Yize manje izungezwe izindlela ezinkulu nezanamuhla, indawo yaseSanta María iyaqhubeka nokugcina amakhona amaningi asitshela ngomlando wawo wobukhosi obudlangile
Isitayela seLiberty sezindlu, izingadi kanye nemigwaqo enomoya odwetshwe engela endaweni yaseSanta María la Rivera, eMexico City, singesinye esivumela kangcono ukuthi sihlole ukwakheka kwenkathi yokugcina yama-Porfirian.
Le ndawo eyake yaba nezicukuthwane njengamanje iboshelwe izindlela i-Instituto Técnico Industrial, Insurgentes Norte, Río Consulado neRivera de San Cosme, yonke imigwaqo esheshayo neyesimanje ephikisana nombono wenqubekela phambili owawukhona ngesikhathi kusungulwa iSanta María. .
Okokuqala nje, singasho ukuthi emgwaqweni uJaime Torres Bodet, kunombolo 176, kumi isakhiwo se-Art Nouveau esinamafasitela aholayo aveza ukwakheka kwezwe lonke okuwukubonakaliswa kwesitayela esihlanzekile saseFrance. Yi-Museum of the Geology Institute ye-UNAM. I-façade yayo inemisebenzi ethokozisayo yenkwali, emifanekisweni yayo ekhombisa amagobolondo nezinsalela zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kanye nama-amonite ngaphansi kwemengamo emithathu esangweni. Endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi, isitebhisi esihle esinezitezi ezimbili - esihlotshiswe ngezimbali namahlamvu acylic stylized abonakala phansi emabulage ngenxa yokukhanya okusabalaliswe ngudome omkhulu ophahleni lwaso.
Ukuba khona kwale ndawo ebiyelwe kungenxa yeGeological Commission yaseMexico, eyasungulwa ngoMeyi 26, 1886 futhi eminyakeni eyalandela yahlelwa njengeSikhungo, eyakubona kubalulekile ukwakha indlunkulu yokwakha ulwazi lwaleli gatsha futhi yayalela ukuthi kwakhiwe lesi sakhiwo.
Lo msebenzi ubuphethe isazi sokuma komhlaba uJosé Guadalupe Aguilera kanye nomakhi uCarlos Herrera López. Owokuqala waklama ama-laboratories namagumbi okubukisa unomphela kanti owesibili ubephethe ukwakhiwa uqobo.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1900 kwafakwa itshe lokuqala lalesi sakhiwo kwathi ngoSepthemba 1906 lasungulwa ngokusemthethweni. NgoNovemba 16, 1929, yaba yingxenye yeNyuvesi Kazwelonke lapho kumenyezelwa ukuzimela kwayo futhi ngo-1956, lapho i-Institute of Geology ithuthela e-University City, yahlala kuphela njengomnyuziyamu. Lokhu kulungiswa okusha kwaqondiswa ngumakhi uHerrera no-Antonio del Castillo.
Lesi sakhiwo sigcina lonke ifa lesayensi lezifundo zokuqala kulo mkhakha: ukuqoqwa kwamaminerali nezinsalela, izibonelo zezilwane nezimbali zezifunda ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kanye nochungechunge lwezindwangu ezenziwe ngumhleli wezwe uJosé María Velasco. Kunemidwebo emine eyenziwe ngezinto zemvelo, njengemifanekiso esendleleni yezinto eziphilayo, ekhombisa ukuvela kwempilo yasolwandle neyamazwekazi ukusuka emvelaphi yayo kuya ekubukekeni komuntu.
Ngale ndlela, uVelasco wakwazi ukubumba umbono wesayensi nefilosofi wePostitivism ngobuciko bakhe bezemfundo nobungokwemvelo, efingqa emsebenzini wakhe umqondo ophakathi "wentuthuko" yekhulu le-19.
Igumbi eliyinhloko lomnyuziyamu linikezelwe i-paleontology. Iphethe izilwane ezinomgogodla nezingenamgogodla ezingaba ngu-2 000 futhi iqhakambisa ubukhona bamathambo amakhulu endlovu nezinye izakhiwo zamathambo ezincelisayo esezinyamalele. Kwelinye lamakhabethe enziwe ngokhuni, nawo avela esikhathini se-Porfirian, ungabona ezinye izibonelo zezimbiwa ezibonisa izinkathi ezahlukahlukene emlandweni wokuvela kweplanethi. Kuyinkumbulo yamatshe yomhlaba wethu.
Eminyango yegumbi lokuphumula nasezinsinini zomnyango, uphawu lweSikhungo luqoshwe. Kule ndawo, abaholayo bazinikele esihlokweni sezimayini futhi ngemuva iwindi elihle lengilazi elimhlophe limele imayini kasawoti iWieliczka, ePoland.
Igumbi le-petrology lisukela emakristini e-quartz ahlukahlukene kanye neqoqo elisuka eningizimu pole, ezintweni ezibonisa umthethosisekelo wezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamatshe amaningi angama-igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, kanye namatshe apholishiwe okusetshenziselwa izimboni nokuhlobisa.
