Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-100 ithunyelwe, ujantshi waseMexico-Oaxaca wesitimela esidala esiseningizimu neMexico uyaqhubeka nokunikeza umuntu umsebenzi omkhulu futhi usimangazile ngalokho okwakuyinto yangempela ngaleso sikhathi: ukunqamula izintaba ezimangelengele nezikhulukazi zaseMixteca.
Endaweni yaseVértiz Narvarte naseDel Valle eMexico City, umgwaqo uqanjwe ngoMatías Romero. Cishe noma maphakathi nojantshi ophakathi kweSalina neCroz neCoatzacoalcos kunedolobha lase-Oaxacan nalo elibizwa kanjalo.
ECiudad Satélite isibongo sikamasipala simhlonipha ngendlela efanayo. Futhi isikhungo sezifundo zamazwe omhlaba nocwaningo loMnyango Wezangaphandle sinegama elifanayo ngokuziqhenya. Ubani owayengumlingiswa ofanelwe ukuhlonishwa okunjalo? Yibuphi ubudlelwane ayenabo nojantshi wasePuebla-Oaxaca owaqala ukwakhiwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule?
UMHAMBI WEZIMPAWU EZININGI NEZINYONI
Abaningi bakhumbula uMatías Romero njengommeleli ocishe abe ngunomphela waseMexico eWashington, lapho ahlala khona cishe iminyaka engama-20. Lapho wavikela izintshisekelo zezwe ngesikhathi sohulumeni bamengameli abathathu: uBenito Juárez, uManuel González noPorfirio Díaz. Wayengumngane wokuqala nowesithathu, kanye noGeneral Ulises S. Grant, owayelwa empini Yombango futhi kamuva waba nguMongameli wase-United States. URomero wayebuye abe nguNobhala Wezezimali kaningi, umgqugquzeli wemisebenzi yezolimo eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico kanye nomgqugquzeli ozimisele wokwakhiwa kojantshi ngotshalomali lwangaphandle. Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 esebenza emphakathini. Ushone eNew York ngo-1898, eneminyaka engama-61, eshiya umsebenzi obalulekile obhalwe ezindabeni zezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezentengiselwano.
Mhlawumbe bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi uMatías Romero wayengumhambi ongakhathali. Ngezikhathi ezingama-818729 lapho ukuhambela kwaba nezimangaliso zobuqhawe, njengoba cishe kwakungekho migwaqo, izindlu zezihambi, noma izimoto zikanokusho engxenyeni enkulu yezwe, lo mlingiswa onezici eziningi washiya iMexico City wafika eQuetzaltenango, eGuatemala. Cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha wayehamba. Ngezinyawo, ngesitimela, ngehhashi, ngemnyuzi nangesikebhe, wahamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizi-6 300. Wasuka eMexico waya ePuebla ngesitimela. Ulandele iVeracruz ngesitimela nangehhashi. Lapho wayeseSan Cristóbal, Palenque, Tuxtla, Tonalá naseTapachula. Ngemuva kwalokho waya eGyatenakam lapho enza khona amadili nomholi walelo zwe. URufino Barrios. Ubuyele eMexico City ngemuva kokunakekela amapulazi akhe namabhizinisi akhe: ukutshalwa kwekhofi nokuxhashazwa kwezinkuni nenjoloba. Ngo-Mashi 1873, wayebuyele eGuatemala, kulokhu enhlokodolobha, lapho ayehlangana khona kaningi noMongameli uGarcía Granados ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ahlala kulelo dolobha.
Njengoba umlobi wakhe wempilo wabhala, uRomero wakhuphuka izintaba, wawela amaxhaphozi namachibi futhi wadlula "emazweni ashisayo futhi anomswakama aseVeracruz, eCampeche naseYucatán phakathi nezinyanga ezimbi zasehlobo ... Wafinyelela lapho kuphela abanqobi bokuqala ababefinyelele khona emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili."
Kwakungelona uhambo lwakhe lokuqala. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, ngo-Okthoba 1855, wathatha umgwaqo wakudala osuka e-Oaxaca waya eTehuacan, okwathi kuwo amakhulu eminyaka amaphakethe ayephethe umkhiqizo omkhulu wokuthekelisa wase-Oaxacan athutha: i-grana noma i-cochineal, udayi oluyigugu ofunwa kakhulu abaseYurophu. Kusenjalo ngalowo nyaka lapho uMatías osemncane ashiya khona idolobha lakubo unomphela, kwathunyelwa amakhilogremu abomvu kayi-647 125, abiza ngaphezu kwama-peso ayizinkulungwane ezingama-556.
