Ukulandela phansi incwadi nokusindisa noma ukwakha kabusha wonke umtapo wezincwadi kuyinto enhle kakhulu. Iqoqo lethu lamanje lakhiwe ngemitapo yolwazi yama-convents angama-52 ama-oda wenkolo ayisishiyagalolunye futhi akha ingxenye encane kodwa ebalulekile yengqikithi egcinwe yiNational Institute of Anthropology and History.
Imvelaphi yale mitapo yolwazi yezindela yayingenxa yesifiso samaFranciscans okuqala ukunikeza imfundo yabomdabu, kanye nokuqeda ukuqeqesha abakholwayo ngokwabo ababevela eSpain ngemiyalo emincane.
Isibonelo sokuqala kwaba yi- IKolishi laseSanta Cruz de TlatelolcoNgaphezu kwalokho, kuvezwa isifiso sabathile baseFranciscan sokwazi izinkolelo zomdabu, inkolelo nentshisekelo, okugcina kugcine ezimweni eziningi emabhizinisini okusiza abantu. ITlatelolco ibhuloho elithelayo kule ndlela. ISan Francisco el Grande, iSan Fernando, iSan Cosme, phakathi kokunye, bekuyizindlu lapho abantu abaningi baseFranciscans bathola ukuqeqeshwa abaphothule izifundo zabo baze bazibize ngohlelo.
Kulezi zikole, kwabomdabu, nakuma-convents, kuma-novice, umbuso wezindela wawugcinwa nezifundo ngesiLatin, iSpanishi, uhlelo lolimi nefilosofi, kuhlangene nekhathekizimu nezinkolelo. Ukwesekela lezi zifundo, imitapo yolwazi noma izitolo ezidayisa izincwadi, njengoba zazibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, zazinakekelwa ngemisebenzi eyanikeza abafundi izindikimba eziyisisekelo kanye nezici zefa lamasiko e-Old World.
Izincwadi ziqopha imisebenzi yasendulo yamaGrikhi neyesiLatini: u-Aristotle, uPlutarch, uVirgil, uJuvenal, uLivy, uSt Augustine, wobaba beSonto kanye neMibhalo Engcwele, ngaphezu kwamakatekizimu, izimfundiso namagama.
Le mitapo yolwazi, selokhu yasungulwa, nayo yanakekelwa ngomnikelo wolwazi lwendabuko emkhakheni wemithi yangaphambi kweSpanishi, ikhemisi, umlando nezincwadi. Omunye umthombo owabacebisa yi-Mexican Impressions, umkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko amabili, abhalwe ngezilimi zomdabu. IVocabulary of Molina, iThe Psalmodia Christiana yaseSahagún, nezinye eziningi, zabhalwa ngesiNahuatl; abanye base-Otomí, ePurépecha naseMaya, ebhalwe ngabasolwa uPedro de Cante, u-Alonso Rangel, uLuis de VilIalpando, uToribio de Benavente, uMaturino Cilbert, ukubala abambalwa. Iholwa ngumlobi omkhulu waseLatin u-Antonio VaIeriano, ongowokuzalwa e-Atzcapotzalco, indikimba yabahumushi nezimpimpi ngamasiko omdabu yakhiqiza amadrama ezenkolo eNahuatl ukwenza lula ukuqoshwa. Imisebenzi eminingi yakudala yahunyushwa ngabantu bomdabu abakhuluma izilimi ezintathu, bekhuluma isiNahuatl, iSpanishi nesiLatin. Ngabo, ukuhlengwa kwamasiko asendulo, ukunwetshwa kwamakhodi nokuhlanganiswa kobufakazi kungaqiniswa.
Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa okuhlukahlukene, ukusolwa nokuthathwa kwabaphrinta baseMexico, okwakukhishwe yi-Crown, kwakukhona abanye - abanjengoJuan Pablos - abaqhubeka nokuphrinta imisebenzi yamaFranciscans, amaDominican kanye nama-Augustinians eMexico City futhi, bethembekile kumasiko Ngekhulu le-16, bazithengisa ngqo kumashabhu abo. Sikweleta bona ukuthi kuqhutshekwe nomkhiqizo othile onothise izitolo zezincwadi ngalolu hlobo lomsebenzi.
