Eminyakeni engama-490 ngemuva kokunqotshwa, yazi umbono weTenochtitlan enkulu omunye wabaphenyi bayo abadume kakhulu, uProf. Sikulethela yona engxoxweni ekhethekile evela kungobo yomlando wethu!
Akungabazeki ukuthi enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni wangaphambi kweSpanishi yinhlangano eyafinyelela emadolobheni abaluleke njengeMexico-Tenochtitlan. U-Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, isazi semivubukulo esivelele kanye nochwepheshe owaziwayo kulo mkhakha, usinikeza umbono othokozisayo mayelana nomlando wendabuko waseMexico City.
IMexico engaziwa. Yini engaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe uma kufanele ubhekise kwimvelaphi yomdabu yaseMexico City?
U-Eduardo Matos. Into yokuqala okufanele ibhekwe ubukhona, esikhaleni leli dolobha elihlala kulo namuhla, ngenani lamadolobha angaphambi kweSpanishi ahambelana nezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Umbhoshongo oyindilinga waseCuicuilco usekhona, ingxenye yedolobha ebelinenhlangano ehlukile. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sokunqoba, kuzofanele sisho iTacuba, Ixtapalapa, Xochimilco, Tlatelolco neTenochtitlan, phakathi kwabanye.
M.D. Kuthiwani ngezinhlobo zikahulumeni ezazisebenza, zombili idolobha lasendulo kanye nombuso?
E.M. Noma amafomu kahulumeni ayengafani kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, siyazi ukuthi eTenochtitlan kwakukhona umyalo ophakeme, i-tlatoani, eyayiphethe uhulumeni wedolobha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyinhloko yombuso. Izwi lesiNahuatl tlatoa lisho okhulumayo, onamandla okukhuluma, ophethe.
MD. Singabe sesicabanga ukuthi i-tlatoani yasebenza unomphela ukusebenzela leli dolobha, izakhamizi zalo, futhi libhekele zonke izinkinga ezenzeka nxazonke zalo?
E.M. UTlatoani wayenezeluleko, kepha igama lokugcina kwaba ngelakhe njalo. Kuyathakazelisa, ngokwesibonelo, ukubona ukuthi i-tlatoani iyona e-oda ukuphakelwa kwamanzi edolobheni.
Ukulandela imiyalo yakhe, ku-calpulli ngayinye bahlela ukusebenzisana emisebenzini yomphakathi; amadoda aholwa abaphathi alungisa imigwaqo noma enza imisebenzi efana nomsele. Kwenzeka into efanayo nangempi: ekwandisweni kwamasosha aseMexico amaqembu amaningi amaqhawe ayadingeka. Ezikoleni, i-calmecac noma i-tepozcalli, amadoda athola ukufundiswa futhi aqeqeshwa njengamaqhawe, futhi leyo yindlela i-calpulli eyayinganikela ngayo ngamadoda ebhizinisini lokukhulisa umbuso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkokhiso eyabekwa kubantu abanqotshiwe yalethwa eTenochtitlan. UTlatoani wabela ingxenye yale ntela kubantu uma kunezikhukhula noma indlala.
M.D. Ngabe kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi umsebenzi wokuphatha idolobha nombuso wawudinga amafomula kahulumeni afana nalawo asebenza kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu kuze kube namuhla?
E.M. Kwakunabantu ababephethe ukuphatha, futhi kwakukhona nenhloko ye-calpulli ngayinye. Lapho benqoba insimu, babeka i-calpixque ephethe ukuqoqa intela kuleso sifunda kanye nokuthunyelwa okuhambisanayo eTenochtitlan.
Umsebenzi womphakathi wawulawulwa yi-calpulli, ngumbusi wawo, kepha i-tlatoani yisibalo esizohlala sikhona. Masikhumbule ukuthi i-tlatoani ihlanganisa izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile: umlingiswa oyiqhawe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezenkolo; ngakolunye uhlangothi luphethe isici esibalulekile sombuso, ukunwetshwa kwezempi nentela, nakwezinye izindaba zenkolo.
