IMeya yeTemplo itholakala maphakathi neMexico City. Nayi indaba yokutholakala kwayo ...
Ngo-Agasti 13, 1790, kwisigungu se- Isikwele Esikhulu Kutholakale umfanekiso omkhulu eMexico City, incazelo yawo ebingachazwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Imisebenzi eyalelwe yi-Viceroy Count of Revillagigedo yokwenza ama-pairings kanye nama-culverts esigcawini iveze itshe elingaziwa. Imininingwane yokutholakele yehlele kithi sibonga idayari kanye nezincwadi ezithile zokubhalela ezishiywe unogada we-halberdier wasesigodlweni sase-viceregal (namuhla iSigodlo Sikazwelonke), ogama lakhe linguJosé Gómez. Eyokuqala yemibhalo ihamba kanjena:
"... esigcawini esikhulu, phambi kwesigodlo sasebukhosini, bevula izisekelo ezithile bakhipha isithombe sobumnene, isibalo saso kwakuyitshe eliqoshwe kakhulu elinogebhezi ngemuva, nangaphambi kolunye ukhakhayi olunezandla ezine nezinombolo kokunye okusele umzimba kodwa ngaphandle kwezinyawo noma ikhanda kanti i-Count of Revillagigedo ibiyinduna ”.
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe, owawumele I-Coatlicue, unkulunkulukazi womhlaba, wayiswa egcekeni leyunivesithi. Esikhathini esithile kamuva, ngoDisemba 17 wonyaka ofanayo, eduze nendawo okwatholakala kuyo okokuqala, kwatholakala Itshe Lelanga noma Ikhalenda lama-Aztec. Ngonyaka olandelayo kwatholakala enye i-monolith enkulu: iPiedra de Tízoc. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wesibalo sesibili sikaRevillagigedo weza nokutholakala, phakathi kokunye, kwezithombe ezintathu ezinhle zama-Aztec, namuhla ezifakwe eNational Museum of Anthropology.
Kwadlula iminyaka eminingi, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, kwatholakala izinto ezahlukahlukene phakathi nekhulu le-19 nele-20, kwaze kwasa ngoFebhuwari 21, 1978 okunye ukuhlangana kwakuzogxila ethempelini elikhulu lama-Aztec. Abasebenzi abavela eCompañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro babemba ekhoneni lemigwaqo yaseGuatemala nase-Argentina. Ngokungazelelwe, itshe elikhulu labavimba ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi wabo. Njengoba kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule, abasebenzi bamisa umsebenzi balinda usuku olulandelayo.
UMnyango Wezokutakulwa Kwezinto Zakudala weNational Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) wabe usaziswa futhi abasebenzi bakuleyo yunithi baya kuleyo ndawo; Ngemuva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi kwakuyitshe elikhulu elinemibhalo eqoshwe engxenyeni engenhla, umsebenzi wokutakula ocezwini waqala. Abavubukuli u-Ángel García Cook noRaúl Martín Arana baqondisa umsebenzi futhi iminikelo yokuqala yaqala ukuvela. Kwakungumvubukuli UFelipe Solis okwathi, ngemuva kokubuka ngokucophelela isithombe, wake wakhululwa emhlabeni owawumboza, wabona ukuthi kwakungunkulunkulukazi uCoyolxauhqui, owayebulewe egqumeni laseCoatepec ngumfowabo uHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu wempi. Bobabili kwakuyizingane zikaCoatlicue, isithixo sasemhlabeni, isithombe saso esasitholakele kuMayor wePlaza waseMexico emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule…!
Umlando usitshela ukuthi iCoatlicue yathunyelwa ezikhungweni zeyunivesithi, kuyilapho itshe elanga lafakwa embhoshongweni osentshonalanga weMetropolitan Cathedral, elibhekene nalokho manje okuyiCalle 5 de Mayo. Izingcezu zahlala lapho cishe ikhulu leminyaka, kwaze kwathi, lapho i-National Museum yakhiwa nguGuadalupe Victoria ngo-1825, futhi yasungulwa nguMaximiliano ngo-1865 ekwakhiweni kweMint yakudala, emgwaqweni wegama elifanayo, zadluliselwa kule sayithi. . Angeke sikushaye indiva ukuthi isifundo esenziwe ngalezi zingcezu ezimbili, esashicilelwa ngo-1792, sasihambisana nenye yamadoda ahlakaniphile akhanyisile ngaleso sikhathi, uDon Antonio León y Gama, owalandisa ngemininingwane yokuhlaziywa kanye nezimpawu zezithombe incwadi yokuqala eyaziwayo yemivubukulo, enesihloko esithi Umlando nokwehlela ngokulandelana kwamatshe amabili ...
