Lesi siteshi simaka ukuqala kokuqapha okuhlelekile kokuzamazama komhlaba esifundeni sentaba-mlilo. Kusukela ngo-1993 kuye kwaba nokwanda kokubili kokuzamazama komhlaba nokwenziwe ngomlilo. Ngisho nabaqali bezintaba abanyuka ngaleso sikhathi bayibona iphindelela.
Ekuqaleni kweziteshi zokubhekisisa ze-1994 ezinendawo engcono zafakwa. Ngakho-ke, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, nge-General Directorate of Civil Protection, unikeze uCenapred ukwakhiwa kanye nokuqaliswa kwenethiwekhi yendawo eningi ngenhloso ethile yokuqapha nokwengamela umsebenzi wePopocatépetl.
Engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka we-1994, kwafakwa iziteshi zokuqala nezesibili zokuzamazama komhlaba kule nethiwekhi, phakathi kwe-Institute of Engineering neCenapred. Ngokufana nemisebenzi yasensimini, imishini yokuqopha amasiginali yaqala ukufakwa eCenapred Operations Center.
Umsebenzi we-fumarolic owenziwe eminyakeni emibili edlule waphetha ngochungechunge lokushaqeka kwentaba-mlilo ngezikhathi zasekuqaleni kukaDisemba 21, 1994. Iziteshi ezine zazisebenza ngalolo suku futhi yizo ezaziqopha izehlakalo eziqhumayo.
Lapho kuqala ukugqashuka kosuku, kwabonwa uthuthu lomlotha (igama lobuchwepheshe lokwambuleka kwamafu amnyama mpunga), ngokokuqala ngqa emashumini eminyaka, luvela emgodini wentaba-mlilo. Ukukhishwa komlotha kwakulinganiselwe futhi kwaveza ifu elicishe lilinganiswe ngokuwa komlotha edolobheni lasePuebla, elisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-45 empumalanga yale ngqungquthela. Ngokuya ngocwaningo olwenziwe, ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngoDisemba 21 nokunye kungumphumela wokwephuka kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi esiqala ukuvulwa kwemijikelezo okusinda kuyo amagesi amaningi nomlotha.
Ngo-1995, inethiwekhi yokuqapha yagcwaliswa futhi yapheleliswa ngokubekwa kweziteshi emthambekeni oseningizimu wentaba-mlilo.
Kwabhekana nezithiyo eziningi ekufakweni kwale mishini njengesimo sezulu, imizila yezokuxhumana eyindlala kwezinye izingxenye zentaba-mlilo (ngaphandle kobuso basenyakatho), ngakho-ke kwakudingeka kuvulwe izikhala.
Inethiwekhi yokuqapha i-Glacial
Inguzunga yeqhwa isisindo seqhwa eligeleza ngamandla adonsela phansi ahamba ekwehleni. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngezinguzunga zeqhwa ezimboza izintaba ngomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo njengePopocatepetl; kodwa-ke, ubukhona bazo bumelela enye ingozi ezungeze lolu hlobo lwentaba-mlilo, yingakho kunesidingo sokutadisha le mizimba yeqhwa. Ngalo mqondo, ezinye izifundo zokwakheka komhlaba ezincibukweni zeqhwa ezihlanganisa intaba-mlilo ziyaqinisekiswa ngenethiwekhi yokuqapha izinguzunga zeqhwa.
EPopocatepetl, indawo enezicwecwe ebikiwe ocwaningweni lwakamuva ihlanganisa u-0.5 km². Kukhona inguzunga yeqhwa ebizwa ngeVentorrillo kanti enye ibizwa ngokuthi yiNoroccidental glacier, bobabili abazalwa eduze kakhulu nesiqongo sentaba-mlilo. Owokuqala ukhombisa ukubheka ngasenyakatho futhi wehlela kumamitha angu-4,760 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle; Iphela ngezilimi ezintathu (izandiso eziphawulekayo), eziveza ukuthambekela okuqinile, futhi ubukhulu bayo obukhulu bulinganiselwa kumamitha angama-70. Enye inguzunga yeqhwa ikhombisa ukubheka ngasenyakatho nentshonalanga futhi iphela kumamitha angu-5,060 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle; kuthathwa njengeqhwa elincanyana eligcina ngokushelela, futhi liyinsali yenguzunga enkulu yeqhwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubhekwa kwamarekhodi ezithombe nokuqhathaniswa kwezinhlu zezinto zeqhwa kukhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukuhlehla okuthe ngqo kanye nokuncipha kwenqwaba yeqhwa lasePopocatepetl, empeleni, kubangelwe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okwenzeka eMhlabeni. Lapho kuqhathaniswa lezi zimpahla ezimbili ezashicilelwa ngo-1964 nango-1993, kuncishiswa ukuncipha kwenguzunga yeqhwa engu-0.161 km², noma cishe amaphesenti angama-22.
