(...) futhi selokhu safika esigcawini esikhulu, esibizwa ngeTatelulcu, njengoba sasingakaze siyibone into enjalo, samangazwa yisixuku sabantu nokuthengiswayo okwakukuyo nekhonsathi nebutho elikhulu ababenakho kukho konke. .. uhlobo ngalunye lomthengisi luzimele futhi izihlalo zalo zitholakale zamakwa.
Uqala kanjalo-ke uBernal Díaz del Castillo, isosha lomlando, incazelo yemakethe edumile yaseTlatelolco, eshiya okuwukuphela kwerekhodi elilotshiwe lekhulu leshumi nesithupha esinalo ngendaba yethu.Endabeni yakhe, uchaza ukuhweba nabathengisi bezimpaphe, izikhumba, izindwangu , igolide, usawoti kanye nokhokho, kanye nezilwane eziphilayo futhi kuhlatshwe ukusetshenziswa, imifino, izithelo nokhuni, ngaphandle kokulahleka ama-apidarians azinikele ekususeni ama-obsidian blades amahle kakhulu, ngamafuphi, imikhiqizo nokumaketha kwakho konke okubalulekile umphakathi onzima wangaphambi kweSpanishi wasenhlokodolobha enkulu yezwe laseMesoamerican ngaleso sikhathi owawuphila ezinsukwini zokugcina, ubukhazikhazi nenkazimulo yawo.
UMoctezuma II waboshwa enkampanini ye-Itzcuauhtzin - umbusi wamasosha waseTlatelolco-, imakethe enkulu yavalwa ukuhlinzeka abahlaseli, ngaleyo ndlela yaqala ukumelana nomzamo wokugcina wokusindisa isizwe namasiko aso, asesongelwe ngokufa. Isiko lokuvala imakethe ngokubhikisha noma ngengcindezi liphindaphindwe ngemiphumela emihle kuwo wonke umlando wethu.
Ngenkathi idolobha libhujisiwe, imizila yendabuko yokuhweba eyafika eTenochtitlan ivela emingceleni ekude kakhulu yayincipha, kepha lowo muntu owayenomsebenzi wokumemezela ukuvulwa kwemakethe, owaziwa ngokuthi "In Tianquiz in Tecpoyotl" uqhubekile nesimemezelo sakhe, esisaqhubeka ukulalela, yize kungenye indlela ehlukile, kuze kube namuhla.
Imibuso nobukhosi obungazange buhanjiswe ngonyaka we-1521, njengoMichoacán, isifunda esikhulu saseHuasteca kanye nombuso waseMixtec, phakathi kwabanye, kwaqhubeka nokugubha izimakethe zabo zendabuko kwaze kwaba kancane kancane zonke izifunda zaseNew Spain ezazivela ngaleso sikhathi zafakwa emqhele waseSpain; Kepha umnyombo walokho kugxilwa, kuze kube manje okudlulela ngale kwesidingo esilula sokuzihlinzekela ngokudla, uyaqhubeka nokumela imiphakathi yomdabu kanye neyasemakhaya isibopho senhlalo lapho kuqiniswa khona ubuhlobo, imicimbi yomphakathi neyenkolo ihlelwa, futhi lapho kwenziwa nezinqumo ezibalulekile kuleyo miphakathi.
UKUXHUMANANA NOKUXHUMANA
Ucwaningo oluphelele kakhulu lwe-anthropological lokuthi imakethe isebenza kanjani kwezenhlalo lwenziwa phakathi kuka-1938 no-1939 nguDkt. Bronislaw Malinowsky, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumcwaningi e-University of Tulene, kanye noJulio de la Fuente waseMexico. Ucwaningo olwenziwayo lucubungule kuphela indlela okusebenza ngayo imakethe yase-Oaxaca City nobudlelwano bayo nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni yesigodi ezungeze inhlokodolobha yalelozwe. Ngaleyo minyaka, inani labantu besigodi esiphakathi ne-Oaxacan kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo nemakethe enkulu emaphakathi kwakuthathwa njengokusondele kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwabo ohlelweni lwangaphambi kweSpanishi. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi yize ukuthengiswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokufaka bekuyisidingo, bekukhona ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo nokuxhumana komphakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo.
