Ukubukeka okumangazayo ngenxa yomumo wazo ongajwayelekile, imibala ehlaba umxhwele nomzimba ohlotshiswe ngezandiso ezakha izimpondo, imisila nokunye okunezelwa, yizibungu, ezingahlobene nokumiswa komzimba kodwa zibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuzala wezimvemvane.
Izigaba ezine ezakha impilo yovemvane ziyisimangaliso semvelo: iqanda, isibungu, i-chrysalis, nevemvane. Kusukela esigabeni samaqanda kuzalwa isibungu esincane esiphila kuphela ukukhula nokukondla. Ngemuva kwalokho, isibungu esincane siyadedelwa esikhunjeni saso kuze kube izikhathi eziyishumi nanhlanu, ukuze sikhiqize esinye esiguquguquka kalula futhi sikhule sibe yi-chrysalis; Uma usungaphakathi kuwo, isibungu siguqula ukuma kwaso ngokuphelele futhi asisakhuli futhi.
Izibungu, njengazo zonke izinambuzane, zinekhanda, isisu nesifuba esinemilenze eyisithupha, ngasinye siphela nge-pincer egobile nebukhali. Basebenzisa imilenze yabo ukuhamba nokubamba ukudla kwabo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhangqa ayo "emilenze yamanga", awugqinsi kunaleyo eyiqiniso, nomqhele wezindlwana, ayasiza ekubambeni amaqabunga namagatsha. Umzimba wayo, uhlukaniswe ngamasongo, unezingxenye ezifundeni ezintathu; cephalic, ngendandatho eyodwa; i-thoracic, enezingxenye ezintathu, nesisu, esinezingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye. Izingxenye ezintathu zangaphambili zinemilenze, ebizwa ngokuthi "yiqiniso" ngoba yizo ezizohlala kumuntu omdala; Lezi zithasiselo ezicindezelayo ziyangenelela kusengaphambili isibungu futhi zisisize ukuba sibambe ukudla kwaso; konke okunye kunamalungu futhi kuyanyamalala nge-metamorphosis.
Cishe zonke zaziwa njengezikelemu futhi kulula ukuzibona ezithelweni, ezitshalweni nasemhlabathini. Iningi lihlukaniswe noma lingenazo izandiso, ezinye zibukeka njengama-slugs, amanye ama-mealybugs nezinye eziningi zinezinwele eziningi. Isisu siqukethe imisipha, inhliziyo, uketshezi olubalulekile nesisu; Kuyinto ingxenye ebanzi yomzimba futhi leyo esiza ukunyakaza; Izindonga zalo eziyisishiyagalombili noma izimbobo ohlangothini ngalunye zisebenza ekuphefumuleni. Isikhumba sibushelelezi kwezinye izinhlobo, ezinye zinezinwele ezimfishane, ezikahle nezinwele ezinde, kwesinye isikhathi zinemiqolo ebukhali engancinza futhi egcina ubuthi bayo ngisho nangemva kokuhlukaniswa nomzimba. Isibungu asinamehlo abumbene, yize kunalokho sine-ocelli eyisithupha ohlangothini ngalunye engahlukanisi ngayo imibala, kodwa ubujamo nokunyakaza. Eduze kunomlomo, engxenyeni engezansi engezansi, owakhiwe imihlathi emibili eqinile eyenziwe yahlafunwa.
Umzimba wesibungu, owenziwe ngamasongo amaningi, uyayivumela ukuthi ikhule futhi ikhulise lapho idla ukudla kwayo. Isikhumba sakhe asinwebeki, uma sincane kumele asincibilikise, kuze kube kashumi nesikhombisa empilweni yakhe yonke, kuya ngohlobo lwaso, futhi kuphela kulesi sikhathi esisodwa lapho eyeka khona ukudla. Lapho isibungu sikhuluphele, siguqula umsebenzi waso bese sizulazula sisuka kwenye indawo siye kwenye, kwesinye isikhathi kude impela nesitshalo esisingethe, njengoba sifuna indawo ephephile yokuhlala nokuguqula sibe yisiphungumangathi noma i-chrysalis. Kukule molt yokugcina lapho iningi lifakwe kusigaxa lukasilika elukiwe ngedivayisi ye-buccal nezindlala zalo ezinosilika; umfece ozungeze isiphungumangathi ugcina umswakama futhi uwuvikele ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Abanye, kusukela ebusheni, bazisonga ngosilika, njengabantu abathanda ukuhlala ezidlekeni ukuze bazivikele emvelweni; kanti abanye bahlanganisa amashidi amaningi ngemicu kasilika.
