Egxile ezenzweni ezimbili ezinkulu zekhulu lama-20, umzabalazo wezinhloso zenhlalo zeQembu LamaKhomanisi nokwakhiwa kobuciko baseMexico obabususelwa emuva kwezinguquko, umthwebuli wezithombe uTina Modotti usephenduke isithonjana sekhulu lethu leminyaka.
UTina Modotti wazalwa ngo-1896 e-Udine, idolobha elisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Italy ngaleso sikhathi elaliyingxenye yoMbuso wase-Austro-Hungary futhi enesiko lenhlangano yezisebenzi. UPietro Modotti, umthwebuli wezithombe owaziwayo nomalume wakhe, mhlawumbe ungowokuqala ukumethula kumlingo waselabhorethri. Kepha ngo-1913 le nsizwa yahamba yaya e-United States, lapho uyise ayethuthele khona, eyosebenza eCalifornia njengamanye amaNtaliyane amaningi aphoqeleka ukuba ashiye izwe lakubo ngenxa yobumpofu besifunda sabo.
UTina kumele afunde ulimi olusha, ajoyine umhlaba womsebenzi wasefektri kanye nenhlangano yezabasebenzi ekhulayo - enamandla nenkulu - umndeni wayo obuyingxenye yayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, wahlangana nembongi nomdwebi uRoubaix de L'Abrie Richey (Robo), owashada naye, wahlangana nezwe elihlukahlukene lomqondo we-post-WWI Los Angeles. Ubuhle bakhe obudumile bumnikeza indawo yokuba ngumdlali wefilimu okhulayo othulayo embonini yaseHollywood esanda kuqala. Kepha uTina uzohlala exhunyaniswa nabalingiswa abazomvumela ukuthi alandele indlela azikhethela yona, futhi uhlu lwabangane bakhe manje selusinika ibalazwe leqiniso lezintshisekelo zakhe.
URobo noTina bahlangana nezinye izifundiswa zaseMexico ezinjengoRicardo Gómez Robelo, owathutha ngenxa yesimo sezepolitiki sangemva kokuguqula umbuso eMexico futhi, ikakhulukazi uRobo, bakhangwa izinganekwane eziqala ukuba yingxenye yomlando waseMexico ngawo-1920. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlangana nomthwebuli wezithombe waseMelika u-Edward Weston, elinye ithonya elibalulekile empilweni yakhe nasemsebenzini wakhe.
Ubuciko nezepolitiki, ukuzibophezela okufanayo
URobo uvakashela eMexico lapho ashonela khona ngo-1922. UTina uphoqeleka ukuba aye emngcwabeni futhi uthandana nomsebenzi wobuciko owenziwayo. Ngakho-ke ngo-1923 waphinde wathuthela ezweni elizoba ngumthombo, umgqugquzeli nofakazi womsebenzi wakhe wokuthatha izithombe nokuzibophezela kwakhe kwezepolitiki. Ngalesi sikhathi uhamba noWeston nomsebenzi wabo, uzofunda ukuthatha izithombe (ngaphezu kokufunda olunye ulimi) futhi athuthukise ulimi olusha ngekhamera. Enhlokodolobha bajoyina ngokushesha iqembu labaculi nezifundiswa ezazizungeza isivunguvungu esasinguDiego Rivera. UWeston uthola ukuthi isimo sezulu sivumelana nomsebenzi wakhe kanti noTina uzofunda njengomsizi wakhe womsebenzi ocacile waselebhu, abe ngumsizi wakhe obalulekile. Kuningi osekushiwo ngesimo sezulu sangaleso sikhathi lapho ukuzibophezela kwezobuciko nezepolitiki kwakubonakala kungaxazululeki, nokuthi e-Italy kwakusho ukuxhumana neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseMexico elincane kodwa elinethonya.
UWeston ubuyela eCalifornia izinyanga ezimbalwa, okusetshenziswa nguTina ukubhala izincwadi ezimfushane nezinamandla ezisivumela ukuthi silandele izinkolelo zakhe ezikhulayo. Ekubuyeni kwamaMelika womabili akhonjiswe eGuadalajara, ethola ukunconywa emaphephandabeni endawo. UTina naye kumele abuyele eSan Francisco, ekupheleni kuka-1925 lapho kushona unina. Lapho uqinisekisa ukukholelwa kwakhe kwezobuciko futhi uthola ikhamera entsha, iGraflex esetshenzisiwe ezoba ngumngane wakhe othembekile eminyakeni emithathu ezayo yokuvuthwa njengomthwebuli zithombe.