Akuyeki ukusimangaza ukuthi bobabili abacwaningi bakuthathe kancane ukuba khona kwezinye izimakethe, yize zazingezikhulu njenge-Oaxacan, kodwa ezazigcina izici ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge-barter system. Mhlawumbe azitholakalanga ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa lapho zazikhona, ngoba kwadingeka kudlule iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kokufa kwabo bobabili ososayensi ukuze kuvulwe izikhala zokungena phakathi kwezinye izindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlelo zabo zemakethe, njengezindawo ezisenyakatho zezwe lasePuebla.
Emadolobheni amakhulu ezwe, kuze kube sekhulwini lamashumi amabili, "usuku lwesigcawu" -lwayejwayele ukuba yiSonto- lwalugujwa e-zócalo noma kwesinye isikwele esihlangene, kepha ukukhula kwale micimbi kanye ne "modernization" nguhulumeni wamaPorfirian kusuka engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-19 baholele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ukuze kunikezwe indawo ehlala njalo ezimakethe zasemadolobheni. Ngakho-ke, kwavela imisebenzi yobuhle obukhulu bokwakha, njengaleyo esedolobheni laseToluca, ePuebla, imakethe edumile yaseSan Juan de Dios eGuadalajara, futhi icala elifanayo kwaba ukwakhiwa kwe-Oaxacan, eyandiswa futhi yaguqulwa kaningana esikhaleni sayo sokuqala.
ESIKHUMBULWINI ESIKHULU
Izimakethe ezinkulu zeFederal District zidlula kude isikhala esinaso lapha ngomlando nokubaluleka kwazo, kepha iLa Merced, leyo kaSonora, noma iXochimilco ebaluleke kangako yizibonelo ezikhumbula kalula lokho okwashiwo nguBernal Díaz del ICastillo (…) uhlobo ngalunye lokuthengiswayo belulodwa futhi izihlalo zalo zibekiwe futhi zamakwa. Lesi simo, ngasendleleni, sasakazekela ezitolo ezinkulu zesimanje.
Ezinsukwini zethu, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni, emadolobheni amancane, usuku oluyisikwele lusekhona ngeSonto kuphela; Ekugcineni iplaza lendawo elisebenza phakathi nesonto lingenziwa, izibonelo ziningi futhi ngokungahleliwe ngithatha udaba lukaLlano en Medio, esifundazweni saseVeracruz, cishe amahora amabili egibele ihhashi esihlalweni sikamasipala esise-Ixhuatlán de Madero. ILlano en Medio kuze kube muva nje ibambe imakethe yayo yamasonto onke ngoLwesine, obekuhanjelwe kuyo ngabomdabu baseNahuatl bephethe izindwangu ezenziwe ngendwangu yangemuva, imidumba, ubhontshisi kanye nommbila, obekuhlinzekwa ngayo imestizo yasemakhaya efike njalo ngeSonto e-Ixhuatlán. ukuthenga i-jerky, isinkwa, uju kanye ne-brandy, kanye nobumba noma izinto zasendlini zepewter, ezingathengwa kuphela lapho.
