Amandla omhlaba, umlilo namanzi kuchaza izintaba, amathafa, kanye nomswakama, kepha abasitshelanga okuningi ngesihlabathi uqobo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isihlabathi esingaka sifike eSamelayuca?
Amandla omhlaba, umlilo namanzi kuchaza izintaba, amathafa, kanye nomswakama, kepha abasitshelanga okuningi ngesihlabathi uqobo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isihlabathi esingaka sifinyelele eSamalayuca?
Cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu eningizimu yeCiudad Juárez yindawo engenamusa futhi ethakazelisa. Omunye uza kuye ePan-American Highway edlula ethafeni elingenakulinganiswa leChihuahuan. Noma ngabe isihambi siqala uhambo olusuka enyakatho noma ngaseningizimu, ithafa elimbozwe izihlahlana ezimfushane noma amadlelo aphuzi agcwele izinkomo “ezinobuso obumhlophe” baseHereford kancane kancane liguqulwa libe amakoloni we-beige hue ehambisanayo. Imigqa evundlile yendawo eyisicaba ithatha indawo yamajika abushelelezi, kuyilapho uhlaza oluncane luphela ngokunyamalala. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zomhlaba osenyakatho waseMexico, ompofu kodwa ophilayo, ziyancibilika endaweni ebukekayo kangangokuba zibukeka ziyiMartian. Futhi-ke kuvela isithombe sakudala sogwadule, umbukwane omangalisayo futhi omkhulu njengolwandle olukhubazekile ngamagagasi esihlabathi: izindunduma zaseSamalayuca.
Njengezindunduma zasolwandle, lezi zindunduma zingamagquma anesihlabathi anobukhulu bonke, aqoqwe yizinqubo zasendulo zokuguguleka komhlaba. Futhi yize iningi lezindawo zaseMexico liyihlane, ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezimo ezomile kangangokuthi zivumela ukuba khona kwezintaba zesihlabathi esihle njengalezo. Mhlawumbe ugwadule lwe-Altar, eSonora, nogwadule lwaseVizcaíno, eBaja California Sur, noma endaweni yaseViesca, eCoahuila, olufana nale ndawo.
Njengoba kunakho konke ukutholakala kwazo, izindunduma zaseSamalayuca azimangazi kumhambi osendleleni exhuma iCiudad Juárez nenhlokodolobha yezwe, njengoba iPan-American Highway kanye neCentral Railroad track ziwela le ndawo ngxenye yayo encanyana. Kodwa-ke, njengakwezinye izimangaliso eziningi zemvelo, umuntu ngokuvamile akaziniki ithuba lokuma azihlole, ngendlela yokuthi bagcine imfihlakalo yabo kubo.
Sizimisele ukushiya leso simo sababukeli nje, saba nokuhlangana okwesabekayo namandla emvelo akudala kakhulu.
UMLILO
Izindunduma zisamukele ngomoya opholile wokukhanya nemfudumalo. Ukushiya i-trunk emini, asigcinanga nje ngokulahlekelwa ukunethezeka kwesiphephetha-moya, kepha sangena endaweni ekhanya ngokungaboni. Ukuhamba phakathi kwamadlabuzane esihlabathi esikhanyayo okumsulwa kwaphoqa ukuthi siqondise amehlo ethu esibhakabhakeni, ngoba yayingekho indlela yokuyibeka endaweni ekhazimulayo. Ngaleso sikhathi sathola isici sokuqala salowo mbuso: ubushiqela bomlilo welanga.
Lokho kuba wedwa okumangazayo ngokuqinisekile kubelana ngobulukhuni bogwadule lwaseChihuahuan, kodwa futhi kuyabandisa. Kukhishwe umswakama kanye noqwembe olubonakalayo lwezimila, ukushisa kwalo kuncike cishe ngokuphelele kwiLanga. Futhi yize izincwadi zejografi zikhombisa ukushisa okumnandi okumaphakathi konyaka cishe okungaba ngu-15 ° C, mhlawumbe ayikho enye ingxenye yezwe lapho ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa kwansuku zonke futhi minyaka yonke - kweqise kakhulu.