Lapho ebuyela eMexico, ngoMashi 1926, uWeston waqala iphrojekthi yokuveza ubuciko, ukwakhiwa kwamakoloni nobuciko besimanje ukukhombisa incwadi ka-Anita Brenner, Idols ngemuva kwama-altare, ezobavumela ukuthi bavakashele ingxenye yezwe (iJalisco, Michoacán, Puebla no-Oaxaca) bese bengena emasikweni athandwayo. Ngasekupheleni konyaka uWeston ushiya iMexico kanti uTina uqala ubudlelwano bakhe noXavier Guerrero, umdwebi futhi oyilungu elikhuthele le-PCM. Kodwa-ke, uzogcina ubudlelwane be-epistolary nomthwebuli wezithombe kuze kube sekuqaleni kokuhlala kwakhe eMoscow. Kulesi sikhathi, uhlanganisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomthwebuli zithombe nokubandakanyeka kwakhe emisebenzini yePhathi, eqinisa ukuxhumana kwakhe nabanye babadali abathanda kakhulu amasiko kulelo shumi leminyaka, bobabili abaseMexico nabokufika abeza eMexico ukuzobona ukuguquka kwamasiko. Okukhulunywe kakhulu ngakho.
Umsebenzi wakhe uqala ukuvela komagazini bezamasiko njenge Umumo, Okudala Ubuciko Y I-Mexican Izindlela zabantu, kanye nasezincwadini ezinamaphiko angakwesokunxele eMexico (IMacheteIsiJalimane (I-AIZI-American (Kusha IMisakanye neSoviet (UPuti I-Mopra). Ngokunjalo, iqopha umsebenzi kaRivera, uJosé Clemente Orozco, uMáximo Pacheco nabanye, okumvumela ukuthi acwaninge ngokuningiliziwe ngeziphakamiso ezahlukahlukene zobuciko zabasebenza ngasendlini ngaleso sikhathi. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-1928, waqala ukuthandana noJulio Antonio Mella, ikhomanisi laseCuba eladingiselwa eMexico elalizobeka ikusasa lakhe, ngoba ngoJanuwari wonyaka olandelayo wabulawa kanti uTina wayebandakanyeka ekuphenyweni. Isimo sezombusazwe sezwe sashuba futhi ukushushiswa kwabaphikisana nombuso kwakuyinsakavukela. UTina uhlala kwaze kwaba nguFebhuwari 1930, lapho exoshwa khona ezweni esolwa ngokuba yingxenye yetulo lokusoconga umengameli owayesanda kukhethwa, uPascual Ortiz Rubio.
Kulesi simo sezulu esinobutha, uTina wenza amaphrojekthi amabili ayisisekelo omsebenzi wakhe: uya eTehuantepec lapho ethatha khona izithombe ezibonisa ukushintsha kolimi lwakhe oluhlelekile olubonakala lubheke enkululekweni, kanti ngoDisemba ubamba umbukiso wakhe wokuqala . Lokhu kwenzeka eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke ngenxa yokwesekwa kwalowo owayengumphathi weNational University ngaleso sikhathi, u-Ignacio García Téllez no-Enrique Fernández Ledesma, umqondisi womtapo wolwazi. UDavid Alfaro Siqueiros wakubiza ngokuthi "Umbukiso wokuqala wezinguquko eMexico!" Njengoba eshiye izwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, uTina uthengisa izimpahla zakhe eziningi bese eshiya ezinye zezinto zakhe zezithombe kuLola noManuel Álvarez Bravo. Ngakho-ke siqala isigaba sesibili sokufuduka, esixhumene nomsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki obusa kakhulu ubukhona bakhe.
Ngo-Ephreli 1930, wafika eBerlin lapho azama khona ukusebenza njengomthwebuli zithombe ngekhamera entsha, iLeica, evumela ukuhamba okukhulu nokuzenzela, kepha akuthola kuphambene nenqubo yakhe yobuciko. Echazekile ngenxa yobunzima bokusebenza njengomthwebuli wezithombe futhi ekhathazekile ngokushintsha kwezepolitiki kweJalimane, wasuka waya eMoscow ngo-Okthoba futhi wajoyina ngokugcwele umsebenzi eSocorro Rojo Internacional, enye yezinhlangano ezisizayo zeCommunist International. Kancane kancane, ushiya izithombe, azigcinele ukuqopha imicimbi yomuntu siqu, enikela ngesikhathi sakhe nomzamo wakhe ezenzweni zezepolitiki. Enhlokodolobha yaseSoviet, uqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwakhe noVittorio Vidali, ikhomanisi lase-Italiya, ahlangana naye eMexico futhi azokwabelana naye eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yempilo yakhe.
Ngo-1936 wayeseSpain, elwela ukunqoba kukahulumeni waseRiphabhulikhi eqenjini lamaKhomanisi, waze ngo-1939 waphoqeleka ukuba aphinde afuduke, ngaphansi kwegama elingamanga, ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweRiphabhulikhi. Emuva enhlokodolobha yaseMexico, uVidali waqala impilo yakhe kude nabangane bakhe bakudala abangamaciko, kwaze kwaba yilapho ukufa kummangaza, eyedwa etekisini, ngoJanuwari 5, 1942.
Umsebenzi waseMexico
Njengoba sibonile, ukukhiqizwa kwezithombe zikaTina Modotti kunqunyelwe eminyakeni ephilwa ezweni phakathi kuka-1923 no-1929. Ngalo mqondo, umsebenzi wakhe ungowaseMexico, kangangoba sekuze kwafanekisa ezinye zezici zempilo eMexico ngaleyo minyaka. . Umthelela umsebenzi wakhe kanye no-Edward Weston abenawo endaweni yezithombe yaseMexico manje sekuyingxenye yomlando wezithombe ezweni lethu.
