Ngisondela endaweni ekhonjisiwe kepha angikwazi ukuhlukanisa izinsalela zamatshe ematsheni azungezile. Abangane bami baqoqa izingcezu ezihlakazekile, ingxenye ethile ingcwatshwe noma ingaphelele futhi i-oda (manje sengiyabona kahle) ingxenye yomgogodla.
Ngokuphelezela amalungu e Ikhomishini yePaleontology Kusuka ku-SEP eCoahuila, ngicindezelwe iziqiniseko ezimbili: eyokuqala ukuthi kumele ngibe yimpumputhe ngoba angitholi lutho ngaphandle kwamatshe angenalutho phakathi kwama-lechuguillas nababusi; okwesibili ukuthi, ngamehlo aqeqeshiwe, insimu yaseCoahuila icebile ngokukhethekile ezinsaleleni zangaphambi komlando kusukela esikhathini seMesozoic, isikhathi seCretaceous ikakhulukazi, okusho ukukhuluma ngeminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-70 edlule.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukubukeka kwamagquma nezigodi ezomile ezisizungezile namuhla eRincón Colorado, i-ejido yaseGeneral Cepeda, kwakwehluke kakhulu, cishe kwakungacabangeki. Umkhathizwe welule phezu kwethafa elikhulu elinamanzi amaningi eligudliswe umfula onamandla, okwathi lapho uhambisa amanzi awo olwandle olungaphakathi nezwe, wakhuphuka waba umugqa omkhulu wemisele kanye namachibi asogwini. Amaferns amakhulu, ama-magnolias namasundu abusa phezu kohlaza oluhlaza oluvuthwa yisimo sezulu esishisayo nesiswakeme, nomoya ominyene njengoba ubucebe nge-carbon dioxide. Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zanda emanzini, kufaka phakathi ama-molluscs nama-crustaceans, nezimfudu nezingwenya zazikhona. Izinambuzane zanda yonke indawo ngenkathi izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala zibhekene nenkinga enzima yokuphila, ezikhuliswe emihlathini yezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungamakhosi endalo ngaleso sikhathi: izibankwakazi.
Ngisho nezingane - mhlawumbe zingaphezu kwabo bonke abanye abantu - ziyazazi. Kodwa ama-clichés amaningi ayaqhubeka maqondana nalezi "ezihuquzelayo ezimbi zangaphambi kukazamcolo" zihlanya impela.
SIYINI IDINOSAUR?
Sikweleta leli gama ukuthi URichard Owen, Isazi sezilwane saseNgilandi sekhulu leminyaka elidlule, owayengomunye wabokuqala ukutadisha izinsalela zakhe wasenquma ukubabhapathiza ngesiGreki:deinos kusho isibankwa esesabekayo nesama-sauros, yize okushiwo isirhubuluzi kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Igama selibambile, yize lingalungile. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona ama-dinosaurs amaningi amancane, ngisho ne-herbivorous, awesabeki nakancane, kanti ezinye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu ezazifanele kahle zazingathathwa njengezibankwakazi.
Ucezu ngalunye lwolwazi olwandisa ulwazi olumayelana nabo lukholisa izazi ze-paleontologists ngokwengeziwe ngokuthambekela kokudala isigaba esihlukile; i I-Dinosauria, ebingafaki izilwane ezihuquzelayo kepha ifake nezinyoni, ezifana nazo ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ake sibheke indaba yezilwane ezincelisayo. Baqhamuka eqoqweni elidala lezilwane ezihuquzelayo okuthiwa ama-synapsids. Njengokuphela kwesixhumanisi esiphilayo esihlanganisa amakilasi amabili ahlukene kangako, sishiywe ne-platypus, isilwane esingajwayelekile esivela e-Oceania esinezici zombili: sibekela amaqanda, silawula kabi ukushisa komzimba waso futhi siphume nobuthi. Kodwa iyamila izinwele futhi incela amaphuphu ayo. Ngendlela efanayo, ama-dinosaurs aphuma ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo, kodwa awekho. Babelana nabo ngezici ezithile njengokufakwa okungenani kwama-vertebrae amabili ethanjeni le-sacral, ukufana emaphethelweni, umthethosisekelo womhlathi ngamathambo amaningana, ukumitha kwamaqanda e-amniotic (nenani elikhulu lesikhupha ukondla umbungu), umzimba umbozwe izikali futhi, ikakhulukazi, isimo se-poikilotherms: ukungakwazi kwabo ukulawula ukushisa komzimba; okungukuthi, banegazi elibandayo.
Kodwa-ke, okutholwe muva nje kuyaphikisana nale ndlela yendabuko. Manje sesiyazi ukuthi amanye ama-dinosaurs azemboze ngezimpaphe, ukuthi ayethanda ukuhlangana, ehlakaniphile kakhulu kunalokho okwakukholelwa nokuthi phambi kososisi, labo abanamahips ayizidlakudla, abaningi bavela ngezinqe ezifana nezinyoni noma ama-ornithischians. Futhi nsuku zonke ososayensi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi bangaba negazi elibandayo. Lokhu kusiholela kumqondo othakazelisayo ngokuqothulwa kwawo, okwenzeka ngemuva kokuba khona Emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-165 edlule, enye engama-65 (ekhombisa ukuphela kwenkathi yeMesozoic nokuqala kweCenozoic). Ngokwalo mbono, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zama-dinosaur ezanyamalala ngokuphelele; ezinye zasinda zaphenduka izinyoni.