Kubuye kubhekwe ukuthi ithonya lokungcola kwemvelo eMexico City (elifinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) lingathinta izinguzunga zeqhwa lasePopocatepetl ngenxa yomphumela wokushisa okushisa okwandisa ukushisa komoya.
Yize iqhwa lale ntaba-mlilo lincane, lisenamandla anele futhi lingathonywa umsebenzi wentaba futhi lincibilike ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele, lidale umonakalo omkhulu. Isimo esibi kakhulu kungaba uma kunokuqhuma okuqhumayo. Kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi okubonwayo akuhlali kungukuqhuma okuqhamukayo, ngoba umoya okhishwa ngumoya kanye nomlotha obonakala ngezehlakalo zokuzamazama komhlaba ezinamandla aphansi nokujula, kanti ukuqhuma kufaka umlotha, amagesi, nezinto ezinkulu, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuvama kakhulu (ubukhulu obukhulu nokujula).
Ingxube yomlotha onamanzi ancibilikayo eqhweni ingadala ukugeleza kodaka oluzohamba ngeziteshi lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zikhipha khona amanzi futhi zifinyelele kubantu abasemaphethelweni abo, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lwasePuebla. Kunezifundo ze-geological ezibangela ukwenzeka kwalezi zimo esikhathini esedlule.
Ekuphetheni, uma izinguzunga zeqhwa bezingathinteka lapho kuqhuma intaba noma ngenxa yokuthi umuntu usheshise inqubo yabo yokuhlehla, bekungaba nenguquko kwisigqi sokuphakelwa kwamanzi kubantu abazungezile. Lokhu kuzophazamisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho esifundeni futhi kudale nomphumela wesikhathi eside wokuba ugwadule okunzima ukuwubikezela.
Ukulinganiswa kwabantu abathintekile
I-Institute of Geography ibiphethe ukuphenya ngemiphumela engaba khona kubantu ngenxa yokuwa komlotha okungenzeka. Ngesikhathi sonyaka wokuqala ka-1995, ukuqondiswa nobukhulu bomlotha womlotha kwahlaziywa kusuka ezithombeni ezivela kusathelayithi i-GEOS-8 ngoDisemba 22, 26, 27, 28 no-31, 1994. Ngalokhu, umthelela inani labantu endaweni engamakhilomitha ayi-100 ezungeze intaba-mlilo.
Ngenxa yedatha ephathelene nokuziphatha komkhathi nokwazisa kokushintshwa kwesikhombi se-plume noma ifu lomlotha elivezwe yimifanekiso yesathelayithi, kungabonakala ukuthi izinkomba eziseningizimu-mpumalanga, eningizimu nasempumalanga yizona ezihamba phambili. Lokhu kuchazwa yizinhlelo ezivame kakhulu zomoya ebusika. Ngokunjalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ehlobo ifu lomlotha lalizoshintsha uhlangothi lwalo olubheke enyakatho noma entshonalanga, ngaleyo ndlela liqede umjikelezo waminyaka yonke.
Isikhala sendawo esihlaziyiwe ocwaningweni cishe siyi-15,708 km covers futhi sihlanganisa iFederal District, iTlaxcala, Morelos kanye nezindawo ezithile zeHidalgo, Mexico nePuebla.
Icala elithile lokuthinteka lingavela eMexico City, ngoba inani lomlotha ovela ePopocatépetl lizofaka ezimeni zalo zokungcola okuphezulu (okungenani ukungcola okungu-100 kutholakale emoyeni wayo), futhi ngenxa yalokho kuzoba nezingozi ezinkulu ngempilo yezakhamuzi zakhona.
