye Futhi ngocwaningo lwe-anatomical lwamasampuli angama-40 enziwe yiRestorers of the Polychrome Sculpture Workshop yeNational Coordination for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage ukuze ibonakale, umbhali uthole ukuthi ngokuvamile izisekelo zazakhiwe ngokhuni oluyimbumba (Pinus, Cupressus, Abies, Juniperus), ngaphandle kwalabo abavela eNhlonhlweni Yucatan, lapho izinkuni ezivela eDicotyledonous Angiosperms (umsedari obomvu: Cedrela odorata L.) kwasetshenziswa futhi.
Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu
Ingemuva kwama-altare amakhulu ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe nodonga, kuyilapho ama-collaterals nezinhlangothi zinamathiselwe kuwo, okwenza kube nalesi simo sokuthi ezimweni eziningi abanikezwa ukunakekelwa okuncane futhi batholakala bembozwe ngothuli oluqoqiwe. iminyaka eminingi futhi ihlushwa izinambuzane ezingama-xylophagous, ezinjenge-termites (izinundu) kanye nama-anobidi abizwa ngokuthi ama-woodworms.
Lezi zinambuzane ezidla izinkuni zisatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke iRiphabhuliki yaseMexico, kepha kuvama kakhulu futhi kuningi eMexico City nasezifundazweni zaseChiapas, eCampeche, eDurango, eCoahuila, eGuerrero, eGuanajuato, eMichoacán, eJalisco, eNayarit, eNuevo ULeón, Querétaro noZacatecas. Umuhlwa uhlala ophahleni lwokhuni lwophahla oluhlanganisiwe (uphahla oluhlotshiswe ngophahla oluhlanganisiwe), uphahla lwendlu, phansi ngokhuni, amafreyimu, iminyango namafasitela, ezindongeni nasesisekelweni sokhuni, sezakhiwo zomlando nezanamuhla ezisetshenziselwa umphakathi nezizimele .
Umuhlwa omdala nondizayo ohlala kuphela ngokhuni olomile olusetshenziswayo, ungowomndeni waseKalotermitidae ovela kuwo phakathi nobusuku obufudumele bezinyanga zikaMeyi noJuni. Umuhlwa noma umuhlwa wezinkuni ohlala uthintana nomswakama ungowomndeni waseRhinotermitidae, uqhamuka ezidlekeni zawo ezingaphansi komhlaba phakathi nezinsuku ezibalele nezishisayo zezinyanga zikaSepthemba no-Okthoba, ngemuva kwemvula enkulu yesikhashana.
Umuhlwa we-drywood unemikhuba yasebusuku futhi ukhangwa kakhulu yimithombo elula. ESifundazweni SaseMexico baziwa kakhulu ngegama leSan Juan noma iSan Juan, ngoba ngoJuni 24 unyaka nonyaka bangabonakala behamba ngezixuku ebusuku. Imuhlwa iyashona futhi iba sebusuku futhi ibuye ibe nezixuku ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nehlobo kujwayelekile kakhulu ukubona lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo zokutheleleka ngokhuni:
- Izinkumbi zomuhlwa owomile ezindiza eduze kwemithombo yokukhanya ebusuku.
- Izinkumbi zomuhlwa, ezikhona emini ngamahora okukhanya kwelanga, endle.
- Ophahleni lwezakhiwo kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuzwa ukuthikaza okwenziwa yinundu ebusuku lapho iququda futhi ihlafuna izinkuni ngemihlathi yayo eqinile.
- Ekuseni unga; bhekisisa, phansi noma ngaphezulu kwefenisha, izinqwaba ezincane zezinambuzane ezincane ezinwetshiwe ezinemihosha eyisithupha kanye nemikhawulo eyindilinga yombala wokhuni.
- Phezulu kokhuni oluhlaselwe, kuvela inamba enkulu yemigodi eyindilinga ecishe ibe ngu-2 mm ububanzi eholela emigodini emikhulu ehambisana nentambo noma okusanhlamvu kokhuni, okungukuthi, eduze kwemicu.
