Ngesikhathi sobukhazikhazi bamasiko angaphambi kweSpanishi afana neMayan, iMexico, neTotonac, kanye naphakathi kwabaseFenike, amaGrikhi kanye namaRoma, iminenke yayisetshenziselwa izinhloso zenkolo.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngemuva nje kokutshuza eCozumel nomvikeli omuhle kakhulu wezilwandle zethu, uRamón Bravo, ngiyakhumbula ukuthi ngiphakamise ukuthi sidle izinhlanzi zasolwandle, wabe esethi: “Ngiyakugwema ukudla izitsha ezisuselwa ekhoneni, njengoba ngicabanga ukuthi nginikela ngale ndlela, okungenani okuncane, ukongiwa kwempilo yasolwandle ”.
Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, esinye isifundiswa esikhulu sempilo yasolwandle, uJacques Ives Cousteau, sathi: "Ama-gastropod mollusks angabhekwa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokulahleka cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni."
Iminenke ingeyesigaba sama-mollusk futhi namuhla ifaka izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinhlobo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Emhlabeni wezilwane, ama-mollusk amele iqembu lesibili ngokubaluleka kwamanani ezinhlobo ezichaziwe, okukhona kuzo izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-130 eziphilayo kanye nezingama-35,000 ezizungeze isimo sezinsalela; izinambuzane kuphela ezibadlula. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwezemvelo kungenxa yokwehlukahluka okukhulu kwezici nokuziphatha: iningi lingaba kumazinga ahlukene kumanethiwekhi we-trophic phakathi nomjikelezo wabo wokuphila, njengasesigabeni sezibungu zokubhukuda i-trocófora kanye ne-velíger, okuthi kamuva zibe ngabantu abadala bahlala ezindaweni eziphila kuzo ezinengxenye yebhalansi yazo.
AmaMollusks, ogama lawo lesiLatin, i-mollis, elisho ukuthi "ithambile", akhiwa iqembu elikhulu futhi elixakile lezilwane elikhombisa ukufana okuncane kokuhleleka komunye nomunye; kodwa-ke, inhlangano yomzimba yazo zonke ilandela iphethini eyisisekelo ethathwe kukhokho ofanayo, eyaqala ngaphambi nje kwesikhathi seCambrian, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-500 eyedlule, lapho bekhasa emadwaleni nasemabhodleleni athambile amanzi angajulile.
Umlando obanzi wokuma kweminenke kungenxa yegobolondo lawo lezimbiwa phansi, elenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukongiwa kwazo ezinkambisweni zefosilization futhi okunikeze umlando ocebile wokulandelana kwezikhathi. Ngemuva embozwe yisihlangu esiyi-convex, ukuvikela izitho zangaphakathi, kusukela ekuqaleni, le cuticle eminyene yezinto eziphilayo ezinama-horny okuthiwa i-conchiolin, kamuva yaqiniswa ngamakristalu e-calcium carbonate.
Iminenke iphakathi kwezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi igobolondo lazo elilodwa, elinenxeba lokuvikela, lenza izakhiwo ezingapheli: isicabalele, siyindilinga, sinezinhlobonhlobo, side, sibushelelezi, sikhanye futhi sihlotshisiwe. Usayizi wabo ojwayelekile usukela ku-2 kuye ku-6 cm ubude, kepha kukhona amancane futhi amakhulu kakhulu. Kwamanye amaqembu ama-mollusk, ezinye izinhlobo zinkulu, njenge-bivalve Tridacna yaseNingizimu Pacific, enobubanzi obungu-1.5 m, noma lawo ma-squid nama-octopus amakhulu eqembu le-cephalopod elifinyelela ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa ngobude.
IZAKHIWO ZANGAPHAKATHI NEMIBALA
Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu kubalwa ama-gastropod mollusks, aziwa kangcono ngokuthi amagobolondo noma iminenke. Lezi yizilwane ezinomzimba othambile obungeke uthandeke kakhulu ukube bekungewona amagobolondo azo, abhekwa njengobuciko bemvelo, obuhluka ku-1 kuye ku-40 cm ubude. Umbala okhanyayo ezinhlotsheni zasogwini nasolwandle lwamakhorali uqhathanisa namathoni amnyama alabo abanendawo yokuhlala enomthunzi ne-substratum enamadwala; ngakho-ke sinokuthi umnenke ngamunye ungumphumela wokuzivumelanisa nemvelo yawo, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zigcina ubuhle nokuqina kwemibala yazo ngaphakathi kwazo.
Ama-gastropods ahlangabezane nemisebe ebanzi kakhulu eguquguqukayo phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezinama-mollusk futhi achuma kakhulu; Zisatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izigaba cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo, lapho kuhlala khona izihlabathi ezinesihlabathi nodaka nezimbotshana ezinamadwala, amakhorali, imikhumbi ecwile kanye nemihlume, futhi ziphila ngisho nasemanzini, emadwaleni lapho amagagasi aqhekeka khona; abanye bahlasela amanzi ahlanzekile futhi bavumelanisa cishe nazo zonke izimo zezindawo zasemanzini ezindaweni eziphakeme nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene; futhi i-lungfish ilahlekelwe yimiphunga futhi iphenduke ingubo yamaphaphu, ukunqoba indawo yasemhlabeni lapho behlala khona emahlathini, emahlathini nasehlane, futhi baze bahlale nasemikhawulweni yeqhwa laphakade.
