Akhiwe ikakhulukazi ngesitayela se-eclectic, amasonto okuvulwa kwekhulu leminyaka angofakazi bokuthula bokukhula okukhulu kwedolobha lethu.
Isikhathi esaziwa ngokuthi yi-Porfiriato sithathe iminyaka engaphezudlwana kwengu-30 yomlando waseMexico (1876-1911), ngaphandle kokubheka ukuphazanyiswa okufushane kohulumeni bakaJuan N. Méndez noManuel González. Yize ngaleso sikhathi isimo emaphandleni sasinzima ngokwedlulele, uGeneral Porfirio Díaz waholela ekukhuleni okukhulu emnothweni wezwe okwaholela emsebenzini ovelele wokwakha, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni abaluleke kakhulu.
Izidingo ezintsha zomnotho zenze ukwanda kwamadolobha, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqala ukukhula kanye nesisekelo samakoloni kanye neziqeshana, ngokwesimo somnotho sabantu, ezazinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwakha, ezazithonywe kakhulu yizitayela zokwakha ezavela eYurophu. , ikakhulukazi evela eFrance. Kwakuyisikhathi segolide kwabacebile ababehlala emakoloni amasha njengeJuárez, iRom, iSanta María la Ribera neCuauhtémoc, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngaphezu kwezinsizakalo ezinjengamanzi nokukhanyisa, lezi zintuthuko ezintsha bekufanele zihlonyelwe amathempeli enkonzo yezenkolo yezakhamizi zabo, futhi ngaleso sikhathi iMexico yayivele ineqembu elihle kakhulu lochwepheshe ukwenza le misebenzi. Kunjalo ngo-Emilio Dondé, umbhali weSigodlo saseBucareli, namuhla uMnyango Wezangaphakathi; U-Antonio Rivas Mercado, umsunguli wekholomu ye-Independence; nguMauricio Campos, obizwa ngeChamber of Deputies, noManuel Gorozpe, umqambi wesonto iSagrada Familia.
Laba baklami basebenzise ukwakhiwa kabusha kokusebenza, okusho ukuthi, basebenze ngezitayela ze "neo" ezinjengeNeo-Gothic, Neo-Byzantine neNeo-Romanesque, empeleni ezazibuyela ezimfashini zasendulo, kodwa besebenzisa izindlela zesimanje zokwakha njengokhonkolo oqinisiwe insimbi yensimbi, eyaqala ukuthandwa kusukela kwikota yokugcina yekhulu elidlule.
Lesi sinyathelo esidlule ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kwakuwumkhiqizo wenhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi yi-romanticism, eyavela eYurophu ngekhulu le-19 futhi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngamashumi okuqala eminyaka akhona. Le nhlangano kwakuwukuhlubuka okungenangqondo kobuciko obubandayo be-neoclassical, obabugqugquzelwa yizakhi zobungcweti besiGreek futhi bahlongoza ukubuyela ezitayeleni eziwubukhazikhazi nezibabazekayo ezazilahliwe yi-academicism.
Abakhi bePorfiriato babe sebetadisha izitayela ezithe xaxa nezingajwayelekile; Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ye-neo-Gothic yavela eMexico engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 futhi eminingi yayiyi-eclectic, okusho ukuthi, yayakhiwe ngezinto zezitayela ezahlukahlukene.
Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu esinazo zokwakhiwa okungokwenkolo kwamaPorfirian yisonto laseSagrada Familia, elisemigwaqweni yasePuebla nase-Orizaba, endaweni yamaRoma. Ngezitayela ze-neo-Romanesque neo-Gothic, umbhali wayo wayengumakhi waseMexico uManuel Gorozpe, owayiqala ngo-1910 ukuyiphothula eminyakeni emibili kamuva maphakathi neRevolution. Isakhiwo sayo senziwe ngokhonkolo oqinisiwe futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kwaba yisisulu sokugxekwa okunzima njengaleso sombhali u-Justino Fernández, osichaza ngokuthi "singekho emthethweni, siyabukisa futhi sonakele", noma njengaleso sokwakha uFrancisco de la Maza, ibhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "isibonelo esidabukisa kakhulu sokwakhiwa kwesikhathi." Eqinisweni, cishe wonke amasonto akulesi sikhathi agxekwe kakhulu.
UMnu. Fernando Suárez, oyisikhulu seSagrada Familia, uqinisekisa ukuthi itshe lokuqala labekwa ngoJanuwari 6, 1906 nokuthi ngalolo suku abantu beza ngeChapultepec Avenue bezothamela imisa elaligubha eshedeni. Ngaseminyakeni yamashumi amabili, ubaba wamaJesuit uGonzález Carrasco, umdwebi onekhono futhi osheshayo, wahlobisa izindonga zangaphakathi kwethempeli ngosizo lukaMfoweth 'uTapia, owenza imidwebo emibili kuphela.
