Lapho sivakashele iMeya yaseMuseo del Templo eMexico City asikwazi ukukugwema ukumangala lapho kwamukelwa abalingiswa bobukhulu bempilo abagqoke ngendlela exakile, abasithokozisayo ngekhwalithi yabo ebabazekayo namandla abo.
Eminye yemibuzo, ngokungangabazeki, le mifanekiso eqoshwe ezingqondweni zabavakashi eMnyuziyamu kumele ibe yile: Amela bani la madoda? Kusho ukuthini ukugqoka kwakhe? Zenziwe ngani? Ngabe batholakala? Kukuyiphi indawo? Nini? Babezokwenza kanjani? Njalo njalo. Ngokulandelayo ngizozama ukuphendula okunye kwalokhu okungaziwa; Eziningana zazo ziyacaciswa kithina yizazi zale ndaba, ezinye, kanye ukubonwa kwezingcezu.
Lezi yizithombe ezimbili ezilinganayo ezakhiwe ngendlela efanayo kodwa azifani; ngalinye limele iQhawe Lokhozi ”(amasosha elanga, amalungu omunye wemiyalo ebaluleke kakhulu yezempi emphakathini wama-Aztec), futhi atholakala ngoDisemba 1981 ngesikhathi kumbiwa iMeya yaseTemplo, e-Eagle Warriors Enclosure.
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lezi zingcezu zenziwe ngenhloso yokunikeza isayithi imininingwane yobuhle. Akungabazeki ukuthi lo mdwebi kumele ukuthi wabakhulisa njengezethulo, hhayi ezamabutho, kodwa ngengqikithi yabo: amadoda agcwele ukuziqhenya ngokuba kuleli qembu elikhethiwe, agcwele amandla nesibindi esidingekayo ukuze abe ngabaphikisi bezimpi ezinkulu zempi, nangesibindi ukuzithiba okwanele nokuhlakanipha ukugcina amandla ombuso. Ekwazi ukubaluleka kwalaba balingisi, umculi akazange akhathazeke ngokuphelela emininingwaneni yabo emincane: washiya isandla sakhe sikhululekile ukumela amandla, hhayi ubuhle; Ubumba futhi walingisa ubumba ngokusebenzela ukumelwa kwezimfanelo, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwale nqubo, kepha ngaphandle kokukushaya indiva. Izingcezu ngokwazo zisitshela ngomuntu owayewazi umsebenzi wabo wobuciko, unikezwe ikhwalithi yokuchazwa kwazo kanye nezixazululo ezazidingwa umsebenzi walesi sayizi.
Indawo
Njengoba sesishilo, zombili izithombe zitholakele e-Eagle Warriors Enclosure, ikomkhulu elikhethekile laleli qembu lamasosha ahloniphekile. Ukunikeza umbono wale ndawo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi le ndawo enhle kangaka yakhiwe kanjani. I-Enclosure inamakamelo amaningana, amaningi awo anezindonga ezidwetshiwe nohlobo lwetshe “ibhentshi” (elinobude obungu-60 cm) eliphume cishe ibanga elingu-1 kubo; phambi kwaleli "bhentshi" kukhona udwendwe lwamaqhawe e-polychrome. Ekungeneni kwekamelo lokuqala, abemi ezindleleni zomgwaqo futhi bezungeza ukungena, kwakukhona lawa ma-Eagle Warriors amakhulu.
Isethulo sakhe
Ngobude be-1.70 m nobukhulu obukhulu be-1.20 ekuphakameni kwezingalo, lezi zinhlamvu zihlotshiswe ngemfanelo ye-warrior oda. Izembatho zabo, eziqinile emzimbeni, zingukubonakaliswa kwesitayela kokhozi olumboza izingalo nemilenze, olokugcina luye ezansi kwamadolo, lapho kuvela khona uzipho lwenyoni. Izinyawo zigqokiswe izimbadada. Izingalo ezigoqiwe zikhonjiswe ngaphambili, ngokunwetshwa ezinhlangothini ezimele izimpiko, ezithwala izimpaphe ezinesitayela kulo lonke. Ikhabethe lakhe elihle ligcina ngesigqoko sokuzivikela esihle esime ngekhanda lokhozi ngomlomo ovulekile, lapho kuvela khona ubuso beqhawe; inezimbobo emakhaleni nasezindlebeni zezindlebe.