UMHLABA
Ngemuva kwalowo mbono wokuqala, kwakudingeka ukubhekana ne-thermos eyingqayizivele yendoda esehlane: ukulahleka ku-labyrinth ngaphandle kwezindonga. Izindunduma zaseSamalayuca, njengasenyakatho yeChihuahua naseSonora, zisendaweni ethile enqamula izifunda eziningi ezisentshonalanga ye-United States (ikakhulukazi iNevada, i-Utah, i-Arizona neNew Mexico) eyaziwa njenge “basin and range range” noma, esiNgisini, umcengezi nobubanzi, obakhiwe ngamabhasikidi amaningi ahlukaniswe ngamanye amabanga amancane ezintaba, ngokuvamile alandela indlela eya eningizimu-nenyakatho. Imininingwane enjalo isebenza njengenduduzo kubahamba esihlabathini: noma ngabe umuntu ucwila kangakanani ezingxenyeni zayo, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi umuntu angaziqondisa kulezi zintaba ezimfushane, kodwa uhhafu wamakhilomitha ukuphakama kunethafa lasethafeni. Ngasenyakatho kuphakama uhla lwezintaba iSamelayuca, ngemuva kwalo okuyidolobha elonakele elingaziwa. Ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga kuneSierra El Presidio; futhi eningizimu kunezintaba iLa Candelaria neLa Ranchería. Ngakho-ke, sasihlala njalo sithola usizo lwalezo ziqongo ezesabekayo ezazisihola njengezibani zemikhumbi.
AMANZI
Uma izintaba zineminyaka eyizigidi zikhona, amathafa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, asanda kwenzeka. Okuyindida ukuthi akhiqizwa yilowo manzi esingazange siwabone ndawo. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule, ngesikhathi sePleistocene glaciations, amachibi akha ingxenye enkulu yesifunda "sezingqimba zezintaba" ngokufaka inhlabathi ezikhaleni eziphakathi kwezintaba. Ngenkathi izinguzunga zeqhwa zamazwekazi ziqeda ukuhlehla eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingaphansi kweziyishumi nambili eyedlule (ekupheleni kwePleistocene) futhi isimo sezulu soma kakhulu, iningi lalawo amachibi anyamalala yize ashiya ngemuva izindawo eziyikhulu noma imicengezi evaliwe lapho amanzi amancane owehlela phansi awungeni olwandle. E-Samalayuca, le mifula ilahlekile ogwadule esikhundleni sokuchithekela eRio Grande, amakhilomitha angama-40 kuphela empumalanga. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngemifula yeCasas Grandes neCarmen engekude kakhulu, egcina uhambo lwayo emadamini eGuzmán nasePatos, ngokulandelana, naseChihuahua. Ukuthi umzimba omkhulu wamanzi owake waphumula phezu kwezindunduma kukhonjiswa izinsalela ezithile zasolwandle ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Ukuchichima ebhanoyini elincane laseCessna likaCaptain Matilde Duarte kusikhombisile isimangaliso se-El Barreal, ichibi mhlawumbe elibanzi njengeCuitzeo, eMichoacán, yize liveza umkhathizwe onsundu, oyisicaba futhi owomile ... Impela, unamanzi kuphela ngemuva yemvula.
Ungase ucabange ukuthi imvula encane ewela ezintabeni kufanele iqhubekele e-El Barreal; kodwa-ke, akunjalo. Amamephu awakhombisi noma yimuphi umfudlana oholela kuleyo ndlela, noma ngabe uhlangothi "olubonakalayo" luyindawo ephansi kunazo zonke emgodini; azikho izimpawu zokuthi kunesifufula esihlabathini saseSamalayuca. Ngemvula, isihlabathi kufanele simunce amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu, yize singathathi sijule kakhulu. Okuthile okumangazayo kwakuwumbukwane womgodi wamanzi cishe ezimpambanweni zezintaba zaseSamalayuca nomgwaqo, amamitha ambalwa ukusuka kwenye yezindawo eziwugwadule kakhulu eNyakatho Melika ...
UMOYA
Amandla omhlaba, umlilo namanzi kuchaza izintaba, amathafa, kanye nomswakama, kepha abasitshelanga okuningi ngesihlabathi uqobo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isihlabathi esingaka sifike eSamelayuca?