Ukuvuselelwa kwentaba-mlilo ngo-1996
Ukuchaza nokuqonda izehlakalo zakamuva, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthiwe ngaphakathi kwePopocatepetl crater kwakukhona umgodi wesibili noma ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngemuva kokuqhuma okwabangelwa abasebenzi abakhipha isulfure ngo-1919. Ngaphambi kwemicimbi yokugcina eyenzekile, ezansi kwayo kwakukhona futhi ichibi elincane lamanzi aluhlaza elaliziphatha ngezikhathi ezithile; kodwa-ke, okwamanje, kokubili ichibi kanye nofele wesibili wangaphakathi sekunyamalele.
Ngomsebenzi owenzeka ngoDisemba 1994, kwasungulwa imisele emibili emisha, kwathi ngokuvuselelwa kwentaba-mlilo ngoMashi 1996, kwengezwe umzila wesithathu kuleyo emibili eyedlule; bobathathu banendawo eseningizimu-mpumalanga. Enye yazo (le eningizimu ecijile) ibilokhu ikhombisa ukukhiqizwa kwegesi nomlotha okuphezulu. Imisele itholakala ezansi nomgodi onamathiselwe ezindongeni zangaphakathi futhi mancane ngokungafani nomsele wesibili owanyamalala, owawusengxenyeni emaphakathi nomgodi omkhulu futhi wawumkhulu.
Kutholakale ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzekayo kuvela kule mijelo futhi kukhiqizwa ukukhishwa okusheshayo kwamagesi athwala umlotha ovela emithanjeni yentaba-mlilo, ahambe nawo. Izizinda zokuzamazama komhlaba ezitholwe emithambekeni esenyakatho zithola i-hypocenter yazo, iningi lazo, liphakathi kwamakhilomitha ayisihlanu kuya kwayisithupha ngaphansi komgodi. Yize kube kukhona amanye ajulile, amakhilomitha ayi-12, akhombisa ubungozi obukhulu.
Lokhu kudala ukuvela kwalokho okubizwa ngezimpaphe okwakhiwa umlotha wakudala futhi obandayo, okuthi ngokwemimoya ekhona bathathwe bayobekwa eduze kwentaba-mlilo; izingxenye ezivezwe kakhulu kuze kube manje yizindawo ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga, empumalanga naseningizimu ezibhekene nezwe lasePuebla.
Enkambisweni ejwayelekile kwanezelwa ukuxoshwa okuncane kwelava (okuqale ngoMashi 25, 1996) kusuka emlonyeni wobubanzi obungamamitha ayi-10, ophakathi kwamapayipi amasha egesi nomlotha. Ngokuyinhloko kwakuwulimi oluncane olwakhiwa ngamabhulokhi odaka olwaluvame ukugcwalisa ukucindezeleka okwakhiwa ngo-1919. Le nqubo yokuqhuma kwe-lava yakhiqiza ukwehla noma ukuthambekela kwesigaxa ngaseningizimu okuhlasela ingaphakathi lomgodi kanye nokuvela kwedome Umkhonyovu ngo-Ephreli 8. Ngenxa yalokho, iPopocatepetl ikhombise isimo esisha sengozi njengoba kwabonwa ukufa kwabagibeli bezintaba aba-5, ngokusobala abafinyelelwa umoya okhishwe ngo-Ephreli 30.
Ekugcineni, ukubonwa kwasemoyeni kunikeze ngemininingwane eqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuvuselelwa iyafana kakhulu naleyo ebikwe phakathi kuka-1919 no-1923, futhi icishe ifane naleyo esike yathuthuka entabeni yaseColima cishe iminyaka engama-30.
Ochwepheshe beCenapred baqinisekisa ukuthi le nqubo ingama ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngoba ngejubane lamanje, kungathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuthi udaka ludlule udebe olungezansi lwentaba iPopocatépetl. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuqapha kwenziwa kumahora angama-24 ngosuku. Ekupheleni kombiko, ukutholakala okujwayelekile kweTlamacas kuyaqhubeka nokuvalwa futhi isexwayiso sentaba - izinga eliphuzi - elisungulwe kusukela ngoDisemba 1994.