Ngokusho kombhalo, imigoqo ekhawulela i-atrium encane yasenyakatho yakhiwa yi-Gabelich smithy enkulu, eyayise koloni likaDokotela futhi eyayingenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili futhi ezidume kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka. Imisebenzi embalwa eyenziwe yensimbi esinda emakoloni afana ne-Roma, Condesa, Juárez ne-Del Valle, phakathi kokunye, iyigugu futhi ikakhulu ingenxa yensimbi enhle kakhulu ngeshwa engasekho.
Esinye isizathu esenza leli bandla livakashelwe kakhulu ukuthi izinsalela zomfel 'ukholo waseMexico uMiguel Agustín Pro, umpristi ongumJesuit eyalelwe ukuba adutshulwe nguMongameli Plutarco Elías Calles ngoNovemba 23, 1927, ngezikhathi zokushushiswa ngokwenkolo, Zigcinwa esontweni elincane eliseningizimu yokungena.
Ebangeni nje elincane, eCuauhtémoc Avenue, phakathi kweQuerétaro neZacatecas, kumi isonto elihle laseNuestra Señora del Rosario, umsebenzi wabakhi baseMexico u-lngel noManuel Torres Torija.
Ukwakhiwa kwaleli thempeli le-neo-Gothic kwaqala ngonyaka we-1920 futhi kwaqedwa cishe ngo-1930, futhi yize kungeyona eyezikhathi zamaPorfirian, kuyadingeka ukuthi kulifakwe kule ndatshana ngenxa yokuhlangana kwayo nezitayela zalezo zikhathi; ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi iphrojekthi yakhe yenziwa ngaphambi kuka-1911 nokuthi ukwakhiwa kwayo kwabambezeleka.
Njengoba kungokwemvelo ngesitayela se-Gothic, kuleli bandla ifasitela lama-rose ku-façade ligqamile, futhi kulokhu kunxantathu ongunxantathu onomfanekiso osiza i-Our Lady of the Rosary; Okunye okuqaphelekayo yiminyango namawindi e-ogival, kanye namakhothamo ama-naves amathathu akha ingaphakathi lawo elibanzi, elihlotshiswe ngokushayisana kwamafasitela anengilazi anemigqa emide nolayini abanokuthambekela okuphawulekile kokuma mpo.
Ku-Calle de Praga ongunombolo 11, ozungezwe ukuxokozela kweZona Rosa, endaweni yaseJurez, isonto laseSanto Niño de la Paz livalekile futhi lifihliwe phakathi kwamabhilidi amade. Umpristi walo, uMnu. Francisco García Sancho, uqinisekisa ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi wabona isithombe sangonyaka we-1909, lapho kwakungabonakala khona ukuthi ithempeli lalisakhiwa, cishe lalizophela, kodwa noma kunjalo lalingenayo "isiqongo" sensimbi namuhla umqhele umbhoshongo.
KwakunguNkk. Catalina C. de Escandón owakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwawo kanye neqembu labesifazane abavela emphakathini ophakeme wamaPorfirian, futhi wakunikela ngo-1929 ku-Archdiocese yaseMexico, ngoba wayengasakwazi ukuqedela imisebenzi engekho. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi wagunyaza ukuvulwa kwethempeli futhi umpristi u-Alfonso Gutiérrez Fernández wanikezwa amandla okusebenzisa inkonzo yenkolo yakhe phakathi kwamalungu ekoloni laseJalimane. Lo muntu ohloniphekile wayezokwaziwa kusukela lapho kuya phambili ngemizamo yakhe yokuletha phambili leli bandla lamaNo-Gothic.
Kutholakala ekhoneni laseRoma naseLondon, endaweni efanayo yaseJurez kodwa engxenyeni yayo esempumalanga, ngaphambili eyayibizwa ngokuthi "ikoloni laseMelika", kumi iSonto leNhliziyo Engcwele kaJesu, eyaqala cishe ngonyaka we-1903 futhi yaqedwa eminyakeni emine kamuva ngumakhi waseMexico uJosé UHilario Elguero (waphumelela eNational School of Fine Arts ngo-1895), owayinika umlingiswa ophawulekile weNeo-Romanesque. Indawo okukhona kuyo leli thempeli ibingenye yenhle kakhulu ngesikhathi sePorfiriato futhi imvelaphi yayo isukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Omunye umsebenzi omuhle we-neo-Gothic utholakala kunxusa lakudala laseFrance iLa Piedad, eningizimu yeSikhungo Sezokwelapha. Yindlu yesonto eyaqala ngo-1891 futhi yaqedwa ngonyaka olandelayo ngumdwebi wezakhiwo waseFrance u-E.Desormes, futhi ovelele ngompe wayo ovulekile wensimbi ophakamisa ucezu lwefasitela kanye nefasitela lawo lama-rose, eliphazanyiswe engxenyeni engezansi ngentambo ebukhali isithombe sikaJesu Kristu nezingelosi ezinhlanu zikhululekile.