UKWAKHIWA KABUSHA KWESAURIA
Izimfihlakalo nezimpikiswano eceleni, lezi zilwane zangaphambi komlando zinenhlanhla eyanele yokubamba konke ukunakwa nemizamo yalabo abazifundayo. Futhi eCoahuila kukhona izinsalela zezinsalela ngobuningi obukhulu.
Ingxenye enkulu yendawo yamanje ivele ngesikhathi seMesozoic esibheke olwandle lwaseTethis, lapho ukwakheka kwamazwekazi kungafani nalena yamanje. Kungakho isiteketiso senhlanhla "Amabhishi aseCretaceous", uRené Hernández, oyiMaster of Science e-UNAM, abenza baba baningi.
Imisebenzi yale paleontologist nethimba lakhe e-Presa de San Antonio ejido, umasipala waseParras, yaba impumelelo yabo ebonakalayo emhlanganweni wedinosaur yokuqala yaseMexico: isifanekiso sohlobo Gryposaurus, evame ukubizwa "Uqhwaku lwedada" ngokuvezwa kwamathambo kwengxenye yawo engaphambili.
Iphrojekthi eyaqhubeka nalokhu ukuphela isukela ngonyaka we-1987. Ngonyaka olandelayo nangemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-40 zomsebenzi e-semi-desert yaseCoahuila, kusukela ekutholeni komlimi uRamón López, imiphumela yayijabulisa. Amathani amathathu anezinsalela zezitshalo, izimbewu nezithelo zasuswa ezweni elomile, kanye namaqembu amahlanu ama-invertebrate asolwandle. Futhi - babengeke balahleke - cishe amathambo angama-dinosaur angama-400 eqembu le- Ama-hadrosaurs ("imilomo yedada") nemikhumbi yempi Ama-Ankylosaurs.
NgoJuni 1992, kwaphindwa kabili i- "duckbill" yethu enamamitha ayi-3.5 ubude futhi eyi-7 ubude Imyuziyamu ye-Institute of Geology ye-UNAM, etholakala endaweni yaseSanta María de la Ribera, esifundeni saseFederal. Ngokwendaba, iqembu lokuqala lezingane zesikole elizomvakashela lamnika Isauria ukuhlonipha umzala womunye wabo, ogama lakhe lingu-Isaura, abathi, babukeka njengethonsi lamanzi komunye.
"I-Isauria yidinosaur eshibhe kunazo zonke emhlabeni," kusho uRené Hernández, umqondisi womhlangano. Ukutakulwa kwakhe kwabiza ama-pesos ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15; futhi impendulo, ebinezici ezifanayo ebingabiza inani elilingana namarandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu e-United States, iphume lapha ngama-peso ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. " Ngokusobala, umsebenzi wochwepheshe abavela eLaunamy, abafundi ababesebenzisana noHernández, wawubalulekile. Kutakulwe ama-70% wamathambo, akhiwe ngamathambo angama-218, kwakudingeka ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanza ingxenye ngayinye. Ukuhlanza kubandakanya ukususa yonke intlenga ngabagadli nezinsimbi zomoya. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuqina kwamathambo ngokuwageza entweni ebizwa ngokuthi ibutvar, ihlanjululwe ku-acetone. Izingcezu ezingaphelele noma ezingekho, ezifana nogebhezi lwe- Isauria, zakhiwa kabusha ngo-plasticine, ukhonkolo noma i-polyester nge-fiberglass. Ngenxa yalokhu, izingxenye zenziwe zenziwa njengemidwebo eyisithenjwa noma izithombe zezibonelo ezihlanganiswe kweminye iminyuziyamu. Ekugcineni, futhi njengoba okwangempela kungadalulwa ngenxa yesisindo sayo esikhulu kanye nengozi yezingozi, kwenziwa ukuphindaphinda ngqo kwamathambo onke.
UKUVAKASHELA UMHLABA WAMAKRETHE
Uma i-Isauria, emi iqonde ngemuva kwephupho leminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-70, ingahle ibonakale njengokutholakala okuvelele kakhulu, akuyona ukuphela kwayo.