Imitapo yolwazi yesigodlo ayizange ikhululwe enkingeni yamanje yokulahleka kwezincwadi ngenxa yokwebiwa nokudayiswa kwezinto eziyizincwadi eziyigugu zabanye babagadi bazo. Njengendlela yokuvikela ekulahlekelweni okuhleliwe, imitapo yolwazi yaqala ukusebenzisa i- "Fire Mark", eyayikhombisa ubunikazi bencwadi futhi iyikhombe kalula. Isigodlo ngasinye sakha uphawu oluhlukile olwakhiwa cishe njalo ngezinhlamvu zegama lesigodlo, njengamaFranciscans namaJesuit, noma besebenzisa uphawu lohlelo, njengoba kwenza amaDominican, ama-Augustinians kanye namaKarmeli, phakathi kwabanye. Lesi sitembu besisetshenziswa ekusikeni okuphezulu noma okuphansi kwento ephrintiwe, futhi hhayi kangako ekusikeni okumi mpo ngisho nangaphakathi kwencwadi. Lo mkhiqizo wawusetshenziswa ngensimbi eshisayo, yingakho igama layo "umlilo".
Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi ukuntshontshwa kwezincwadi ezindlini zezindela kwande kakhulu kangangokuba amaFranciscans aya kumpapa uPius V ukuyomisa lesi simo ngesinqumo. Ngakho-ke sifunda kwiPontifical Decree, eyanikezwa eRoma ngoNovemba 14, 1568, okulandelayo:
Ngokwalokho esatshelwa khona, abanye abahle kunembeza wabo futhi abagula nge-avarice, abanamahloni okukhipha izincwadi emitatsheni yezinye izindlu zezindela nasezindlini zohlelo lwe-Brothers of Saint Francis ukuze bazijabulise, futhi bazigcine ezandleni zabo ukuze bazisebenzise, engozini yemiphefumulo yabo neyemitapo yolwazi uqobo, futhi kungabi nokusola okuncane ngabazalwane bohlelo olufanayo; Thina, kulokhu, ngesilinganiso esiheha ihhovisi lethu, esifisa ukubeka ikhambi elifanele, ngokuzithandela nangolwazi lwethu olunqunyiwe, simisa njengamanje, yilowo nalowo wabantu bezenkolo nabajwayelekile benkolo yanoma yimuphi umbuso, iziqu, ukuhleleka noma isimo abangaba yiso, noma bekhanya ngesithunzi se-episcopal, hhayi ukweba ngokweba noma nganoma iyiphi indlela abacabanga ngayo emitatsheni yezincwadi eshiwo ngenhla noma ezinye zazo, noma iyiphi incwadi noma incwajana, ngoba sifuna ukuzithoba kunoma ngubani wabathumbi esigwebeni sokususwa ebandleni, futhi sinquma ukuthi khona lapho, akekho omunye umuntu, ngaphandle kukaPapa waseRoma, ongathola ukuxolelwa, ngaphandle kwehora lokufa kuphela.
Le ncwadi yobupapa kwakufanele ifakwe endaweni ebonakalayo ezitolo ezidayisa izincwadi ukuze wonke umuntu azokwazi ukusolwa kwabaphostoli nezinhlawulo ezitholwa yinoma ngubani owabela umsebenzi.
Ngeshwa ububi baqhubeka yize kwenziwa imizamo yokulwisana nakho. Ngaphandle kwalezi zimo ezingezinhle, kwakhiwa imitapo yolwazi ebaluleke kakhulu eyayimboza kabanzi inhloso yokuxhasa ukutadisha nocwaningo olwenziwa ezigodlweni nasezikoleni zemiyalo yezenkolo ezazishumayela ivangeli kulo lonke elaseNew Spain. Lezi zitolo ezidayisa izincwadi zaziqukethe ingcebo enkulu yamasiko okuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezazibanikeza inani elithile elibalulekile lokufundwa kwesiko laseNew Spain.
Kwakuyizikhungo zamasiko zangempela ezathuthukisa umsebenzi wokucwaninga emikhakheni eminingi: ezomlando, ezemibhalo, ezolimi, ezobuzwe, ezesayensi, izifundo zezilimi zesiLatini nezomdabu, kanye nokufundiswa kwabantu bomdabu ukufunda nokubhalela.
Imitapo yolwazi eyayivame ukusetshenziswa yathathwa ngesikhathi sikahulumeni waseJurez. Ngokusemthethweni lezi zincwadi zafakwa eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke, kanti ezinye eziningi zatholwa ngama-bibliophiles nabathengisi bezincwadi eMexico City.