M.D. Ngiyakuqonda ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zenziwa yi-tlatoani, kepha kuthiwani ngezindaba zansuku zonke?
E.M. Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ngicabanga ukuthi kufanelekile ukukhumbula iphuzu elihehayo: I-Tenochtitlan ekubeni yichibi ledolobha, izindlela zokuqala zokuxhumana kwakuyizikebhe, leyo kwakuyindlela okwakuthengiswa ngayo izimpahla nabantu; ukudluliswa kusuka eTenochtitlan kuya emadolobheni asemfuleni noma okuphambene nalokho kwakha uhlelo lonke, inethiwekhi yonke yezinsizakalo, kwakukhona ukuhleleka okuhlelekile, iTenochtitlan nayo yayingumuzi ohlanzekile kakhulu.
M.D. Kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu abanjengoTenochtitlan bakhiqiza imfucumfucu enhle, benzani ngayo?
E.M. Mhlawumbe ngabo bathole isikhala echibini ... kepha ngicabanga ukuthi, empeleni akwaziwa ukuthi balixazulula kanjani inkinga yedolobha elinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-200, ngaphezu kwamadolobha asemifuleni njengeTacuba, Ixtapalapa, Tepeyaca, njll.
M.D. Uyichaza kanjani inhlangano ebisemakethe yaseTlatelolco, indawo ehamba phambili ngokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo?
E.M. E-Tlatelolco kwasebenza iqembu lamajaji, elaliphethe ukuxazulula umehluko ngesikhathi sokushintshana.
M.D. Kuthathe iminyaka emingaki ukuthi iColony iphoqe, ngaphezu kwemodeli yemibono, isithombe esisha sokwakha esenza ubuso bomdabu bomuzi bunyamalale cishe ngokuphelele?
E.M. Lokho kuyinto enzima kakhulu ukuyicindezela phansi, ngoba kwakungumzabalazo ngempela lapho abomdabu babethathwa njengabahedeni; amathempeli abo namasiko abo enkolo ayebhekwa njengomsebenzi kasathane. Zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo zaseSpain ezimelwe yiSonto zizophatha lo msebenzi ngemuva kokunqoba kwezempi, lapho umzabalazo wezombangazwe wenzeka. Ukumelana nohlangothi lwabomdabu kubonakala ezintweni eziningana, ngokwesibonelo ezithombeni zikankulunkulu uTlaltecutli, okungonkulunkulu ababeqoshwe etsheni babekwa phansi ngoba wayenguNkosi Yomhlaba futhi leso kwakuyisikhundla sakhe ezweni langaphambi kweSpanishi. . Ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweSpain, abomdabu kwakudingeka babhubhise amathempeli abo bese bekhetha amatshe ukuze baqale ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zamakholoni kanye nezindela; Ngemuva kwalokho ukhetha iTlaltecutli ukuthi isebenze njengesisekelo sezinsika zamakholoni bese iqala ukudweba ikholomu engenhla, kepha ivikela unkulunkulu ongezansi. Kwezinye izikhathi ngike ngachaza isigcawu sansuku zonke: umakhi oyingcweti noma i-friar idlula: "hey, unesinye sezilo zakho lapho." "Ungakhathazeki ngesihe sakho, sizosuka sibheke phansi." "Ah, kahle, bekumele kuhambe kanjalo." Lapho-ke wayengunkulunkulu oboleke kakhulu ukuthi alondolozwe. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa kuMeya waseTemplo nangaphambi kwalokho, sathola amakholomu amaningana amakoloni ayenento ezansi, futhi kwakuvame ukuba ngunkulunkulu uTlaltecutli.
Siyazi ukuthi owomdabu wenqabile ukungena esontweni kwazise wayejwayele izigcawu ezinkulu. Ama-friars aseSpain abe eseyalela ukwakhiwa kwamagceke amakhulu namasonto ukuze kukholwe ikholwa ukuthi ekugcineni lingene esontweni.
M.D. Ngabe umuntu angakhuluma ngezindawo zomdabu noma idolobha lamakoloni lalikhula ngendlela engahlelekile ngaphezu kwedolobha elidala?