UModotti ufunde kuWeston ukwakheka ngokucophelela nangokucabanga lapho ahlala ethembekile khona njalo. Ekuqaleni uTina waba nelungelo lokwethulwa kwezinto (izingilazi, ama-roses, izinduku), kamuva wagxila ekumeleleni kwezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe besakhiwo. Uveze abangani nabantu angabazi okufanele babe ubufakazi bobuntu nesimo sabantu. Ngokunjalo, uqophe imicimbi yezepolitiki futhi wakhiqiza uchungechunge ukuze kwakheke izifanekiselo zomsebenzi, ukuba ngumama kanye nenguquko. Izithombe zakhe zithola okwangempela ngaphezu kweqiniso elikumele, kuModotti into ebalulekile ukubenza badlulise umbono, isimo somqondo, isiphakamiso sezepolitiki.
Siyazi ngesidingo sakhe sokucindezela okwenzeka ngencwadi ayibhalela owaseMelika ngoFebhuwari 1926: "Ngisho nezinto engizithandayo, izinto ezibambekayo, ngizozenza zidlule esimeni sokuguqula isimo, ngizozenza zibe ukhonkolo izinto ezingabonakali ”, Indlela yokulawula isiphithiphithi“ nokungazi ”ohlangabezana nakho empilweni. Ukukhethwa okufanayo kwekhamera kwenza kube lula kuwe ukuhlela umphumela wokugcina ngokukuvumela ukuthi ubone isithombe ngefomethi yaso yokugcina. Ukucabanga okunjalo kungakhombisa ucwaningo lapho zonke izinto eziguqukayo zilawulwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayesebenza njalo emgwaqweni inqobo nje uma inani lezithombe laliyisisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nezithombe zakhe ezingaqondakali nezezithonjana zivame ukuveza uphawu olufudumele lokuba khona komuntu. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1929 wabhala umqulu omfishane, Mayelana nezithombe, ngenxa yokubonisa lapho ephoqelelwa khona ngesikhathi sombukiso wayo; uhlobo lokulinganisela ngempilo yakhe yobuciko eMexico ngaphambi kokusondela kokuhamba kwakhe. Ukuhamba kwakhe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zobuhle obusekelwe emsebenzini ka-Edward Weston kuyathandeka.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba sibonile, umsebenzi wakhe udlula ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene ezisuka ekukhipheni izakhi zempilo yansuku zonke ziye ekumeni, ekubhaliseni nasekudalweni kwezimpawu. Ngomqondo obanzi, zonke lezi zinkulumo zingafakwa ngaphakathi komqondo wedokhumenti, kepha inhloso yehlukile kulowo nalowo. Ezithombeni zakhe ezinhle kakhulu, ukunakekelwa kwakhe ngokusemthethweni ekubangeni, ekuhlanzekeni kwamafomu nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya okwenza uhambo olubonakalayo kuyabonakala. Lokhu ukufeza ngokulinganisela okuntekenteke futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi okudinga ukucaciswa kwangaphambili kwengqondo, okuthe kamuva kugcwaliswa ngamahora okusebenza egumbini elimnyama aze athole ikhophi eyamenelisa. Kumculi, kwakuwumsebenzi owawumvumela ukuba athuthukise amandla akhe okucacisa, kepha okwathi, ngakho-ke, kwanciphisa amahora abekelwe umsebenzi oqondile wezepolitiki. NgoJulayi 1929 wavuma incwadi kuWeston: "Uyazi u-Edward ukuthi ngisenawo amaphethini amahle okuphelela ekuthwebuleni izithombe, inkinga ngukuthi angikutholi ukuphumula nokuzola okudingekayo ukuze ngisebenze ngokwenelisayo."
Impilo nomsebenzi ocebile futhi oyinkimbinkimbi, othi, ngemuva kokuhlala ukhohliwe amashumi eminyaka, kuholele kwinani elingapheli lemibhalo, amadokhumentari nemibukiso, okungakaqedi amathuba abo okuhlaziya. Kepha, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukukhiqizwa kwezithombe okufanele zibonwe futhi zijatshulelwe kanjalo. Ngo-1979 uCarlos Vidali wanikela ngezimfanelo ezingama-86 zomculi kwiNational Institute of Anthropology and History egameni likayise, uVittorio Vidali. Leli qoqo elibalulekile lahlanganiswa noMtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke we-INAH ePachuca, ngaleso sikhathi esanda kusungulwa, lapho ligcinwa khona njengengxenye yamagugu ezithombe ezwe. Ngale ndlela, ingxenye ebalulekile yezithombe ezenziwe ngumthwebuli wezithombe ihlala eMexico, engabonakala kukhathalogi yekhompyutha lesi sikhungo ebesiyakha.
artDiego Riveraextranjeros en méxicophotografasfridahistory of photography in mexicointelectuales mexicoorozcotina modottiURosa Casanova