Akuzona zonke izimakethe ezazisesimanjemanje ngaleso sikhathi ezazinokwamukelwa ngumphakathi okwakucatshangwa ngabaphathi bendawo; Ukukhumbula isibonelo esithile okumele ngabe senzeka ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1940, ngenkathi idolobha laseXalapa, eVeracruz, livula imakethe yalo kamasipala entsha ngaleso sikhathi, okwakuhloswe ngayo ukuthi ithathe isikhundla semakethe yangeSonto ePlazuela del Carbón endala, ebizwa kanjalo ngoba Iminyuzi ifike ilayishwe amalahle okhuni e-oki, abaluleke kakhulu emakhishini amaningi, ngoba igesi yasekhaya ibiyinto kanokusho etholakala emindenini embalwa kuphela. Isakhiwo esisha, ebesivulekile ngaleso sikhathi, ekuqaleni besiyisehluleki esikhulu; Kwakungathengiswa amalahle, kungekho zitshalo zokuhlobisa, kungekho zingwe ezinhle zokucula zegolide, kungekho imikhono yenjoloba, noma ukungapheli kweminye imikhiqizo eyayivame ukufika ivela eBanderilla, Coatepec, Teocelo nase. ngisuka eLas Vigas, futhi lokho kwakusebenze iminyaka eminingi njengendawo yokuxhumana phakathi komphakathi nabathengisi. Kuthathe cishe iminyaka eyi-15 ukuthi imakethe entsha yamukelwe futhi eyendabuko inyamalale unomphela.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lesi sibonelo sikhombisa ushintsho lwamasiko namasiko edolobheni elifana neXalapa, inhlokodolobha yombuso - okwathi ngo-1950 yathathwa njengeyinamandla kakhulu ezweni ngokomnotho - kodwa, iningi laseMexico, kubantu abancane noma kunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, izimakethe ezidumile ziyaqhubeka namasiko azo nezinto ezijwayelekile kuze kube namuhla.
UHLELO LOMakethe OLUDALA
Ngibhekise imigqa emuva ezinkangala ezisenyakatho zesifundazwe sasePuebla, onobuso obukhulu obutholakala emadolobheni abalulekile neTeziutlán, kanye nabantu abaningi abangenakubalwa kuze kube muva nje. Lesi sifunda esithokozisayo, namuhla esisongelwa ukugawulwa kwemithi okuhleliwe nokungakhethi, siyaqhubeka nokugcina uhlelo lwaso oludala lwezimakethe; Kodwa-ke, okumangalisa kakhulu akungabazeki ukuthi yilokho okwenzeka edolobheni laseCuetzalan, lapho ngafika khona okokuqala ngeSonto Elingcwele ngo-1955.
Ukubukeka okwethulwe yizo zonke izindlela ezahlangana kulesi sizwe kwakubukeka njengamagquma amakhulu ezintuthwane zomuntu, agqoke ngokungenasici emhlophe, okwakuhambisana nokwehluka okungapheli kwemikhiqizo evela ezifundeni zasethafeni elisogwini nasezintabeni eziphakeme, kuya ngeSonto nezimakethe zakudala zasendulo.
Lowo mbukwane osabekayo wasala ngaphandle koshintsho olukhulu kwaze kwafika ngo-1960, ngenkathi kuvulwa umgwaqo omkhulu iZacapoaxtla-Cuetzalan futhi igebe elatshela lo mgwaqo neLa Rivera, umngcele wezepolitiki kanye nezwe laseVeracruz kanye nemvelo noMfula iPantepec, okwakungelula ukuwela kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule. izinyanga edolobheni eliseduze lasePapantla, eVeracruz.
Emakethe yangeSonto eCuetzalan, uhlelo lokushintshanisa izinto kwakuwumkhuba ovamile ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke kwakuvame ukuba izingcweti zobumba zaseSan Miguel Tenextatiloya zishintshanise inyama yazo, izimbiza nama-tenamaxtles ngezithelo zasezindaweni ezishisayo, i-vanilla kanye noshokoledi okwenziwe ngotshwala be-metate noma bomoba. Imikhiqizo yakamuva nayo eyashintshaniswa ngama-avokhado, amapentshisi, ama-apula nama-plums aqhamuka esifundeni esingenhla seZacapoaxtla.
Kancane kancane, udumo lwale makethe lapho kwakuthengiswa khona izindwangu ezinhle ezenziwe ngentambo yangemuva, lapho abesifazane bomdabu babegqoka khona izingubo zabo ezinhle futhi bathengise ngemikhiqizo yezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene, zisakazeke futhi eziningi ngokwengeziwe inani eliphezulu lezivakashi lalithola ukuthi iMexico engakaziwa kuze kube manje.
Kuzo zonke lezo zikhangisi ezazakhiwe ngaleso sikhathi ezimileni ezimnandi kwanezelwa ukuqala kokuhlolwa kwemivubukulo kwesikhungo somkhosi saseYohualichan, esifana nedolobha langaphambi kweSpanishi laseTajín, laliphawuleka futhi ngenxa yalokho laheha izivakashi eziningi.