PHILA KUPHELA UKUDLA
Ekuqaleni uvemvane lwesifazane lubona kude kakhulu futhi njalo lukhetha isitshalo esinomsoco ukubeka amaqanda aso, ngoba amacimbi amaningi angadla uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili zezitshalo; ngakho-ke, izibungu lapho zizalwa zizoba nokudla eduze futhi zizoqala ukudla ngokushesha. Umsebenzi wokuqala wosana olusanda kuzalwa uqukethe ukushwabadela igobolondo leqanda ukukhulisa umgodi futhi ukwazi ukuphuma; Ngale ndlela ithola amandla okufuna ukudla, ngoba phakathi nazo zonke izinyanga zokuphila kwayo isibungu siqoqa kuphela izinqolobane futhi sidle amaqabunga, amahlumela amancanyana, izithelo, izimbali, izinkuni, izikhumba, izindwangu zoboya, izinsalela zamaqanda aso kanye nokuzalwa kwaso. . Iningi lamacimbi lihlala lodwa esitshalweni sokudla esiyingqayizivele ngohlobo ngalunye, ezinye kuphela ezingadla izitshalo eziningana.
Ngokungafani novemvane, isibungu sihlala sihlafuna, sihlonyiswe kahle futhi umlomo waso ocacile uyayivumela ukuba idle amaqabunga ngasemaphethelweni, ngemihlathi nemihlathi eqinile esiza ekuhlafunweni. I-voracity yayo enkulu ingayiguqula ibe yisilokazane esonakalisa masinyane amaqabunga, izilimo nezingadi, yize zimbalwa izinhlobo zalo mandla okubhubhisa. Ngemuva kokudla, zivame ukucasha ngaphansi kwamakhasi, kumagxolo ezingodo, ngaphansi kwamatshe, noma zikhosele emhlabathini. Labo abahlala ngamaqembu bancane ngosayizi futhi bayazimela lapho befika ekuvuthweni, kanti abanye bangumphakathi impilo yabo yonke. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zaphawula ukuthi lo mphakathi wesikhashana kungenxa yokuthi ebuntwaneni bawo ahlangabezana nokuhlaselwa kwezinyoni nezinye izitha; ingozi iyancipha njengoba bekhula, njengoba izengezo zabo ezinkudlwana zibenza babonakale kabi, bathola ubuthi kanye nokunambitheka okungathandeki, noma badideke nemvelo yabo.
Ingozi ihlala njalo kwizibungu ezinonile, njengoba izinyoni, izibankwa, amaxoxo, izicabucabu, iminyovu nezinye izilwane eziningi, zingaba yizitha ezibulalayo. Yize izinyoni kukhulunywa ngazo kakhulu, akuzona ezibulala kakhulu, ngoba ama-arachnids nama-coleopterans azidalela umonakalo omkhulu, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane ezingama-endoparasite kanye namagciwane athile. Ezinye izinambuzane zibekela amaqanda azo ngaphakathi kwesibungu bese ziyayeka zihlale ngokukhululeka, ezinye ziyakhubaza bese ziyisa lapho zicashe khona ukuze zigcine umzimba wazo uhlanzekile njengokudla kwezibungu zazo, kanti ezinye izibungu eziningi zitheleleka ngesikhunta se-epidermal.
IZINHLALELO ZOKUVIKELA
Izibungu ziba yizibungu ezihehayo ezingafuni ukudliwa, futhi kulokhu zisebenzisa amasu ahlukene. Lapho zichanyuselwa, kufanele zizivikele: ezinye zondla endaweni yokukhosela yasebusuku bese zicasha emini, kanti ezinye zidlala amehlo amakhulu amakhulu enhla engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba ukudala ukubukeka okwesabekayo nokwethusa izidlo ezingaba khona. Njengoba bengeke bagijime bebalekela izitha zabo, sebemukele izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzivikela: bakhipha iphunga eliphikisayo, bakhipha i-liquid formic acid noma baveza izimpondo ezigcwele izinto ezingcolile. Amacimbi ahlanganiswe ngezinwele ezilumayo ajwayelekile, njengalawo okuthiwa "ama-scourgers" enkabeni yeMexico.
Benza wonke amasu okufihla: izinhlobo ezihlala emaqabungeni zinamathoni aluhlaza, futhi lawo ahlala egatsha noma iziqu anombala onsundu; abanye bazalwa benombala futhi bayashintsha njengoba bekhula.
