Cishe cishe amakhulu amathathu eminyaka izimayini zaseNew Spain zaziphethwe amaCreoles noma abaseSpain ababehlala eMexico, futhi kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yokuqala yempilo ezimele lapho inhlokodolobha yakwamanye amazwe yavunyelwa ukungena ezimayini zaseMexico.
Ngakho-ke, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izinkampani zaseBrithani, zaseFrance futhi ikakhulukazi zaseNyakatho Melika zazisebenza ezifundeni zaseZacatecas, eGuanajuato, eHidalgo, eSan Luis Potosí naseJalisco, phakathi kwezinye.
Ezinye izinkampani ziqala kabusha ukuxhashazwa kwezimayini ezindala, ezinye zithola umhlaba ezifundazweni eziningana, kanti ezinye, ekufuneni kwazo amadiphozi amasha, zihlola izifunda ezikude kakhulu zezwe futhi zizimise ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekugcineni balahliwe. Enye yalezi zingosi - umlando wayo ongaziwa - yimayini yaseSanta Fe, esifundeni saseChiapas.
Kwabaningi abahlala esifundeni le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi yi "La Mina", kepha akekho owazi kahle ukuthi imvelaphi yayo.
Ukuya emayini sithatha indlela eqala e-El Beneficio, umphakathi osogwini lomgwaqo omkhulu wesifundazwe no. 195, emagqumeni ezinkangala ezisenyakatho ze I-Chiapas.
Isango elikhulu lokungena eSanta Fe liyimbobo engamamitha angama-25 ukuphakama ngamamitha angama-50 ububanzi, eqoshwe edwaleni eliphilayo lentaba. Ubukhulu nobuhle bayo buvelele, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi zisenze sikholelwe ukuthi sisemgedeni wemvelo. Amanye amakamelo atholakala emgodini omkhulu futhi kusuka kula ma-tunnel amaningana aholela ngaphakathi.
Sinemihubhe engaba ngamashumi amabili evulekile emazingeni amane, yonke ingahlomile, okusho ukuthi, ayisekelwa imishayo noma amabhodi, ngoba afakwa edwaleni. Amanye abukeka enabile, amanye angamasinki amancane nemihubhe engaboni. Ekamelweni eliwunxande sithola ishafula lezimayini, okuyi-shaft emile lapho abantu, amathuluzi nezinto zokwakha zahlanganiswa kwamanye amazinga ngokusebenzisa amakheji. Ukubheka ngaphakathi kwembula ukuthi kumamitha ayisishiyagalombili noma ayishumi izinga elingezansi ligcwala amanzi.
Yize imayini inokufana okuthile nomhume, ukuhlola kwawo kubeka izingozi ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi sokuhlwaya sathola ama-cave-in emihubheni eminingi. Kokunye le ndima ivinjwe ngokuphelele kanti kwezinye ingxenye. Ukuqhubeka nokuhlola kuyadingeka ukuthi ushelele ngokucophelela ngegebe.
Lezi zindawo zemibukiso zikala isilinganiso samamitha amabili ububanzi ngesinye ukuphakama futhi kujwayelekile ukuthi zigcwale amanzi, ngoba ukudilika komhlaba kusebenza njengamadamu futhi amanzi okungena afakwa ezindaweni ezinde. Amanzi afika okhalweni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aze afike esifubeni, sidlula emgaqweni lapho izingxenye ezinamanzi nezingxenye ezomile zishintshana.
Ophahleni sathola i-calcium carbonate stalactites amasentimitha amabili ubude namalengalenga uhhafu wemitha ezindongeni. Okuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu ama-stalactites abomvu aluhlaza nokugqwala abomvu, ama-gushings nama-stalagmites akhiwa yi-runoff evela kumaminerali wethusi nensimbi.
Lapho sihlola indawo ezungezile, uDon Bernardino uyasitshela: "landelani leyo ndlela, niwele ibhuloho bese ngakwesokunxele nizothola imayini ebizwa ngeLa Providencia." Sithatha iseluleko futhi kungekudala sisemngceleni wegumbi elikhulu.