INDABA YENDABA
Ziningi izingcezu ezitholakele kulokho esikwaziyo manje njenge-Historic Center yaseMexico City. Kodwa-ke, sizomisa okwesikhashana ukulandisa ngomcimbi owenzeke ekuqaleni kweKoloni. Kuvela ukuthi emuva ngonyaka we-1566, ngemuva kokubhujiswa kweMeya yaseTemplo futhi uHernán Cortés asabalalisa inkatho phakathi kwamakaputeni akhe nezihlobo zabo, manje osekuyikona laseGuatemala ne-Argentina, indlu okwakuhlala kuyo abazalwane uGil no-Alonso de Ávila. , izingane zomnqobi uGil González de Benavides. Indaba ithi ezinye izingane zabanqobi zaziphatha ngokunganaki, zihlela imidanso nama-saraos, nokuthi zaze zenqaba nokuhlonipha inkosi, zithi abazali bazo banikele ngegazi labo eSpain nokuthi kufanele bazithokozele izimpahla. Uzungu lwaluphethwe umndeni wakwa-ilavila, futhi uMartín Cortés, indodana kaDon Hernán, wayebandakanyekile kulo. Lapho lesi sakhiwo sesitholakele ngabaphathi be-viceregal, baqhubeka babopha uDon Martín nalabo asebenzisana nabo. Babizelwa enkantolo futhi bagwetshwa intambo ngokunqunywa ikhanda. Yize indodana kaCortés isindise impilo yayo, abafowabo baka-Ávila babulawa kwiMeya yasePlaza futhi kwanqunywa ukuthi indlu yabo idilizwe phansi, nokuthi umhlaba utshalwe ngosawoti. Into enelukuluku ngalo mcimbi owashaqisa inhlokodolobha yaseNew Spain ukuthi ngaphansi kwesisekelo sendlu eyakhiwe ngezindlu kwakukhona izinsalela zeMeya yaseTemplo, ezadilizwa ngabanqobi.
Ngemuva kokutholakala kweCoatlicue nePiedra del Sol ngekhulu le-18, kwadlula iminyaka eminingana kwaze, cishe ngabo-1820, iziphathimandla zaziswa ukuthi kunekhanda elikhulu le-diorite elalitholakele esigodlweni saseConcepción. Kwakuyinhloko yeCoyolxauhqui, ekhombisa amehlo avaleke uhhafu nezinsimbi ezihlathini, ngokusho kwegama laso, okusho ukuthi "lowo onensimbi yegolide ezihlathini."
Izicucu eziningi eziyigugu zathunyelwa eNational Museum, njenge-cactus eyanikelwa nguDon Alfredo Chavero ngo-1874 kanye nocezu olwaziwa njenge- "Sun of the Sacred War" ngo-1876. Ngo-1901 kwenziwa ukumbiwa ekwakhiweni kweMarqueses del Apartado, e ekhoneni le-Argentina ne-Donceles, ukuthola izingcezu ezimbili ezihlukile: isithombe esikhulu se-jaguar noma i-puma esingabonakala namhlanje emnyango we-Mexica Room of the National Museum of Anthropology, kanye nenhloko enkulu yenyoka noma i-xiuhcóatl (inyoka yomlilo). Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1985, kwatholwa isithombe sokhozi esinomgodi emhlane, into ekhombisa ne-puma noma i-jaguar, futhi eyasebenza ukufaka izinhliziyo zabanikelwe. Kunokutholwa okuningi okwenziwe kuyo yonke le minyaka, okwedlule kuyisibonelo nje somcebo ongaphansi komhlaba we-Historic Center osawugcinayo.
Mayelana neMeya yaseTemplo, umsebenzi kaLeopoldo Batres ngo-1900 wathola ingxenye yezitebhisi ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga zesakhiwo, kuphela ukuthi uDon Leopoldo akazange akubheke kanjalo. Wayecabanga ukuthi iMeya yaseTemplo yayingaphansi kweCathedral. Kwakungukumbiwa kukaDon Manuel Gamio ngo-1913, ekhoneni laseSeminario naseSanta Teresa (namuhla iGuatemala), okwaveza ikhoneni leMeya yaseTemplo. Ngakho-ke kungenxa kaDon Manuel indawo, ngemuva kwamakhulu amaningana eminyaka futhi hhayi ukuqagela okumbalwa maqondana nalokhu, kwendawo eyiqiniso lapho kwakukhona khona ithempeli elikhulu lama-Aztec. Lokhu kufakazelwe ngokuphelele yimivubukulo eyalandela ukutholakala kwamathuba okuqoshwa kweCoyolxauhqui, esikwaziyo manje njengeProjekthi yeMeya yaseTemplo.