Kuwo wonke umlando lezi zidalwa ezinhle ezenziwe nge-invertebrate elula ziye zakhanga ngokukhethekile ososayensi, izicukuthwane nabantu abavamile. Iningi labantu abavakashela emabhishi futhi bathole umnenke, bahambe nalo baye ekhaya futhi kaningi babheka kuphela ubuhle balo bomzimba ukuhlobisa ifenisha noma ingaphakathi le-case display; Kodwa-ke, abaqoqi bahlukanisa izibonelo zabo ngendlela ehlelekile, kuyilapho iningi labo likhetha ukubazisa ngokunambitheka kwabo okumnandi, futhi ezingxenyeni zethu ezifudumele bathola nezindawo eziyinsumansumane ze-aphrodisiac.
Lezi zilwane zibe nomthelela omkhulu emasikweni esintu, futhi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abantu abaningi bebezisebenzisa ngezinjongo zenkolo, ezomnotho, ezobuciko kanye nezokuzijabulisa. Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zaziswa ngokubaluleka kwazo okukhulu kwezenkolo okugcinwe kuwo wonke umlando wamasiko ahlukahlukene, lapho zisetshenziswe khona njengeminikelo nemihlobiso yonkulunkulu nezakhiwo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sobukhazikhazi bamasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi afana neMayan, iMexico kanye neTotonac. badlale indima ebalulekile ekubukeni kwakhe kwezwe; Okufanayo naphakathi kwabaseFenike, abaseGibhithe, amaGrikhi, amaRoma nabanye, ababasebenzise njengokudla, ukunikela, ubucwebe, imali, izikhali, umculo, ukuhlobisa nokuxhumana, nasekutholaka udayi wokudaya izingubo zamakilasi ahloniphekile .
Ezweni elifana neMexico, elinogu olubanzi, iminenke yasolwandle imele insiza ebalulekile enikeza imithombo eminingana yokuqashwa kwabadobi, abapheki, abathengisi, nezingcweti, kanye nabachwepheshe kwezesayensi yasolwandle, i-biology kanye ne-aquaculture. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehluka kwayo okuthile kwenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ocwaningo kanye nokwenza imininingwane eyisisekelo mayelana neqembu, okusiza ukwenza izinqumo eziqondile ekuphathweni kwesigaba esikhulu se-gastropod.
UKUVIKELWA NOSONGO LWEZINHLELO
Emaphethelweni ethu, njengamanje, izinhlobo eziningi ezinkulu, ezidliwayo noma ezibukisayo, zithinteka ngokudlula ngokweqile, njenge-abalone (Haliotis), izinselo (Cassis), i-pink murex (Hexaplex) kanye I-murex emnyama (iMuricanthus), noma iminenke ebomvu (i-Purpura patula) ePacific; Ngokufanayo, eGulf of Mexico naseCaribbean, iminenke emikhulu icishe yaqothulwa, njengendlovukazi (iStrombus gigas), i-newt (i-Charonia variegata), i-chacpel enkulu (i-Pleuroploca gigantea), i-chiva engajwayelekile (i-Busycon) contrarium), izinkomo ezicwebezelayo (i-Cypraea zebra), imbuzi ecwebezelayo (i-Melongena corona) ne-tulip (i-Fasciolaria tulipa), kanye nalawo ayindlala, ngamathoni ahlabayo, noma ngoba unyawo lwawo lwemisipha lungaba olokuhweba.
EMexico nasemhlabeni, ukutholakala kwezinhlobo eziningi kubonisa i-alamu yokuqothulwa okungahle kwenzeke, ngoba akukho mithetho eqondile yomhlaba wonke yokulondolozwa kwazo; namuhla ososayensi nabadobi bathole ukuthi akukho ndawo lapho ukukhishwa kwabo kungazange kulimaze khona abantu babo. Ezweni lethu kubalulekile ukuvikela njengezinto eziseqhulwini izinhlobo eziningi zeminenke ezithinteke kakhulu; ukugqugquzela izinhlelo ezanele zokuxhashazwa kwezentengiselwano nokwenza izifundo eziqondile ezinhlotsheni ezisongelwayo.
Isibalo sezinhlobo zasendaweni siphezulu, ngoba cishe izinhlobo eziyi-1 000 zichazwe eNyakatho Melika kanye nezingama-6 500 kulo lonke elaseMelika, esabelana nenani elikhulu lazo, ngoba kuphela emanzini eGulf of Mexico angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili abhalwe phansi iminenke enamagobolondo angaphandle, ayingxenye yesigaba se-gastropod ne-bivalve. Yize sekuphelele ukuthi lezi zilwane zasolwandle zithathwa njengeziningi, siyazi ukuthi kunzima ukuthola izindawo okungafinyeleleki kuzo njengamakhulu eminyaka adlule, konke kuhlalwe futhi cishe akunamkhawulo emandleni ethu okudla.
Kusukela esikoleni samabanga aphansi, izingane zanamuhla zifunda imvelo, zazi izinkinga zemvelo futhi zifunde ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, imvelo nendoda. Mhlawumbe le mfundo yezemvelo inciphisa umthelela empilweni yasolwandle, akukephuzi kakhulu; Kepha uma leli zinga liqhubeka, ukubhujiswa kungamangaza kakhulu kunasezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni. Lezi zinzalo zezinye zezinhlobo zokuqala zokuphila kuleplanethi zinganyamalala, futhi ziyimisebenzi yobuciko enhle impela, enemibala engenamkhawulo nezimo ezimangalisa umculi ophelele, iyenga abantu abavamile futhi isakhiwo sabo esibucayi sanelisa umqoqi odinga kakhulu; Akunandaba, uma kungukudala kuphela okwenziwe yisilwane esingenamgogodla, esihlala sithwele indlu yaso emhlane.
Umthombo: UMexico ongaziwa uNombolo 273 / Novemba 1999