Ngasenyakatho ye-Historic Center indawo yaseGuerrero. Leli koloni lasungulwa ngo-1880 emadlelweni ayengaphansi kweColegio de Propaganda Fide de San Fernando nokuthi, ngaphambi kokuhlukana, kwakuphethwe ngummeli uRafael Martínez de la Torre.
ILa Guerrero ekuqaleni yayinendlela noma isikwele esinegama lommeli oshiwo ngenhla ukuze kuqhubeke inkumbulo yakhe. Namuhla lelo sayithi lihlala emakethe yaseMartínez de la Torre nangesonto i-Immaculate Heart of Mary (iHéroes 132 ekhoneni neMosqueta), itshe labo lokuqala elabekwa umpristi uMateo Palazuelos ngoMeyi 22, 1887. Umbhali walo kwakungu unjiniyela u-Ismael Rego, owuqede ngo-1902 ngesitayela se-neo-Gothic.
Ekuqaleni kuhlelwe imikhumbi emithathu, kwakwakhiwa owodwa kuphela ngakho wawungalingani kakhulu; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi kwenziwa izinsika zamatshe kanye nemengamo yensimbi, yayingaqinile ngokwanele ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1957, okwadala ukwehlukaniswa kodonga lwaseningizimu nendawo. Ngeshwa, lo monakalo awuzange ulungiswe futhi ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1985 kubangele ukuwa okuncane, ngakho-ke i-inba, i-sedue ne-inah banquma ukudiliza umzimba wethempeli ukuze bakhe elisha, ngokuhlonipha indawo endala kanye nemibhoshongo emibili, engazange babelimele kakhulu.
Ngasentshonalanga yeGuerrero kunelinye ikoloni lesiko elikhulu, iSanta María la Rivera. Idwetshwe ngo-1861 ngakho-ke ikoloni lokuqala elibaluleke kakhulu elasungulwa edolobheni, iSanta María ekuqaleni yayihlelelwe ukuba kuhlaliswe isigaba esiphakathi esiphakeme. Ekuqaleni, izindlu ezimbalwa ezazakhiwe zazitholakala eningizimu yendlela yayo, futhi kuleyo ndawo, eCalle Santa María la Rivera inombolo 67, kwazalwa isinyathelo sikaFata uJosé María Vilaseca, umsunguli weBandla Lobaba UJosefinos, ukunikezela isonto elihle eSagrada Familia.
Iphrojekthi yakhe, ngesitayela seNeo-Byzantine, yalungiswa ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uCarlos Herrera, eyatholwa eNational School of Fine Arts ngo-1893, futhi ongumbhali weSikhumbuzo SaseJuárez esendaweni efanayo ne-Institute of Geology - manje iGeology Museum ye-UNAM - phambi kwe-Alameda de Santa María.
Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwakuphethe unjiniyela uJosé Torres, itshe lokuqala labekwa ngoJulayi 23, 1899, laqedwa ngo-1906 futhi labusiswa ngoZibandlela ngalowo nyaka. Eminyakeni engamashumi amane kamuva, imisebenzi yokwandisa nokulungisa yaqala ngokwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo emibili yensimbi etholakala phakathi kwama-pilasters aqatha angaphambili.
Ithempeli laseMaría Auxiliadora, eliseCalle de Colegio Salesiano elingunombolo 59, iColonia Anáhuac, lakhiwa ngokomsebenzi wokuqala wangonyaka we-1893, owalungiswa ngumakhi uJosé Hilario Elguero, naye ongumbhali webandla le-Sacred Heart of Jesus and weSalesian College, eduzane nendlu engcwele kaMaría Auxiliadora.
Inkolo yokuqala yamaSalesian eyafika eMexico eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kwengu-100 eyedlule, yahlala ezweni ngaleso sikhathi elalingelikaSanta Julia hacienda wakudala, emikhawulweni yakhe, onqenqemeni lwezivande zawo naphambi kwalokhu namuhla indawo engcwele, "ama-oratories emikhosi" ayetholakala, okwakuyisikhungo esasihlanganisa abantu abasha ukubacebisa ngokwesiko. Lapho abantu ababehlala esikhungweni saseSanta Julia esisanda kuzalwa - namuhla i-Anahuac- bahlangana, ngakho-ke kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha ithempeli elalikhulelwe i-hacienda ekuqaleni hhayi isikole saseSalesian.
I-Revolution kanye nokushushiswa ngokwenkolo -1926 kuya ku-1929- kwacishe kwayikhubaza imisebenzi, kwaze kwaba ngo-1952 ithempeli lanikezelwa kwabakholwayo abathi ngo-1958 baphathisa umqambi wezakhiwo uVicente Mendiola Quezada ngokuqedela umsebenzi wesitayela se-neo-Gothic, owawusekelwe Iphrojekthi yasekuqaleni enezinsimbi zensimbi nezinto zesimanje ze-fiberglass ukugwema isisindo eseqile setshe. Imibhoshongo yayo, engakaqedwa, namuhla iyinto yemisebenzi ezovumela le ndawo engcwele ukuba iphelele njengoba kufanele.
