Funda umlando ophelele ka-Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, umuntu obalulekile emibhalweni yaseMexico.
Ubaba wezincwadi zaseMexico, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano wazalwa ngo UTixtla, uGuerrero Abazali bakhe kungoFrancisco Altamirano noGertrudis Basilio, bobabili bengamaNdiya amsulwa ababethathe isibongo somuntu waseSpain owayebhaphathize omunye wokhokho babo.
U-Ignacio Manuel wafunda ukukhuluma iSpanishi kuze kube yilapho ubaba wakhe eqokwa njengemeya yedolobha, kamuva waziveza njenge umfundi onenzuzo futhi ngawina omunye wemifundaze ekhishwe ngu- I-Literary Institute yaseToluca yezingane ezihola kancane ezikwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Yilapho athola khona lowo owayezoba nguthisha wakhe amthanda kakhulu futhi onethonya: U-Ignacio Ramírez, uNecromancer, ummeli, intatheli, ilungu le- I-Lateran Academy nesekela le ICongress of Constituent.
U-Altamirano waba ngumphathi we Umtapo Institute, ehlanganiswe nguLorenzo de Zavala futhi wazidla zombili ezakudala nezanamuhla, futhi wazifaka emcabangweni we-encyclopedic nasezincwadini zomthetho ezikhululekile.
Ngo-1852 washicilela iphephandaba lakhe lokuqala, AmaPapacha, iqiniso elamlahlekisela ngokuxoshwa esikhungweni. Ngawo lowo nyaka waqala ukuhambela izwe, ukuba nguthisha wezincwadi zokuqala nombhali wemidlalo yaseshashalazini nokuhambela phambili enkampanini yaseshashalazini ehambahambayo, kusuka "Amahlaya eligi”. Kwakungesikhathi ebhala umsebenzi onempikiswano eMorelos eCuautla, manje oselahlekile, kodwa okwamnika udumo lokuqala futhi ngemuva kwalokho waba namahloni, kubonakala sengathi, lapho enza ukubalwa kwemisebenzi yakhe akazange akubone.
Ngemuva kwalokho weza eDolobheni ezoqala izifundo zakhe kwezomthetho, ikakhulukazi kwi Ikholeji yaseSan Juan de Letrán, okwakhokhelwa izindleko zakhe, futhi, emsebenzini wakhe wokufundisa: ukufundisa isiFulentshi esikoleni esizimele.
Ngo-1854 waphazamisa izifundo zakhe zokujoyina i- Inguquko ye-Ayutla, owayefuna ukuketula uSanta Anna, umashiqela ongenamlenze, ukuthi iminyaka eminingi kangaka yobuhlungu yayiyizele ezweni. U-Altamirano waya eningizimu yeGuerrero wazibeka ngaphansi kokuyalelwa ujenene UJuan Alvarez. Waqala kanjalo-ke umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki nokujikela kokufunda, ukulwa nokubuyela ezifundweni. Ngemuva kwenguquko, u-Ignacio Manuel waphinde waqala izifundo zakhe zomthetho, kodwa kwadingeka abashiye futhi ngo-1857, lapho kuqala impi eMexico, kulokhu kwaba yiNguquko, eyaqala ukuhlukaniswa kwemibono yakudala yekhulu le-19 phakathi kwabasadla ngoludala nabakhululekile.
Ngo-1859 waphumelela njengommeli kwathi, lapho abakhululekile sebenqobile, wakhethwa iphini leCongress of the Union, lapho evezwe khona njengesinye sezikhulumi zomphakathi ezihamba phambili ngesikhathi sakhe, ezinkulumweni eziningana ezidumile nezishubile.
U-Altamirano ushadile UMargarita Pérez Gavilán, ongowokuzalwa eTixtla futhi futhi indodakazi yendodakazi okuthiwa ingokwemvelo ye UVicente Guerrero: IDoña Dolores Catalán Guerrero, owayenezingane eziningi zomunye umshado. Lezi zingane, abafowabo bakaMargarita (uCatalina, uPalma, uGuadalupe no-Aurelio) bamukelwa nguMaster, owabanika isibongo sakhe, baba izingane zeqiniso zika-Altamirano njengoba yena noMargarita bengakaze babe nezingane zabo.
Ngo-1863 wajoyina umzabalazo odalwe ukuhlasela kweFrance, ngokumelene nabo nangokulwa nombuso we UMaximilian waseHasburg. Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1865, waqokwa waba ngu-colonel nguMongameli Juárez futhi konke kwaba ukunqoba kwezempi. Ubambe iqhaza ku- Isayithi leQueretaro, lapho, inganekwane inakho, wayeyiqhawe langempela futhi ngemuva kokunqoba amabutho ombuso kaMaximilian waseHasburg, wahlangana naye, owenza isithombe sakhe kwiDayari yakhe.
Ngo-1867 wathatha umhlalaphansi unomphela ezingalweni: Wake wamemezela ukuthi wayethanda umsebenzi wezempi kodwa wakhuthazwa yilokho okwenziwa yi-Renaissance "komuntu wezikhali nezincwadi." Lapho iRiphabhulikhi isibuyiselwe, wamemezela: "Umsebenzi wami ngenkemba usuphelile" futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele ezincwadini.