Iqiniso lokuthi izindunduma zikhona futhi ayikho enye indawo ezinkangala ezisenyakatho libalulekile, kepha liyamangaza. Ubujamo esivela kubo endizeni babungobuhlanya, kepha bungebona obesejwayelekile. Ngasentshonalanga yomugqa ohlukanisayo odonswe umgwaqo kwakunamagquma amabili noma amathathu amakhulu anesihlabathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe onqenqemeni olusempumalanga yale ndawo, kwakumi uchungechunge olude lwezindunduma eziphakeme (ezibonakala kakhulu emgwaqeni) njengalezo izazi ze-geographer ezibiza ngokuthi “i-barjánica chain”. Kwakuwuhlobo lwendawo enezintaba ephakeme kakhulu kunezinye. Malini? UCaptain Duarte, i-aviatex-mex ekhaliphile, uthole impendulo ngohlelo lwamaNgisi: mhlawumbe kuze kube ngamamitha angama-50 (eChristian, amamitha ayi-15). Yize bekubonakala ukulinganisela okulindelekile, kungahle kube okukhombisa ngokwanele: okulingana nokulingana nesakhiwo esinezitezi eziyisithupha. Ubuso bomhlaba bungakhombisa ukuphakama okukhulu kakhulu kunalokhu; Into engakholeki ukuthi iwuthwala ngento ebuthakathaka njengezinhlayiya zesihlabathi esingaphansi kwamamilimitha ububanzi: unjalo umsebenzi womoya, oqoqele lelo nani lesihlabathi enyakatho yeChihuahua. Kodwa wayithathaphi?
UMnu Gerardo Gómez, owake waqeqeshelwa ukuhamba ezindundumeni - umzamo okunzima ukuwucabanga - usitshele ngeziphepho zesihlabathi ngoFebhuwari. Umoya uba namafu kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi kuyadingeka ukunciphisa kakhulu ijubane lezimoto futhi unake ngokweqile ukuthi ungalahlekelwa umugqa we-asphalt wePan-American Highway.
Izindunduma kungenzeka zazikhulelwe empumalanga phakathi nohambo lwethu, kepha ukuthi kwakuphakathi kukaJuni nasentwasahlobo imisinga evelele iqhuma entshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi imimoya enjalo "yahlalisa" kuphela izihlabathi ngaleyo ndlela ehlukile. Kungenzeka ukuthi isihlabathi sibekwe lapho iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngama- "nortes" anesiphepho aqoqa okusanhlamvu kulokho manje okuyi-United States. Yilezo "zenyakatho" okumele zibangele izivunguvungu ezishiwo nguMnu. Gómez. Kodwa-ke, yimicabango nje kuphela: azikho izifundo ezithile zesimo sezulu esifundeni eziphendula umbuzo ngemvelaphi yesihlabathi.
Okuthile okucacile, futhi okusobala kakhulu manje, ukuthi izindunduma ziyathutha futhi zenza ngokushesha okukhulu. ICentral Railroad, eyakhiwa ngo-1882, ingafakazela ukuhamba kwayo. Ukuvimbela isihlabathi “ekugwinyeni” imikhondo, kwakudingeka ukubethela imigqa emibili yezingodo ezivikelayo ukuze singangeni. Lokho kusiholele ekucabangeni kokugcina njengoba sikhuphuka intaba yaseSamalayuca ukuthola umbono ovela phezulu: ingabe indawo yezindunduma iyakhula?
Indawo yesihlabathi esihlanzekile kufanele okungenani ibe namakhilomitha angama-40 ukusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga nobubanzi obungama-25 ezingxenyeni zayo ezibanzi, endaweni ephelele engamakhilomitha-skwele ayinkulungwane (amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu). The Dictionary of Chihuahuan History, Geography and Biography Noma kunjalo, inikeza izibalo eziphindwe kabili. Kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi isihlabathi asipheli ngezindunduma: umkhawulo walezi zitholakala lapho kuqala khona uhlaza, olungisa futhi lubhebhethekise umhlabathi, ngaphezu kokukhosela amahare amaningi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinambuzane. Kepha indawo enesihlabathi inabisela entshonalanga, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, nasenyakatho kuya e-El Barreal nasemngceleni waseNew Mexico. Ngokwesichazamazwi esishiwo ngenhla, lonke umcengezi obeka izindunduma uhlanganisa insimu yomasipala abathathu (iJurez, Ascención ne-Ahumada) futhi weqa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, okufana no-1.5% wobuso bezwe kanye nesithupha wezwe.