Ukucaciswa
Kokubili umzimba nobuso kwakubunjiwe, ngoba ngaphakathi sasibona iminwe yomculi owafaka ubumba ngengcindezi ukuze athole ungqimba olujiyile nolufanayo. Ezingalweni ngokuqinisekile wayesakaza ubumba futhi wasonga ukuze alolonge futhi kamuva aluhlanganise nomzimba. "Isigqoko sokuzivikela", izimpiko, isitayela sezimpaphe nezinzipho zalinganiswa zafakwa emzimbeni. Lezi zingxenye azizange zishelele ngokuphelele, ngokungafani nezingxenye ezibonakalayo zomzimba, njengobuso, izandla nemilenze. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, umsebenzi kwakudingeka wenziwe ngezingxenye, owahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa "izipikisi" ezenziwe ngodaka olufanayo: eyodwa okhalweni, enye emlenzeni ngamunye emadolweni kuthi eyokugcina isekhanda. inentamo ende kakhulu.
Lezi zibalo zazimi, njengoba sesishilo, kodwa kuze kube manje asazi ukuthi zazibanjwe kanjani kulesi sikhundla; Babenganciki entweni noma ngaphakathi emilenzeni - yize babengenalutho futhi ezinye izinto zazicwiliswa ematheni ezinyawo - akukho phawu lwento olutholakele oluzokhuluma ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Kusukela ekumeni kwezandla zabo, ngangiba nesibindi sokucabanga ukuthi babephethe izinsimbi zempi - njengemikhonto - ezazisiza ukugcina isikhundla.
Lapho ingxenye ngayinye isibhakiwe yahlanganiswa ndawonye, izithombe zabekwa ngqo endaweni ababezohlala kuyona ebiyelwe. Lapho sifika entanyeni, kwakudingeka ukuthi sigcwalise isifuba ngamatshe ukuze sinikezwe iphuzu lokusekela ngaphakathi, bese kuthi amanye amatshe afakwe emigodini esezingeni eliphakeme ukuze asivikele endaweni efanele.
Ukufana nezimpaphe zokhozi, kwasetshenziswa ungqimba olujiyile lwe-stucco (ingxube yelime nesihlabathi) kuleso suti, kwanikezwa “uphaphe” ngalunye umumo womuntu ngamunye, futhi kwenziwa okufanayo ukumboza amatshe asekela intamo futhi alinikeze ukubukeka komuntu. . Siphinde sathola izinsalela zalolu daba "kwi-helmet" nasezinyaweni. Mayelana nezingxenye zomzimba eziveziwe, asizitholanga izinsalela ezizosivumela ukuthi siqinisekise ukuthi ngabe zazimboziwe noma zazifakwe i-polychrome ngqo odakeni. Iqhawe ohlangothini olusenyakatho licishe layigcina ngokuphelele i-stucco yesudi, kepha hhayi lelo eliseningizimu, elinemikhondo ethile yalo mhlobiso.
Ngokungangabazeki, umvuthwandaba ekwandisweni kwale misebenzi kwakuyi-polychrome yabo, kodwa ngeshwa izimo zokungcwatshwa kwabo zazingakulungele ukugcinwa kwayo. Yize okwamanje singacabanga kuphela ngesigaba salokho obekuyikho ukucabanga okuphelele komculi, lezi zingcezu zisemihle ngokumangalisayo.
Ukutakulwa
Kusukela yatholakala, ngoDisemba 1981, umvubukuli kanye nombuyisi baqala umsebenzi wokuhlangula ohlanganyelwe, ngoba ukwelashwa kokongiwa kwemvelo kumele kusetshenziswe kusukela lapho kuvubukulwa ucezu, ukuze kusindiswe into ebuqothweni bayo bezinto ezibonakalayo njengezinto ezibonakalayo ezihambisana nayo.