- Ngaphakathi kwamabhilidi, ezindongeni nasezikhaleni ezingena phakathi kohlaka lwezicabha namawindi, phakathi kophahla kanye nemiphetho yemishayo, nangasemuva kocezu lwe-altare, kunamashubhu amancane akhiwe umuhlwa onenhlanganisela yobumba, izingodo ezichotshoziwe nomlomo wesinambuzane.
Ama-Woodworms aziwa kakhulu nge "mayate furniture", "dust mayates" kanye "nezinhlamvu zokudubula mayates". Lezi zinambuzane ezingama-xylophagous ziyi-Coleoptera encane eyakhiwe yimindeni emithathu ethinta ifenisha yokhuni, kepha lowo esiwathola kaningi futhi ngobuningi ezintweni ze-altare yiwona ma-anobidi anokusatshalaliswa okufana nomuhlwa, kodwa okutholakala nokuthi ahlasela kakhulu ifenisha ngokujwayelekile, izithombe ezibaziweyo, oKrestu, iziphambano, izikrini, izinsimbi, imisebenzi yezandla, uginindela wokhuni osuka ezincwadini ezindala zamakhwaya, izinsimbi zomculo zokhuni nezibambo namathuluzi. Njengesibonelo somonakalo ophawuleka kakhulu obangelwe yi-xylophages, kukhona izingcezu ze-altare zesonto lezindela lase-Oaxaca, ePuebla (isonto laseSanto Entierro, eCholula), ophahleni lwosilingi abafakwe izikhumbuzo zomlando wedolobha lasePátzcuaro, Michoacán, nophahla lwamapulangwe lwezindlu eziningi ezifundazweni zaseChiapas, eGuerrero naseMichoacán.
Izikelemu zabantu abadala, ngokungafani nomuhlwa, zindiza ezindizayo futhi eziqinile. Phakathi nezinyanga zasentwasahlobo nasehlobo ziyaphuma okhunini ukuze zenze indiza yomshado kanye nokuhlangana. Kulesi sikhathi kujwayelekile ukuthola lobu bufakazi obulandelayo bokuthi kukhulelwe okhunini:
- Phakathi nobusuku obushisayo, izinambuzane zindiza eduze kwemithombo yokukhanya.
- Ekuseni ungabona izinqwaba ezincane zothuli olucolekileyo, umbala wokhuni oluhlaselwe, phansi noma ngaphezulu kwefenisha.
- Phezulu kokhuni oluhlaselwe, kunezimbobo eziningi eziyindilinga ezinobubanzi obungu-1.6 kuya ku-3 mm, lapho kukhishwa khona okusanhlamvu okuncane okubukeka njengokukhanya.
- Izimbobo zixhumana nemigudu eminingi emincane, ngokungafani nomuhlwa, esatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngaphakathi kokhuni.
Ngokuqinisekile, ukongiwa kwezingqimba ze-altare laseMexico, kubalulekile ukutadisha ibhayoloji yalezi zinambuzane, kuze kube manje kungabhekwana nodokotela bezinambuzane, futhi kwenziwe ngokuphuthumayo ukulawula kwabo ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezixazululo: eyodwa yesikhashana futhi yokwelapha kuphela. kanye nokunye ukuvimbela kanye nesikhathi eside. Eyokuqala iqukethe ukwelashwa kwe-altarpiece ngokususa inhlupho yezinambuzane ezingama-xylophagous, ngezindlela zomzimba (ukuguqulwa kokuguquguqukayo komzimba) namakhemikhali (ukusetshenziswa kwama-fumigants kanye nezinambuzane ezithile). Isixazululo sokuvimbela sisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezivimbayo ukuvikela izinkuni ezifweni ezingenzeka, ngoba sizohlala sinezinambuzane emvelweni.