Kodwa-ke, ukujwayela kwabo okukhulu ukugwema ukutholakala ukuthi kube nokuqonda kakhulu futhi bahlale benganyakazi ukuze bangabonwa. Bancike ekulingiseni ukuze baphile, bakhohlisa izitha zabo ngemvunulo ebenza babukeke behlukile, babukeka njengamaqabunga, izinhlamvu, iziqu, ameva ngisho nomswani wezinyoni, njengezibungu zezimvemvane ezinkulu zePapilio. Lokho okuvikelwe yizinhlamvu zokulingisa akufihliwe, noma bakwenza kancane: abanye banemidwebo "ephula" umugqa womzimba ukuze bazifihle kangcono, futhi kukhona nalabo abazifihla babukeke njengamagxolo esihlahla, udoti noma amahlumela, ngokuvamile amancane efiselekayo njengokudla.
Ngaphezu kwezinsizakusebenza ze-mimetic, amacimbi anezinye izinto zokuzivikela, njengezitho ezinuka kamnandi nama-protuberance angaphandle asabisa isitha, njengamabungu, anikezwa ama-dongele amade, ama-feathery dorsal noma ama-lateral appendages, kwesinye isikhathi amaningi futhi zinkulu kakhulu kangangokuba zibenza izilo zangempela. Abanye, njengenkosi, badla izitshalo ezinezakhi ezinobuthi ezingabalimazi, kodwa ezibenza zinambitheke kabi; ngakho-ke, izinyoni ezizidlayo zihlushwa ubuhlungu obucasulayo futhi ngokushesha zifunda ukuzihlonipha. Amacimbi amaningi anambitheka kabi awabonakali futhi abonisa imibala egqamile, ebizwa ngokuthi “imibala yokuxwayisa,” ebeka isitha kude; kuyindlela yokubonisa ukuthi ayizwani nokubi noma ukuthi inobuthi. Abanye, lapho bebhekene nengozi, bazivumela bawe, basala belenga ngentambo, ukuze bakhuphukele emuva emuva lapho bebalekele khona.
Izibungu zihlala engozini engapheli: zingukudla kwezilwane eziningi ngakho-ke kumele zithole ukudla okwanele ukuqoqa amandla, zinakekele izilwane ezizidlayo futhi zisinde esimweni sezulu esibi; kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuzo zonke izigaba zabo bayizisulu zobuthi obuhlukahlukene bokufakelwa, obuthinte kakhulu abantu babo.
Ngokwesici esizuzisayo, amaqanda, amacimbi, iziphungumangathi nezimvemvane amele umthombo ongenakulungiswa wokudla wezilwane zasendle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baphinde bafeze umsebenzi wemvelo wokulinganisa indawo yabo yemvelo, ngoba bona badla ezinye izibungu, izintwala, izintwala, amakhilikithi, izintuthwane nezinambuzane ezincane, eziba yingozi noma zibe izinambuzane.
UKUGUQULWA OKUMANGALISAYO
Isibungu siphila izinyanga ezimbalwa, ngaphandle kwalapho isikhathi eside sidlula unyaka owodwa; Ngalokhu idinga ukukhipha isikhumba sayo kaningi njengokukhula kwayo kudinga, futhi lapho ukudla kugcwele khona, kungaba i-chrysalis ngokushesha. Izimpawu zokuqala zalolu shintsho olusondele ukuzila ngokuphelele, okukuvumela ukuthi uhlanze isisu sakho; ngasikhathi sinye, ngokungazinzi okukhulu uzulazula esuka endaweni eyodwa eya kwenye, aze athole indawo efanelekile yokunamathela nokwenza uguquko. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphakathi komfece, ushintsho olunobuhlakani luyaqhubeka. Ngolunye usuku, ekugcineni uyalunguza bese ephuma, manje osephenduke uvemvane oluhle: isinambuzane esibalulekile endabeni yokuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50.
Naphezu kwakho konke, namuhla izilwane zasendle zisengozini futhi siyazi ukuthi lapho isilwane noma isitshalo siphela kungunaphakade. Indawo yokuhlala iphazanyiswa ukungcola, imililo, izitshalo, ubuthi, izakhiwo nabantu. Kumele sivimbele izinhlobo zezinambuzane nezimvemvane zinganyamalali, kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi ziye zanconywa ngenxa yokundiza nobuhle bazo, futhi bebeyingxenye yamasiko, ubuciko kanye nesayensi yabantu abaningi, abababazile, kupendiwe kwafakwa ezindabeni, izinkondlo kanye nomdanso. Uvemvane luyisimangaliso esengeza ubuhle obubonakalayo nemfihlakalo emhlabeni wethu, futhi ukuguquguquka kwawo kube uphawu oluguqula impilo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu.
Umthombo: UMexico ongaziwa uNombolo 276 / Februwari 2000