IMPILO YEMIBHALO KA-IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAMIRANO
Leli qiniso, kepha, alizange limhlukanise nezepolitiki kwazise wayeyiphini leCongress of the Union amahlandla amathathu futhi, kulokhu, umsebenzi wakhe wokushaya umthetho wasala uyisisekelo semfundo yamabanga aphansi ekhululekile neyimpoqo ayethula kuyo inkulumo eyisibonelo kaFebhuwari 5, 1882. Kwakunjalo futhi ummeli jikelele weRiphabhulikhi, umshushisi, imantshi nomongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme, isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezemisebenzi Yomphakathi, ngesimilo sakhe okhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwezingqapheli zezinkanyezi nezomkhathi nokwakhiwa kabusha kwemizila yocingo.
Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu yilowo awuthuthukisa ethanda amasiko nezincwadi zaseMexico. Umphathi wezizukulwane ezimbili zabacabangi nababhali, umhleli wabadumile "Izikhathi Zokubhala" Endlini yakhe eCalle de los Héroes, u-Altamirano wayekhathazekile ngokuthi izincwadi zaseMexico zazinohlonze ngempela, nokuthi zizoba yingxenye yokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko ezweni, elacekelwa phansi yizimpi eziningi, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, umbuso owavela e-Austria futhi nokuzazi okuncane njengesizwe. Futhi lokhu akusho ukuthi wadelela isiko lezinye izingxenye, U-Altamirano mhlawumbe wayengowokuqala waseMexico ukuhlola izincwadi zesiNgisi, isiJalimane, iNyakatho Melika kanye neSpanishi zaseMelika, ngesikhathi sakhe ezazingaziwa ngabaningi bezincwadi..
Ngo-1897 no-Ignacio Ramírez noGuillermo Prieto basungula iCorreo de México, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1859, ngoJanuwari, lapho kwavela khona umagazini wakhe wokuqala Ukuvuselelwa kabusha, ingqophamlando emlandweni wezincwadi zaseMexico. Kusukela kulawo makhasi, uthisha uhlongoze ukuhlanganisa ababhali bazo zonke izinkolo, wengeza ubuhlakani kulokhu, umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wokwakha kabusha izwe.
Umoya wakhe wokubekezelelana emkhakheni wezincwadi uvezwe ekukhuthazeni akwenzile, kusuka kumagazini wakhe ku vumelanisa ongqondongqondo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Yile ndlela akwazi ngayo ukuthola ama-romantics, ama-neoclassicals nama-eclectics, ama-conservatives kanye nama-liberals, amaJuaristas kanye nama-progressives, izibalo ezisungulwe nama-novice ezincwadini, izimbongi ze-bohemian, ama-essayists angama-brainy, izazi-mlando ezihloniphekile namadoda wesayensi ukuthi babhale lapho.
Yayinjalo indlela u-Altamirano kwakuyibhuloho phakathi kwesizukulwane senkululeko ekhanyisiwe, emelwe ngu-Ignacio Ramírez, uFrancisco Zarco, uGuillermo Prieto, uVicente Riva Palacio nesizukulwane sababhali abasebasha njengoJusto Sierra, uManuel Acuña, uManuel M. Flores, uJuan de Dios Peza no-Angel de Campo.
Ekupheleni komjikelezo walo magazini, wasungula amaphephandaba I-Federalist (1871) neLa Tribuna (1875), yakha i- Inhlangano ye-1st Mutual Writers, ekubeni ngumongameli ofanayo noFrancisco Sosa unobhala, kushicilelwe IRiphabhulikhi (1880) Iphephandaba elizinikele ekuvikeleni izintshisekelo zabasebenzi.
Bekuyi uprofesa e-National Preparatory School, e-School of Commerce, e-School of Jurisprudence, ku-National School of Teachers nakwezinye eziningi, lapho athola khona isihloko se-Master.
Uhlakulele inoveli nezinkondlo, indaba emfushane nendaba, ukugxeka, umlando, ama-eseyi, imilando, i-biography kanye nezifundo ze-bibliographic. Imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu yile:
AmaRhymes (1871), lapho ahumushe khona ubuhle bendawo yaseMexico namanoveli: UClemency (1868), kubhekwa inoveli yokuqala yesimanje yaseMexico, UJulia (1870), UKhisimusi ezintabeni (1871), I-Antonia (1872), U-Beatriz (1873, akaphelele), U-El Zarco (ngo-1901, washicilelwa ngemuva kokushona futhi lokho kutshela ukuzidela kwesigelekeqe, ilungu leqembu le- "Los Plateados") Y I-Athena (1935, engaqediwe). Imiqulu emibili ye- Ama-Landscapes and Legends (1884-1949) bahlanganisa imisebenzi yabo yohlobo lwemikhuba, efana nemilando nemidwebo.
I- UMaster Altamirano ushone ngoMsombuluko, ngoFebhuwari 13, 1893 E-San Remo, e-Italy, ngise-Europe ngokuthunywa ngu-Porfirio Díaz e-Consulate of Mexico e-Barcelona futhi kamuva e-France. UDon Joaquín Casasús, umkhwenyana ka-Altamirano wabhala ukuvalelisa okudume kakhulu okwashicilelwa kamuva. Isidumbu sakhe sashiswa kwathi umlotha wadluliselwa eMexico. Namuhla, izinsalela zakhe ziphumule eRotunda Yamadoda Akhazimulayo.