Ngalesi sikhathi samanje, umsebenzi weNational Library of Anthropology and History ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokuhlelela izimali zesikhungo iSikhungo esikugadayo ezikhungweni ezahlukahlukene ze-INAH zeRiphabhulikhi, ukuze zizenzele umsebenzi wocwaningo.
Ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo, ukuhlanganisa izitolo zezincwadi zesigodlo ngasinye futhi, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukukhulisa uhlu lwazo kuyinselele futhi, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, i-adventure enhle futhi ekhangayo. Ngalo mqondo, "Izimpawu Zomlilo" ziwusizo olukhulu njengoba zisinikeza umkhondo wokwakha kabusha imitapo yolwazi kanye namaqoqo awo. Ngaphandle kwabo, lo msebenzi ubungeke wenzeke, yingakho ubalulekile. Intshisekelo yethu ekufezeni lokhu ilele ekunikezeni ucwaningo ngenhloso yokwazi, ngokusebenzisa iqoqo elihlonziwe, umbono noma ifilosofi, imfundiso yenkolo nokuziphatha kwe-oda ngalinye kanye nomthelela walokhu esenzweni salo sokushumayela nevangeli.
Ukutakulwa, futhi nokuhlonza umsebenzi ngamunye, ngokusebenzisa amakhathalogi, izindinganiso zamasiko zaseNew Spain, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zokufunda kwabo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokusebenza kulayini, ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwamaqoqo kutholakele ngokuya ngemvelaphi yawo noma ngemvelaphi yabo, ukuqhutshwa kobuchwepheshe babo nokulungiswa kwamathuluzi okubonisana: izinhlu eziyi-18 ezishicilelwe kanye nohlu olujwayelekile izimali abaqaphi be-INAH, ezizovela maduze, ezifundela ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kanye nokubonisana, kanye nezenzo ezihlose ukongiwa kwabo.
INational Library of Anthropology and History inezinkulungwane eziyi-12 zemiqulu evela kule-oda yenkolo elandelayo: AmaCapuchin, ama-Augustinians, amaFranciscans, amaKarmeli kanye nebandla lama-oratorian eSan Felipe Neri, okumaSeminary kuwo iMorelia, uFray Felipe de Lasco. , UFrancisco Uraga, iSeminary Conciliar Seminary yaseMexico City, iHhovisi LeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki Engcwele neKolishi laseSanta María de Todos los Santos. Izimali ezibhalwe phansi ngalolu hlobo onogada be-lNAH baseGuadalupe, eZacatecas, esigodlweni sangaphambili esinegama elifanayo, futhi zivela ekolishi lenkulumo-ze eyayinamaFranciscans kuleso sigodlo (iziqu eziyizi-13,000). Zivela esigodlweni esisodwa, eYuriria. , EGuanajuato (iziqu ezingama-4 500), naseCuitzeo, eMichoacán, ngeziqu ezingaba ngu-1 200. E-Casa de Morelos, eMorelia, eMichoacán, eneziqu ezingama-2 000 njengaseQuerétaro, ezineziqu eziyi-12 500 eziqhamuka kwizigodlo ezahlukahlukene esifundeni. Esinye isitolo siseNational Museum of the Viceroyalty, lapho imitapo yolwazi engeye-oda lamaJesuit kanye neDominican, eneziqu ezingama-4 500, nakwisigodlo sangaphambili saseSanta Mónica edolobheni lasePuebla, esineziqu ezingama-2 500.
Ukuxhumana nalezi zincwadi zaseYurophu naseNew Spain, izincwadi zesayensi nezenkolo ezivela endulo ezisikhombayo, zisikhuthaza ngenhlonipho, inhlonipho nokwamukelwa ngenkathi sifuna ukunakwa kwethu kwimemori engokomlando elwela ukusinda lapho ishiywe kanye nokunganakwa kwezwe. leyo mibono yamaKatolika yamakoloni yehliswa yinkululeko enqobayo.
Le mitapo yolwazi emisha yaseSpain, u-Ignacio Osorio uyasitshela, "bangofakazi futhi imvamisa bangabaphathi bezimpi ezibiza kakhulu zesayensi nemibono lapho i-New Hispanics yaqala khona ukuthatha umbono waseYurophu womhlaba futhi okwesibili bazakhela owabo umlando"
Ukubaluleka nokusinda kwala maqoqo e-conventual bibliographic kudinga futhi kudinga umzamo wethu ongcono.