Izithombe ezibaziwe zazisesimweni sazo sokuqala, ngoba zazimbozwe ngokugcwaliswa komhlaba ukuzivikela lapho kwenziwa ukwakhiwa kwesigaba esilandelayo. Ngeshwa, isisindo sokwakhiwa kwalezi zingcezu, kanye neqiniso lokuthi bethule izinga eliphansi lokudubula (okususa ubunzima be-ceramic), kubenze baqhekeka, bathola amakhefu amaningi kuso sonke isakhiwo sabo. Ngenxa yohlobo lwezinsalela (ezinye zazo zidayiselana), kwasala “ama-flakes” amancane, -ukuthola ukubuyiswa okuphelele kwento ebabumbayo- kwakudinga ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuphakanyiswa kwabo. Izingxenye ezithinteke kakhulu bekungamakhanda, acwile alahlekelwa ukwakheka kwawo ngokuphelele.
Kokubili umswakama obangelwe ukugcwaliswa kwamatshe kanye ne-Iodine kanye nokudubula okungalungile, kwenza i-ceramic yaba yinto entekenteke. Ngokuhamba kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ukugcwaliswa kwakususwa kancane kancane, kunakekelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugcina umswakama, ngoba ukomisa okungazelelwe kungadala umonakalo omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, izingcezu zahlukaniswa ngenkathi zikhishwa, isithombe nokuqoshwa kokubekwa kwazo kwandulela isenzo ngasinye. Ezinye zazo, lezo ezazisesimweni sokuphakanyiswa, zafakwa emabhokisini embhedeni kakotini zayiswa eworkshop yokubuyiselwa. Ezintekenteke kunazo zonke, njengalezo ezazinama- "slabs" amancane, kwakudingeka ukumbozwa, isentimitha ngesentimitha, ezinye izindawo ezinendwangu ye-gauze zihlanganiswe ne-emulsion ye-acrylic. Lapho leso sigaba sesomile sakwazi ukusisusa ngaphandle kokulahleka kwempahla. Izingxenye ezinkulu, njengesifuba nemilenze, zazibhandishwe ukuze zizisekele futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikhubaze izingxenye ezincane zamakhefu amaningi.
Inkinga enkulu ebesinayo ekuhlobiseni iqhawe ohlangothini olusenyakatho, olugcina inqwaba yezimpaphe ze-stucco okuthi, lapho zimanzi, zibe nokunamathisela kokunamathisela okuthambile okungathintwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukwakheka kwaso. Yahlanzwa futhi yahlanganiswa ne-emulsion ye-acrylic njengoba izinga lomhlaba lehla. Lapho nje i-stucco ithola ubulukhuni ekomeni, uma isendaweni futhi isimo se-ceramic siyivumela, ibizojoyina, kepha lokhu bekungenzeki njalo ngoba iningi lalo belingaphandle kwesigaba futhi linongqimba olujiyile phakathi kwabo, ngakho-ke bekungcono ukubeka kuqala i-stucco endaweni bese uyihluba ukuze uyibeke kabusha ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa.
Umsebenzi wokuhlenga isiqeshana kulezi zimo kusho ukunakekela yonke imininingwane ukulondoloza yonke imininingwane umsebenzi onikela ngayo esicelweni sayo njengombhalo womlando, kanye nokubuyisa konke okubalulekile futhi kufezekiswe ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuhle. Kungakho kwesinye isikhathi lo msebenzi kumele wenziwe kancane, kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa ezindaweni ezincane ukuvumela okokusebenza ukuthi kubuyise ukungaguquguquki okufanele futhi kungenelele kuwo ngaphandle kwengozi bese kuwuthumela kusayithi lapho kuzosetshenziswa khona izindlela zokulondoloza nokubuyisela ezifanele.
Ukubuyiselwa
Ngokuya ngobukhulu bomsebenzi nezinga lokuhlukaniswa kwawo, izingcezu zasebenza ngokufana nabatakuliwe, njengoba babefika e-workshop. Ngaphambi kokumisa umswakama otholakele, ucezu ngalunye lugezwe ngamanzi nangesihlanza esingathathi hlangothi; kamuva amabala ashiywe isikhunta asuswa.