Uma ngabe Imayini yaseSanta Fe Kufanele ukunconywa, iLa Providencia idlula konke okucatshangwayo. Igumbi linokulingana okukhulu, phansi kunamazinga amaningana, lapho kuvela khona imigudu nemipheme yezinhlangothi ezihlukene. Kumele uqaphele ukudutshulwa kweLa Providencia, umsebenzi oqinile futhi omuhle wokwakhiwa kwezindonga ezijiyile namakhothamo ohlobo lwamaRoma, ophindwe kane ubukhulu beSanta Fe.
UPedro Garcíaconde Trelles ulinganisela ukuthi izindleko zamanje zokwakhiwa zidlula ama-peso ayizigidi ezintathu, okusinikeza umbono wokutshalwa kwemali okuqinile okwenziwe yinkampani ngesikhathi sayo kanye nokulindelwe okubekiwe kumadiphozithi.
Silinganisela ukuthi cishe kunamakhilomitha amabili emihubhe kuyo yonke le nkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yomthamo wento ekhishiwe, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi lena yimayini endala kunazo zonke, futhi uma sibheka ukuthi imipheme kanye nezimbobo zivulwe ngesando nangebha, nokuthi “ukuduma kwezulu” ngakunye - okungukuthi, ukuqhuma kwenkokhiso wesibhamu - kuvumele abavukuzi kusengaphambili edwaleni lemitha nohhafu, singacabanga ubukhulu bomzamo osetshenzisiwe.
Lapho siqhubeka sitadisha indawo, imibuzo iyanda. Ubukhulu bomsebenzi bukhombisa iphrojekthi yesikhathi eside eyayidinga lonke ibutho lamadoda, abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe, imishini, izinsizakusebenza nengqalasizinda ukucubungula amaminerali.
Ukuze sicacise lokhu kungaziwa, sibheka kubahlali base-El Beneficio. Lapho sinenhlanhla yokuhlangana noMnu. Antolín Flores Rosales, ongomunye wabavukuzi abambalwa abasindile, ovuma ukuba ngumqondisi wethu.
"Ngokusho kwabasebenzi basezimayini abadala, uSanta Fe wayengowenkampani yamaNgisi," kuchaza uDon Antolín. Kepha akekho owaziyo ukuthi babefika ngasikhathi sini lapha. Kuthiwa kube nesikhukhula esikhulu kakhulu lapho abantu abaningi bebevaleleke yingakho behambile. Lapho ngifika eChiapas ngo-1948, nali kwakuyihlathi eliyiqiniso. Ngaleso sikhathi inkampani yaseLa Nahuyaca yayisungulwe iminyaka emithathu futhi yaxhaphaza ithusi, isiliva negolide.
Balethe abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe futhi bavuselela ezinye izakhiwo zamaNgisi, bakhipha imiphanda, bakha umgwaqo osuka emayini uya e-El Beneficio ukuhambisa amaminerali futhi bavuselela nomgwaqo oya ePichucalco. Njengoba nganginolwazi lokuthi ngike ngasebenza ezimayini eziningana zesiliva eTaxco, eGuerrero, ngaqala ukusebenza njengololiwe kwaze kwaba ngoMeyi 1951, lapho imayini iyeka ukusebenza ngokusobala ngenxa yezinkinga zenyunyana nangenxa yokuthi ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo kwase bekungabizi ”.
UDon Antolín ukhipha ucelemba wakhe futhi ngejubane elingavamile iminyaka yakhe engama-78, ungena endleleni ehlelayo. Endleleni ekhuphuka intaba sibona ukungena kwemigudu eminingana. "Le mihubhe ivulwe yinkampani i-Alfredo Sánchez Flores, ebisebenza lapha kusuka ngo-1953 kuya ku-1956," kuchaza uDon Antolín, "kwabe sekufika izinkampani zaseSerralvo nezaseCorzo, zasebenza iminyaka emibili noma emithathu bese bethatha umhlalaphansi ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi kwabo ebhizinisini.