Wafika eMexico City, ngemuva kokuhlala eTehuacan, wangena kwesinye sezitebhisi zikaDon Anselmo Zurutuza, usomabhizinisi wezokuthutha owabeka inhlokodolobha yeRiphabhulikhi ukuxhumana noPuebla noVeracruz kanye namadolobha amaningi angaphakathi. .
Ngaleso sikhathi, isiteki sasiyisibonakaliso sesimanjemanje. Le moto ibisizongena esikhundleni sezimoto zamaphampu, "zinzima futhi zihamba kancane njengamacala okusolwa," ngokusho kuka-Ignacio Manuel Altamirano.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha babamba umxhwele okhethekile kuMatías Romero. Ngokushesha wabanjwa ngolunye uphawu lwenqubekela phambili: ujantshi. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva nje kokufika eMexico City, wazi inqubekela phambili yomsebenzi wesiteshi sesitimela esasakhiwa eVilla de Guadalupe.
Futhi ngo-Agasti 1857 wabeka amehlo akhe okokuqala esitimeleni: iGuadalupe (uhlobo 4-4-0), eyakhiwa nguBaldwin ePhiladelphia ngo-1855, futhi eyayiqhutshwa ezingxenyeni ezisuka eVeracruz kuya kumamitha angu-2 240 engaphakathi kwe-Altiplano. ezinqoleni ezidonswa iminyuzi. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, wathatha uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lwesitimela esuka eJardin de Santiago eTlatelolco waya eVilla ngamakhilomitha ayi-4.5. Ingxenye enhle yomzila ihambelana nomgwaqo ofakwe eCalzada de los Misterios, obuye wasetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa amakalishi, abagibeli bamahhashi nabahamba ngezinyawo.
Izikhathi zesiyaluyalu izwe elalidlula kuzo ngokushesha zaphoqa uMatías Romero ukuba enze olunye uhambo. Impi Yezinguquko yaqala, yalandela uhulumeni osemthethweni ohambweni lwakhe oluyingozi. Ngakho-ke, wayeseGuanajuato ngoFebhuwari 1858. Ngenyanga elandelayo, esevele eseGuadalajara, wehliselwa ejele ngamasosha ayenenhlokomo ayezodubula uMengameli uJuárez. Ekhululiwe, kepha hhayi ngaphambi kokuba asongelwe ngokubulawa, wagibela iPacific ngesilo kanye nesihlalo asitholile ephaketheni lakhe. Ezikhwameni zakhe zezikhwama wayephethe izimali ezincane zeFederal Treasury, ezazibekwe ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe. Wafika eColima, ngemuva kokuhamba kanzima ebusuku ngokugibela ihhashi, enkampanini enhle: uBenito Juárez, uMelchor Ocampo, uNobhala Wezobudlelwano, kanye noGeneral Santos Degollado, oyinhloko yebutho leRiphabhulikhi elalinciphile.
Ukusuka kulowo muzi waya eManzanillo, ebekezelela izingozi zechibi laseCuyutlán nezibankwa zalo ezilambile ezazifana "neziqu ezinsundu zezihlahla ezintantayo" zeziningi kakhulu ezazikhona. Ama-saurians alinda ngesineke iphutha lomgibeli noma ukungahambi kahle komnyuzi ukuze abagwinye bobabili. Mhlawumbe bebengasanelisi njalo isifiso sakhe sokuphanga.
Esikhundleni salokho, omiyane, nabo ababegcwele amanzi amile, bathunyelwa ngaphandle kwesihe. Ngalesi sizathu, omunye umhambi odumile, u-Alfredo Chavero, uthe echibini kwakukhona "isitha esingabonakali, esingazwakali futhi esingabulawa: umkhuhlane." Futhi wanezela: "Izilimi eziyishumi zechibi lezi yizilimi eziyishumi zokubola kanye nama-miasmas okufaka okubi ngokudlula."