Ukusuka lapho saphinde sathola lokho okwakubonakala kungama-petroglyphs kwelinye lamatshe e-amphitheatre yemvelo: amachashazi, imigqa, izinhlaka zezinombolo zabantu ezishefiwe odongeni olungamamitha ayisithupha ukuphakama, okufana nezinye izinsalela zamatshe aseChihuahua naseNew Mexico. Ingabe izindunduma zazinkulu kangako kubabhali balawo ma-petroglyphs?
Impela abafuduki abangamaphayona baseMelika, ekufudukeleni kwabo ngaseningizimu, babengabazi. Kwakunamachibi amakhulu nxazonke lapho kufika abazingeli bokuqala. Isimo sezulu besinomswakama kakhulu futhi nezinkinga zemvelo esihlangabezana nazo namuhla bezingekho.
Mhlawumbe izindunduma zase Samalayuca bezikhula iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, okusikisela ukuthi izizukulwane ezedlule zazithokozela indawo emnene nenomoya wokungenisa izihambi. Kodwa-ke, lokho futhi kusho ukuthi abakuthokozelanga ukushona kwelanga njengalokhu esakubona kuleso senzakalo: iLanga legolide elalisemuva kwendawo enhle yezindunduma, umdanso omnene ogwadule ophethwe izandla zomoya.
UMA UYA KODOKOTELA BASAMALYUCA
Le ndawo icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angama-35 eningizimu yeCiudad Juárez emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka wesifundazwe u-45 (iPanamericana). Uqhamuka eningizimu, kungamakhilomitha angama-70 ukusuka eVilla Ahumada naku-310 km ukusuka eChihuahua. Emgwaqweni omkhulu ungabona izindunduma cishe amakhilomitha ayi-8 ezinhlangothini zombili.
Ukusuka onqenqemeni lomgwaqo ungafinyelela ezinye izingqimba zesihlabathi esihlanzekile ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa nje. Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna izindunduma eziphakeme kakhulu namuhla kufanele wenze ezinye izindlela. Izikhala eziningi emgwaqweni omkhulu zingakusondeza eduze. Uma ushayela imoto, qaphela njalo ukubheka ukuqina komgwaqo futhi ungasondeli kakhulu ngoba kulula kakhulu ukubhajwa esihlabathini.
Kunezikhala ezimbili ezinconywayo. Esokuqala sisenyakatho yokuchezuka okuholela edolobheni laseSamalayuca. Iqonde ngasempumalanga futhi yehle intaba i-El Presidio ize ifike ekhoneni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yendawo yesihlabathi, lapho ungangena khona. Owesibili uzalwa emthambekeni oseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSierra Samalayuca, endaweni lapho kuvame ukuhlala khona indawo yokuhlola yamaphoyisa. “Leso sikhala siqonde ngasentshonalanga futhi siholela kweminye yemifula lapho ungaqhubeka khona ngezinyawo (eningizimu). Ukuze ube nombono we-panoramic, khuphuka usuka endaweni yokuhlola uye eSierra Samalayuca phezulu njengokuthanda kwakho; izindlela lapho azizinde kakhulu noma ziyema.
Uma ufuna izinsizakalo zabavakashi (indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokudla, imininingwane, njll.), Abaseduze kakhulu baseCiudad Juárez. Idolobha lase Samalayuca alinazo izitolo ezimbalwa lapho ungathenga khona ama-sodas namakhaza.
Umthombo: I-Mexico engaziwa engu-254 / Ephreli 1998
Intatheli nesazi-mlando. Unguprofesa weGeography and History and Historical Journalism e-Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, lapho azama khona ukusabalalisa i-delirium yakhe emakhoneni angajwayelekile akha leli lizwe.