Labo beqembu lezokuThuthukiswa kweMayini bahlole eminye imisebenzi kwaze kwaba maphakathi namashumi ayisikhombisa, lapho yonke into yayekwa ”. Umhlahlandlela uyama phambi komgodi bese uyakhomba: "Lena yiMayini Yethusi." Sikhanyisa amalambu bese sihamba ngezinkumbi zemibukiso. Umoya onamandla usisa emlonyeni wesibhamu esijule ngamamitha angama-40. Ama-pulleys ne-winch akhishwe emashumini eminyaka adlule. UDon Antolín uyakhumbula: “Abavukuzi ababili babulawa ngokudutshulwa eduzane. Iphutha labalahlekisela ngempilo yabo ”. Ukuvakasha kweminye imipheme kuqinisekisa ukuthi sisezingeni lokuqala laseSanta Fe.
Sibheka umgwaqo futhi uDon Antolín usiholela endaweni enamahlathi ephakathi kweSanta Fe neLa Providencia, lapho sithola khona izakhiwo zisakazeke ngaphezu kwamahektha amabili noma amathathu. Yizakhiwo okwathiwa zithathwa ngamaNgisi, zonke zisesitezi esisodwa, zinezindonga zamatshe nodaka amamitha amane ukuphakama ngesigamu semitha ububanzi.
Sihamba emanxiweni ayekade eyindawo yokugcina izimpahla, igumbi lokuzijwayeza, isigayo, igumbi lokugudluza, isithando somlilo nezinye izakhiwo eziyishumi nambili. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kanye nesimo sokongiwa kwayo, isithando sokuncibilikisa, esakhiwe ngezitini ezinenkani futhi esinophahla oluyisigaxa semigqomo, sigqamile, kanye nomhubhe wamanzi wokuxhuma oxhuma ne-shaft yazo zombili izimayini, okuwukuphela komhubhe onemishayo futhi izinsimbi zensimbi.
Babengobani abakhi bayo? NguPeter Lord Atewell othola impendulo: USanta Fe wabhaliswa eLondon ngo-Ephreli 26, 1889, enegama leChiapas Mining Company kanye nenhlokodolobha yamakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250. Yasebenza esifundazweni saseChiapas kusukela ngo-1889 kuya ku-1905.
Namuhla, lapho sivakashela izakhiwo zakudala kanye nemihubhe eqoshwe entabeni, asikwazi ukuzibamba siwazisa futhi siwahloniphe amadoda abesebenza kulo msebenzi omkhulu kangaka. Cabanga nje ngezimo kanye nobunzima ababhekana nabo eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule endaweni esuswe ngokuphelele empucukweni, enkabeni yehlathi.
Ungayithola kanjani:
Uma usuka edolobhaneni laseVillahermosa, eTabasco, kufanele uye eningizimu yezwe kumgwaqo omkhulu wesifundazwe no. 195. Uma usendleleni uzothola amadolobha aseTeapa-Pichucalco-Ixtacomitán-Solosuchiapa, ekugcineni, i-El Beneficio. Uhambo luba namahora ama-2 ngebanga elilinganisiwe lamakhilomitha ayi-100.
Abahambi abasuka eTuxtla Gutiérrez kufanele futhi bathathe umgwaqo omkhulu wesifundazwe no. 195, maqondana nomasipala waseSolosuchiapa. Lo mzila uhlanganisa amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-160 emigwaqweni emikhulu, ngakho-ke kuthatha amahora amane ukufika e-El Beneficio. Kulokhu, kunconywa ukuthi uchithe ubusuku ePichucalco lapho kunamahhotela anensiza yokupholisa umoya, indawo yokudlela, njll.
izimayini kuma-chiapasmines eMexico