E.M. Yebo, impela leli dolobha, iTenochtitlan neTlatelolco, idolobha lalo eliyiwele, lathinteka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokunqoba, cishe sabhujiswa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izikhumbuzo zenkolo. Sithola kuphela uphawu lokunyathelwa kweMeya yaseTemplo kusukela esikhathini sokugcina, okungukuthi, bayibhubhisa ezisekelweni zayo futhi basabalalisa impahla phakathi kwabaphathi baseSpain.
Kungokwakhiwa kwezenkolo lapho kwenzeka khona ushintsho oluyisisekelo kuqala. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho uCortés enquma ukuthi idolobha kumele liqhubeke lapha, eTenochtitlan, nokuthi kulapha lapho kuphakama khona idolobha laseSpain; UTlatelolco, ngandlela thile, wazalwa kabusha okwesikhashana njengomuntu womdabu onqamula iTenochtitlan yamakoloni. Kancane kancane, amafomu, izici zaseSpain, aqala ukuziphoqa, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa isandla somdabu, ubukhona baso babubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke iziboniso zaleso sikhathi.
M.D. Yize sazi ukuthi umhlaba ocebile wendabuko wendabuko ugxile ezicini zamasiko ezwe, futhi konke lokhu kusho ukuthi ungubani, ekwakhiweni kwesizwe saseMexico, ngithanda ukukubuza ukuthi singabona kuphi, ngaphezu kwe-Templo-Mayor, yini esagcina izimpawu zedolobha elidala laseTenochtitlan?
E.M. Ngikholwa ukuthi kunezinto esezivelile; ngesinye isikhathi ngithe onkulunkulu bakudala benqaba ukufa bathi baqala ukuhamba, njengoba kunjalo ngeMeya yaseTemplo naseTlatelolco, kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi kukhona lapho ungabona khona ngokucacile "ukusetshenziswa" kwezithombe zangaphambi kweSpanishi nezinto ezithile, okuyikho kanye okwakhiwa kwama-Counts of Calimaya, namuhla okuyiMnyuziyamu YaseMexico City, eCalle de Pino Suárez. Lapho ungabona kahle inyoka futhi, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, izithombe zazibonwa lapha nalaphaya. UDon Antonio de León y Gama usitshela, emsebenzini wakhe owashicilelwa ngo-1790, okwakuyizinto zangaphambi kweSpanishi ezazingabongwa edolobheni.
Ngo-1988, i-Moctezuma I Stone edumile yatholwa lapha e-Archdiocese yakudala, ku-Moneda Street, lapho izimpi, njll. Nazo zihlobene khona, kanye nalokho okubizwa nge-Piedra de Tizoc.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eXochimilco Delegation kukhona ama-chinampas wemvelaphi yangaphambi kweSpanishi; IsiNahuatl sikhulunywa eMilpa Alta futhi omakhelwane bayasivikela ngokuzimisela okukhulu, ngoba wulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu eTenochtitlan.
Sinobukhona obuningi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukukhuluma ngomfanekiso iShield neFulegi, njengoba kuyizimpawu zaseMexico, okusho ukuthi, ukhozi olume phezu komdolofiya ludla inyoka, eminye imithombo esitshela ukuthi bekungeyona inyoka, kodwa inyoni, into ebalulekile ukuthi ukuthi kuwuphawu lweHuizilopochtli, lokwehlulwa kwelanga emandleni asebusuku.
M.D. Iziphi ezinye izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke lapho izwe lomdabu lizibonakalisa khona?
E.M. Enye yazo, ebaluleke kakhulu, ingukudla; sisenezakhi eziningi zemvelaphi yangaphambi kweSpanishi noma okungenani izithako eziningi noma izitshalo ezisasetshenziswayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona labo abathi iMexico iyakuhleka ukufa; Kwesinye isikhathi ngiye ngibuze ezingqungqutheleni ukuthi uma abantu baseMexico behleka lapho bebona ukufa kwesihlobo, impendulo iba yimbi; ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona usizi olujulile ngaphambi kokufa. Ezingomeni zikaNahua lolu sizi lubonakaliswa ngokusobala.