Ngo-1926 ososayensi baseJalimane bathola amathambo e-dinosaur yokuqala emhlabathini waseMexico, nasendaweni yaseCoahuila. Imayelana ne- i-ornysique eqenjini le- ama-ceratops (anezimpondo ebusweni). Ngo-1980 i Isikhungo seGeology I-UNAM iqale iphrojekthi yocwaningo ukuthola izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo esifundazweni. Akubanga khona miphumela emihle, kepha kutholakale inani elikhulu lezinsalela ze-dinosaur ezitholwe abalandeli be-paleontology. Iphrojekthi yesibili ye-UNAM ngonyaka we-1987 yahlanganiswa ukuxhaswa nguMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe kanye nohulumeni waseCoahuila nge-SEP. Ikhomishini yePaleontology eyenziwe yiyo futhi yelulekwe nguRené Hernández yakha iqembu lochwepheshe omsebenzi wabo ohlanganyelwe osindise ifa elimangalisayo lezinsalela zemindeni IHadrosauridae (Gryposaurus, Lambeosaurus), iCeratopidae (Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus), iTyranosauridae (Albertosaurus) neDromeosauridae (Dromeosaurus), kanye nezinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle kanye nezitshalo ezinikeza imininingwane enhle ngemvelo yeCretaceous. Kangangokuthi banosizo lwe- IDinamation International Society, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yokwenziwa kwe-paleontology —okuthandwa ama-dinosaurs—, inentshisekelo enkulu yokufunda ngentuthuko yaseMexico kulo mkhakha.
Njengamanje i- Ikhomishini yePaleontology Igxila kwimisebenzi yayo ezindaweni ezizungeze iRincón Colorado, lapho ithole khona amasayithi angaphezu kwama-80 anezinsalela, iningi lawo eCerro de la Virgen, eliqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi yiCerro de los Dinosaurios. Ngaphambi kokuqala izigaba zelabhorethri nezinhlangano kunomsebenzi omningi okufanele wenziwe.
Njengesinyathelo sokuqala, benza i-prospecting yokuthola imali. Kwesinye isikhathi bathola isaziso kuma-ejidatarios noma abafuna amateur, uma bengaveli esikhungweni esenza ucwaningo bese bekhubeka ngephutha ezinsaleleni. Kepha into ejwayelekile ukuya ekufundweni kwamamephu we-geological futhi wazi kusuka e-sedimentation ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinsalela olungatholakala nokuthi ungaluphatha kanjani.
Umsebenzi wokutakula noma wenkwali ucutshungulwa ngokuphelele; indawo iyahlanzwa, kufakelwa izimbali namatshe ahambayo. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukumbiwa, isiza sikwele ngamamitha ayisikwele. Ngakho-ke, kuyenzeka ukuthi uthwebule futhi udwebe indawo lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela ezithile, ngoba izimo zokungcwaba zinikeza imininingwane eminingi. Izichasiselo ezinenombolo yayo, izici zendawo yokwakheka kwendawo nomuntu oyisindisile zihambelana nayo yonke into eqoqiwe.
Izinkwali eziseRincón Colorado ziyisibonelo sale nqubo. Eduze neMnyuziyamu yale ndawo, bathola nokuvakashelwa izingane zesikole nezivakashi ezilangazelela ukungena ezweni laseCretaceous. Futhi kulabo abahlanganyela kulo msebenzi wokuzilibazisa, kunezindaba ezimnandi: ekupheleni kuka-1999 kwavulwa i-Desert Museum eSaltillo ngetende elalinikezelwe i-paleontology. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi kudingekile, ngoba imikhondo yedinosaur esanda kutholakala iyisampula esisodwa sezimanga uCoahuila asibekele zona.
NGABE KUKHONA IZINDAWO ZOKUPHILA KWAMANYE AMAZWE?
Yize namuhla iCoahuila inamandla amakhulu kakhulu, futhi amathambo aqhamuka phansi ahlukaniswe kancane ngoba inzika ivumela ukutholwa kwezinto eziqinile ngokwengeziwe, kunezinsalela ezithakazelisayo kwezinye izingxenye zaseMexico. Esikhathini seCretaceous, iBaja California inamadiphozithi abaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke iNorth American Pacific. E-El Rosario, amaqembu akhonjwe angamalungu amaqembu e AmaHadrosaurs, amaCeratopid, ama-Ankylosaurs, amaTyranosaurs kanye namaDromaeosaurids. Ngokungeziwe ekutholeni ukubonakala kwesikhumba kanye nezicucu zamaqanda, kwavela izinsalela zethropod ezaveza uhlobo olusha nezinhlobo:ILabocania anomaly. Kutholakale okufanayo eSonora, eChihuahua naseNuevo León. Okunye okuvela eCretaceous kukhona amathrekhi edinosaur eMichoacán, ePuebla, e-Oaxaca naseGuerrero.
Idolobha elicebe kakhulu lesikhathi seJurassic lisendaweni yaseHuizachal canyon, eTamaulipas. Ngo-1982, uDkt James M. Clark waqamba igama le- IBocatherium mexicanuma uhlobo olusha nezinhlobo ze-protomammal.
Ngakho-ke, kwakungeyona idayinaso, njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindizayo nezigqobayo, ama-sphenodon nezilwane ezincelisayo ezitholakele.
Izinsalela zama-dinosaurs uqobo, ama-carnosaurs nama-ornithopods ahlukaniswe kakhulu. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngezinsalela zaseChiapas, zeminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule. Ekugcineni, eSan Felipe Ameyaltepec, ePuebla, amathambo amakhulu atholakele kuze kube manje abangelwa uhlobo oluthile lwe-sauropod.