UMatías Romero wasinda ezimweni ezinzima kanjalo eManzanillo wangena e-Acapulco nasePanama Wawela i-isthmus ngesitimela (kwaba wuhambo lwakhe lwesibili ngesitimela) kwathi eColon wagibela omunye umkhumbi waya eHavana naseNew Orleans, ngemuva kokudabula olwandle iMississippi . Ekugcineni, ngemuva kohambo lwasolwandle lwezinsuku ezintathu, wafika eVeracruz ngoMeyi 4, 1858. Kulelo chweba kwafakwa uhulumeni oguquguqukayo wabaseLiberal futhi kwakunoRomero emsebenzini wakhe, njengesisebenzi soMnyango Wezangaphandle. NgoDisemba 10, 1858, emkhunjini ofanayo ayefike kuwo (iTennessee), wasuka waya e-United States ukuyothatha isikhundla sakhe njengoNobhala weMexico Legation eWashington. Lapho esekulelo zwe, wahamba ngomkhumbi waya eMississippi waya eMemphis, lapho athatha khona isitimela sendawo, "esasima yonke indawo futhi sigcwele ababhemayo, kanye nezinye izigqila ezingcolile kakhulu nabafana abathile." EGrand Junction wadlula esinye isitimela, imoto yokulala, waphinde waqala uhambo: iChattanooga, iKnoxville, iLynchburg, iRichmond neWashington, lapho afika khona ngoKhisimusi. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe konke, uMatías Romero wahamba kakhulu futhi wazana nojantshi base-United States kanye namazwe amaningana aseYurophu.
UPAILWAY PUEBLA, TEHUACAN NO-OAXACA
Ngabe indawo yase-Oaxacan ibizobukeka kanjani kusuka esikhumulweni sasemkhathini? Kuzobonakala ingxenye enkulu njengoba ibiyelwe uqobo lwayo, njengaphakathi kothango lwezintaba, izintaba, nemifula. Amazwe abandayo azobhekana nezigodi ezifudumele ezise-1 4000 - 1 600 m ukuphakama. EPacific, ngemuva kwegquma iSierra Madre, isiqeshana esincanyana esisogwini esingaba ngamakhilomitha angama-500 ubude sasingafulathela ezigodini ezimaphakathi nasezintabeni kanye nasemigodini. I-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec, evikelwe ngolunye uthango lwe-orographic, izokwakha isifunda esihlukile ngokuzimela kwayo.
Ukusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme zalolo lwazi olunolwazi, kuzobhekwa namacala amabili akhethekile. Eyokuqala, iMixteca Baja, eqhelelene kancane nengxenye emaphakathi futhi ehlanganiswe ngokwengeziwe nomthambeka wePacific. Okunye, kweCañada de Quiotepec, noma i-Oriental Mixteca, indawo ephansi futhi evaliwe ehlukanisa umhlaba wamaZapotec enkabeni nasempumalanga yezwe, nokuthi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kube ukuphoqwa komunye wemizila yendabuko eye yazama ukulungisa isihlobo se-Oaxacan. Lo mzila ngumzila we-Oaxaca-Teotitlán del Camino-Tehuacán-Puebla.
Enye idlula eHuajuapan de León nase-Izucar de Matamoros.
Naphezu kokujwayela kwakhe izindlela ezehlukene zokuhamba, uMatías Romero akazange akwazi ukubona i-Oaxaca esemoyeni. Kepha naye ubengayidingi. Ngokushesha wasiqonda isidingo sokulwa nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu nokushoda kwezokuxhumana ezweni lakhe. Ngakho-ke, wenza umsebenzi wokuletha ujantshi edolobhaneni lakubo waba ngowakhe futhi waba ngumgqugquzeli ozimisele walo "mmemezeli wenqubekela phambili" eMexico. Umngani wabongameli nabadumile kwezombusazwe nakwezimali ezweni lakhe nase-United States, wasebenzisa ubudlelwano bakhe ukukhuthaza izinkampani zikaloliwe neminye imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umnotho.
Kusukela ngo-1875 kuya ku-1880, uhulumeni wase-Oaxaca wayenze izinkontileka ezithile zokwakha ujantshi ozohlanganisa itheku eGulf, nenhloko-dolobha yase-Oaxacan kanye nePuerto Ángel noma iHuatulco esePacific. Izinsizakusebenza bezintula futhi imisebenzi ibingenziwa. UMatías Romero, omele izwe lakubo, wawukhuthaza ngenkuthalo lo msebenzi. Usize umngani wakhe u-Ulises S. Grant, owayengumongameli wase-United States, ukuba eze eMexico ngo-1880. Kwathi ngo-1881, wahola umthethosisekelo we-Mexican Southern Railroad Co., eNew York. Umongameli wenkampani yemvume yesitimela i-Oaxaca wayengeyena omunye ngaphandle kukaGeneral Grant. Abanye ojantshi bezitimela baseMelika nabo babambe iqhaza.