Egumbini eligcinelwe i-mineralogy, izinhlobo eziningi ezicebile ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zensimu yethu nakwamanye amazwe ziboniswa, zisatshalaliswa ngokuya ngemodeli ehlongozwe ngusosayensi uH.Strunz, owathi ngo-1938 wakhipha i-oda ngokwesisekelo i-chemistry ne-crystallography yezakhi zayo. Amatshe wobuhle obungavamile njenge-opal, i-ruby, i-talc, i-okenite ne-spurrite ayatholakala lapha.
Ukuthandana kwezemfundo nokuchuma kwekhulu le-19 kwashiya obunye ubufakazi bokudlula kwayo empilweni yesizwe ekoloni laseSanta María. Emgwaqweni ongu-10 u-Enrique González Martínez, iMnyuziyamu yaseChopo namuhla iyindawo yokuseshwa okusha emkhakheni wezamasiko. Isakhiwo sensimbi esenza kube ngesesitayela esisha esaziwa ngokuthi yi-jungend, futhi salandwa sivela eGermany sahlanganiswa ngo-1902 ngonjiniyela uLuis Bacmeister, u-Aurelio Ruelas noHugo Dorner, kodwa ngenxa yezinkinga ezahlukahlukene kwaze kwaba ngo-1910, nombukiso wobuciko bezimboni zaseJapan , ngenkathi iqala ukuhlala.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, i-El Chopo yaba iMnyuziyamu Yomlando Wezemvelo futhi yahlala injalo kwaze kwaba ngo-1929, lapho umtapo wolwazi wayo kanye nokuqoqwa kwezilwane kudluliselwa endaweni esogwini lweLake Chapultepec.
Ngemuva kwalokhu, leli bhilidi lingena empikiswaneni yezomthetho ende bese liwela ekukhohlweni isikhathi eside.
Kuze kwaba ngo-1973 lapho i-UNAM ithatha isinqumo sokuyibuyisa futhi iqale isigaba sayo njengesikhungo samasiko. Imisebenzi yokulungisa kabusha ithatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa futhi ivula izikhala ezibanzi zamafilimu, umdanso, imidlalo yeshashalazi, umculo, ubuciko beplastiki kanye nemihlangano yokufundisana eyahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo sine-mezzanine enkulu nemipheme emithathu yemihlangano yesikhashana.
Kusukela lapho, iChopo isalokhu iyisidalwa esiphilayo lapho kuhlala khona izitayela zobuhle bezizukulwane ezahlukahlukene. Kuyisithangami esisebenza njenge-thermometer ekuqondisweni kobuciko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nyuziyamu ivula iminyango yayo emibonisweni evela emaqenjini iye ezikhungweni zakwamanye amazwe, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasunguli ngemidwebo, izithombe, izilungiselelo, izithombe ezibaziwe, njll.
I-El Chopo futhi ineqoqo elihlala njalo labadwebi bepulasitiki, phakathi kwabo ongababaza ababhali abanjengoFrancisco Corzas, uPablo Amor, uNicholas Sperakis, u-Adolfo Patiño, uYolanda Meza no-Artemio Sepúlveda.
Kepha uma iMnyuziyamu yaseChopo iyinhliziyo yamasiko aleli koloni, i-Alameda yayo ingeyokuphila komphakathi. Futhi kule Alameda lapho kutholakala khona i-Moorish Pavilion edumile, ebikhonjelwe ukuboniswa kweNew Orleans International Exposition kusukela ngoDisemba 16, 1884 kuya kuMeyi 1885.
Ngemuva kwalokho, le Pavilion yabamba iqhaza embukisweni womhlaba eParis, kwathi ekubuyeni kwayo yayise-Alameda Central futhi kwakukhona nemidwebo yeNational Lottery.
Ngo-1908, umsebenzi waqala ukuhambisa i-Moorish Pavilion eSanta María la Rivera selokhu iHemicycle iye eJuezrez yaqala ukwakhiwa endaweni eyayihlala kuyo. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho itiyoski yavuselelwa khona ngamaholide esizwe ka-1910.
Ngesikhathi sama-1930 kanye no-1940, le Pavilion yabona okwenzeka okokuqala emadolobheni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe besuka esifundazweni beya eSigodini saseMexico. Mayelana nalokhu, uJosé Vaconselos uphawule wathi: "Indawo yokudlela, amakhonsathi, izingoma, ama-harangues nezidubedube iphakathi nendawo yezikwele zamadolobha aphelele ayi-100 eLatin America."
Kuze kube manje, iPavilion ibuyiselwe kabili kuphela, ngo-1962 nango-1978, futhi kuzo zombili lezi zikhathi yalungiswa isuka ezinsikeni zayo zamatshe nezenkwali yaya okhozini kudome lwayo, kanye nemibala eyimbozayo.
Ngezimpelasonto, le ndawo iba yipulatifomu yezincwadi njengoba ababhali abasebasha beza ukuzofunda emphakathini. Abalaleli baphawula ngemisebenzi yabo, bazindle izinkondlo baxoxe ngendalo ngenkathi abashadikazi behleli emabhentshini nezingane zidlala. Futhi lokhu akukashintshi kusukela esikhathini sikaVasconcelos, owathi: “Kanjalo, idolobha liyakhula; Akusekho mibuthano noma ukuzulazula, kepha idolobha lonke lihlala lihlangana esigcawini ngezinsuku zemikhosi nezinsuku zokuhlubuka, futhi isiminyaminya sisuka esigcawini futhi sisuka lapho impilo yonke yedolobha ithola umfutho wayo ”.