Ngayo yonke impahla ihlanzekile, kokubili i-ceramic ne-stucco, kwakudingeka ukuthi kufakwe i-consolidant ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo nomshini, okungukuthi, ukwethula isakhiwo sayo i-resin okuthi lapho isomiswa inikeze ubunzima obukhulu kunokwasekuqaleni, okuthi, njengoba sekuvele Ngabe sishilo, bekushoda. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokucwilisa zonke izingcezu kusisombululo se-Ir se-acrylic copolymer endaweni ephansi, ibashiye kule ndawo yokugeza izinsuku ezimbalwa -kuya ngosayizi wabo ohlukile- ukuvumela ukungena okuphelele. Bese beshiywa ukuba bome endaweni evalwe ngosonhlamvukazi ukuze kugwenywe ukuhwamuka okusheshisa kwesinyibilikisi, obekuzodonsa okokuhlanganisa kuze kube ngaphezulu, kusale ingqolobane ibuthaka. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba uma isihlanganisiwe, isiqeshana sinesisindo esikhulu, futhi njengoba singasekho kumthethosisekelo waso wokuqala, sisengozini enkulu. Kamuva, ucezu ngalunye kwakudingeka lubuyekezwe ngoba eziningi zazinemifantu, okwakufakwa kuyo ingcina ezindaweni eziningi ukuze kutholakale inyunyana ephelele.
Lapho wonke amaphuzu abuthakathaka alokho okusetshenzisiwe eseqediwe, izingcezwana zazisatshalaliswa ematafuleni ngokwengxenye ezazihambelana nayo nokwakhiwa kabusha kwesimo sawo, kwahlanganiswa izingcezu nge-polyvinyl acetate njenge-adhesive. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kuyinqubo ebukhali kakhulu, ngoba ucezu ngalunye kufanele luhlanganiswe ngokuphelele ngokuya ngokuma kwalo nangesikhundla salo, ngoba lokhu kunemiphumela lapho kufakwa izingcezu zokugcina. Ngenkathi umsebenzi uqhubeka, waba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yesisindo nobukhulu eyayikuthola: kwakunzima kakhulu ukufeza isikhundla esifanele ngesikhathi somiswa kokunamathiselwe, okungekho ngokushesha. Ngenxa yesisindo esikhulu sezingalo nokucabanga, ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu esiqwini kwakudingeka kwenziwe ngokuhlukile, ngoba kwakusetshenziswa amabutho ayevimbela ukunamathela kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindonga zendawo yenyunyana ehambelana nesiqu zazincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke kwakukhona ingozi yokuthi bazoyeka lapho izingalo zihlanganiswa. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukwenziwa kwamapayipi kwenziwa kuzo zombili izingxenye nakuhlangothi ngalunye lwamalunga, futhi besebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi izingalo zinembobo kubude babo bonke, izinduku zensimbi engagqwali zethulwa ukusabalalisa amandla. Kusetshenziswa okunamathelayo okunamandla kula malungu ukuqinisekisa, ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, isibopho esihlala njalo.
Lapho ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe kwezithombe ezibunjiwe sekutholakele, izingxenye ezingekho - okuyizinto ezincane kakhulu - zathathelwa indawo futhi onke amalunga alungiswa ngopende olususelwa ku-ceramic fiber, kaolin kanye ne-polyvinyl acetal. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngenhloso ekabili yokwandisa ukumelana kwesakhiwo futhi ngasikhathi sinye waba nesisekelo sokusetshenziswa kombala okulandelayo kule migqa yekhefu, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyelelwe ukuxhumana okubonwayo kwazo zonke izingcezu lapho kubonwa kusuka ebangeni elijwayelekile lokuchayeka. Ekugcineni, izitokisi ezazihlukaniswe ngesikhathi sokutakula zafakwa.
Njengoba izingcezu zingazimele zodwa, ukukhonjiswa isakhiwo sangaphakathi sezinduku zensimbi engagqwali kanye namashidi wensimbi abekwe ezindaweni lapho kuhlangana khona imibungu yaklanywa, ngendlela yokuthi izipikisi zisekele isakhiwo esisabalalisa esikhulu isisindo bese usilungisa esisekelweni.
Ekugcineni, sibonga umsebenzi owenziwe, izithombe zibaziwe eMuseum. Manje sesiyakwazi, ngolwazi lobuchwepheshe bomculi nokuzwela, iyiphi impi, amandla, nokuziqhenya kombuso omkhulu obekuqonde ama-Aztec.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-5 Febhuwari-Mashi 1995