UMatías Romero wabeka amathemba amakhulu kulo jantshi. Wayecabanga ukuthi uzonikeza “impilo, inqubekela phambili nokuchuma kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe lethu. Lokho… bacebe kakhulu esizweni sakithi nokuthi manje basesimweni esidabukisayo. " Inkampani kaGrant yahlangabezana nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali futhi ngokushesha yaphela. Njengomuntu owayekade eyiqhawe lempi yombango yaseMelika, wonakala. Ngezinga lokuthi uMatías Romero amboleke imali eyizinkulungwane zamarandi. (Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, wayebuye anikeze usizo lwezezimali kuBenito Juárez, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa Besizwe. Yize ayemboleke ama-peso ayikhulu kuphela.)
NgoMeyi 1885 imvume yamenyezelwa ukuthi iphelelwe yisikhathi, ngaphandle kokuthi iMexico Southern Railroad Co ibeke ikhilomitha elilodwa lomkhondo. Iphupho likaMatías Romero labonakala linyamalala.
Ngenhlanhla ngesifiso sakhe senqubekela phambili, izinto azigcinanga lapho.Ngaphandle kokungenelela kwakhe, njengoba ephinde wamela iMexico eWashington, ilungelo elisha lesitimela lagunyazwa ngo-1886. Ngemuva kwezehlakalo ezehlukene zokuphatha nezezezimali, inkampani yamaNgisi yaqala ukuyakha ngoSepthemba 1889. Umsebenzi wathuthuka ngokushesha. Eminyakeni emithathu nezinyanga ezimbili kuphela kwafakwa umgwaqo omncane ophakathi kwePuebla, Tehuacan ne-Oaxaca. Izitimela ziwele ngokunqoba iMixteca Oriental futhi zadabula umhosha iTomellín. Wanqoba izithiyo zemvelo yasendle, kanye nokungabaza kwabangakholwayo nokungabaza kwalabo abesabayo. Kusukela ngo-1893 iSouth Mexican Railroad yayisebenza ngokugcwele. Kwakukhona amakhilomitha ayo angama-327 omzila. Futhi iziteshi zalo ezingama-28, izinjini eziphefumulayo eziyi-17, amaveni abagibeli abangama-24 namaveni emithwalo angu-298. Ngakho-ke amaphupho kaMatías Romero, umgqugquzeli ongakhathali nomhambi, afezeka.
UMATÍAS ROMERO OSEKHOHLWILE
“Abagibeli abathuthwe kahle ngolwandle, bevela eNew Orleans nakwezinye izindawo eGulf Coast, behla eCoatzacoalcos ukuze baqhubeke nohambo lwabo lwasemanzini manje phakathi komkhumbi kanokusho ogwedliwe i-Allegheny Belle (owayenguprofesa owalethwa eMississippi) ekhuphuka ngomfula iCoatzacoalcos obanzi uye endaweni ebizwa ngeSúchil, (eduzane nedolobha lamanje iMátías Romero;) futhi ukusuka lapha, ngokugigiyela amakalishi, uye ePacific lapho kufanele baqale khona eSan Francisco. " Okucatshangelwayo? akunakwenzeka. Lokhu okungenhla kunikelwe yiTehuantepec Railway Company yaseNew Orleans, maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Le nkampani yayiwela kanye ngenyanga futhi isevisi yasizakala ngamakhulu ama-prawn abesefudukela eCalifornia.
Ngo-1907, uMatías Romero wabona ukudlula kojantshi weCoatzacoalcos Salina Cruz, osukwini lwakhe lapho kwakukhona ama-run angama-20 nsuku zonke - nemali engenayo engama-5 million pesos ngonyaka-, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7 yasetshenziswa ngenxa yomncintiswano owawusuka eCanal kusuka ePanama. Kodwa-ke, eMatías Romero (owayekade eyiRincón Antonio) umsebenzi wesitimela awuzange wehle, wawunemihlangano yokufundisana kanye nomkhakha wezimboni ohlobene nawo obaluleke kakhulu owakhuthazwa ujantshi omusha wePan-American (1909) owawusuka eSan Jerónimo -Namuhla uCiudad Ixtepec- uye eTapachula, njengoba kuqhubeka ukwenza nanamuhla.
Idolobha laseMatías Romero, elinezakhamizi ezingaba ngu-25,000, elinesimo sezulu esishisayo futhi elizungezwe umhlaba wase-Isthmus, linikeza amahhotela amabili amancane; U-El Castillejos noJuan Luis: kukhona ubuciko obuhle begolide nesiliva obuqhamuka eCiudad Ixtepec (eseduze neJuchitán), okwakuyisikhungo somoya sezempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