KWEZENDALO NE-MESTIZOS
Lokhu kwanda kwezokuvakasha kube nomthelela eqinisweni lokuthi imikhiqizo engajwayelekile kuze kube yileso sikhathi emakethe yenza ukubonakala kwayo kancane kancane kunikelwe ukuthengiswa, njengama-shawls anemibala ehlukahlukene elukiwe ngoboya obudaywe nge-indigo futhi efekethisiwe ngomthungo, uphawu lwezindawo ezibandayo zengxenye enyakatho ye-sierra poblana.
Ngeshwa, ipulasitiki nayo yafika yasusa zombili izimbiza zobumba zendabuko kanye nemibhoshongo eyayisetshenziswa njengamakhenana; ama-huaraches athathelwe indawo ngamabhuthi enjoloba futhi nezitokisi zezimbadada zomkhiqizo wezimboni ziyanda, lokhu okugcina kube nomphumela odabukisayo wazo zonke izinhlobo ze-mycosis.
Iziphathimandla zikamasipala bezilokhu zibamba futhi zikhulula abadayisi bomdabu ekukhokheni ngeSonto "ukusetshenziswa komhlaba", ngenkathi befaka intela eyengeziwe kubathengisi be-mestizo.
Namuhla, njengoba bekwenzeka phambilini, labo abathengisa izimbali, imidumba, izithelo nokunye ukudla bayaqhubeka nokuhlala endaweni yabo ejwayelekile, njengoba kwenza izingcweti ezikhiqiza izindwangu zendabuko, ezikhathini zakamuva, kwezinye izikhathi, eziveza imikhiqizo kanye nemisebenzi yazo. kusuka ezindaweni ezikude njengeMitla, i-Oaxaca neSan Cristóbal de las Casas, eChiapas.
Noma ngubani ongayazi le ndawo namasiko ayo ezifunda angakholelwa ukuthi konke okuboniswayo kwenziwa endaweni. Abathengisi be-mestizo bahlala eduze ne-zócalo futhi ngohlobo lwemikhiqizo yabo iyabonakala kalula.
IZINHLOBONO NEZIMBONAKALO
Ngilandele iminyaka eminingi ushintsho nentuthuko yale tianguis emnandi; inkambiso yakudala yokuhwebelana ayisenzelwa, ngokwengxenye ngoba namuhla iningi labantu base-sierra liyaziswa, elisiza ukuthengiswa kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo wezolimo, futhi futhi ngoba lolu hlobo lwakudala lwezohwebo “alusenziwa of people of reason ”, isichasiso abomdabu abhekise kuso kumemulo. Abesifazane bebelokhu bedlala indima ewujuqu kwezentengiselwano; Bagcina izwi lokugcina ukuvala noma yikuphi ukuxoxisana futhi yize cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bame kancane ngemuva kwabayeni babo, bahlala bebabonisana nabo ngaphambi kokuphothula noma yisiphi isivumelwano sezohwebo. Ngokwabo, izingcweti ezihlobisa imifino ezivela edolobheni laseNauzontla, umkhiqizi wendabuko we-blouse egqokwa yibo bonke abesifazane bomdabu besifunda, baya emakethe bodwa noma bephelezelwa yisihlobo: umkhwekazi, umama, udadewabo, njll, futhi basebenzela ezentengiselwano eceleni. wezihlobo zabo zesilisa.
Akunakwenzeka lapha ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe zonke izici zenhlalo-anthropological ezihlukanisa le makethe edumile, esele ngezinga elikhulu inezici eziningi zokhokho bayo ngenxa yezokuvakasha eziyivakashelayo.
Umthwali wedolobha wangaphambi kweSpanishi wemakethe akasaculi ukumemezela ukuqala komcimbi obalulekile; Namuhla, ushaya izinsimbi zesonto, uvuka kuphithizela kwesixuku, futhi ukhungathekiswe kakhulu ihlazo lokuvala izindlebe lezi zandisi zomsindo.
Umthombo: I-Mexico engaziwa engu-323 / Januwari 2004