Ngo-1933, umklami u-Emilio Cuevas wenza ukumbiwa phambi kwezinsalela zeMeya yeTemplo eyatholwa nguDon Manuel Gamio, kolunye uhlangothi lweCathhedral. Kuleli zwe, lapho kwakume khona isemina lesikole - yingakho igama lomgwaqo - umakhi athola izingcezu ezahlukahlukene nezinsalela zokwakha. Phakathi kwezokuqala, kufanelekile ukugqamisa i-monolith enkulu efana kakhulu ne-Coatlicue, eyathola igama le-Yolotlicue, ngoba ngokungafani nonkulunkulukazi womhlaba, isiketi sakhe esenziwe ngezinyoka, lo okulesi sibalo umele izinhliziyo (yólotl, "inhliziyo ”, NgesiNahua). Phakathi kwezinsalela zezakhiwo, kufanelekile ukugqamisa umkhakha wezitebhisi ngophahla olubanzi nodonga olugijimela eningizimu bese luphendukela empumalanga. Akungaphansi noma kungaphansi kwesiteji sesigaba sesithupha sokwakhiwa kweMeya yaseTemplo, njengoba kungabonakala ngomsebenzi wephrojekthi.
Cishe ngo-1948 abavubukuli uHugo Moedano no-Elma Estrada Balmori bakwazi ukukhulisa ingxenye eseningizimu yeMeya yaseTemplo eyambiwa eminyakeni edlule nguGamio. Bathole ikhanda lenyoka ne-brazier, kanye neminikelo ebekwe phansi kwalezi zinto.
Okunye okutholakele okuthokozisayo kwenzeka ngo-1964-1965, lapho umsebenzi wokunweba ePorrúa Library waholela ekusindisweni kwethempeli elincane elisenyakatho yeMeya yeTemplo. Kwakuyisakhiwo esibheke empumalanga futhi sihlotshiswe ngemidwebo eqoshiwe. Lezi zimaski ezimelwe zikankulunkulu uTlaloc ngamazinyo amathathu amakhulu amhlophe, apendwe ngamathoni abomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, awolintshi namnyama. Ithempeli lingadluliselwa eNational Museum of Anthropology, lapho itholakala khona njengamanje.
UMSEBENZI WAMATHEMBU AMAKHULU
Lapho imisebenzi yokutakula yeCoyolxauhqui kanye nokumbiwa kweminikelo emihlanu yokuqala kuqediwe, umsebenzi wephrojekthi waqala, owawuhlose ukuthola ingqikithi yeMeya yaseTemplo yama-Aztec. Iphrojekthi yahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: esokuqala sasinokuqoqwa kwemininingwane kwiMeya yaseTemplo kuyo yomibili imininingwane yemivubukulo kanye nemithombo yomlando; okwesibili, ngenqubo yokumba, okwabekwa kuyo yonke indawo ukuze ikwazi ukulandela lokho okuvelayo; Lapha kwakukhona ithimba elenza imikhakha eyahlukene elenziwe ngabavubukuli, ama-ethnohistorian kanye nababuyisi, kanye namalungu oMnyango Wangaphambi Komlando we-INAH, njengososayensi bezinto eziphilayo, amakhemikhali, izazi zezitshalo, izazi zokwakheka komhlaba, njll. Lesi sigaba sithathe cishe iminyaka emihlanu (1978-1982), yize ukumbiwa okusha kwenziwe ngamalungu ephrojekthi. Isigaba sesithathu sihambelana nezifundo ezenziwe ngongoti ezintweni zokwakha, okungukuthi, isigaba sokuhumusha, ukubala kuze kube manje ngamafayela angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ashicilelwe, womabili ngabasebenzi bephrojekthi nangongoti bakazwelonke nabangaphandle. Kumele kungezwe ukuthi iProjekthi yeMeya yaseTemplo wuhlelo lokucwaninga ngemivubukulo olushicilelwe kakhulu kuze kube yimanje, ngezincwadi zombili zesayensi nezithandwayo, kanye nezindatshana, ukubuyekezwa, imihlahlandlela, amakhathalogi, njll.
