Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, amaMaya afike onembeza abaphazamisayo. Isiko labo, lisaphila, likwazile ukubeka engozini ukuzinza kwesizwe.
Izehlakalo zakamuva zenze abaningi bazi ngobukhona bamaNdiya, abasanda kuthathwa njengezinto zamasiko, abakhiqizi bemisebenzi yezandla noma izizukulwane ezinciphile zesikhathi esedlule esikhazimulayo. Ngokunjalo, abantu baseMayan basabalalise ukucatshangwa komdabu njengobunikazi hhayi nje obokufika entshonalanga, kepha obuhluke ngokuphelele; Baphinde bagqamisa futhi bakulahla ukungabi nabulungiswa okwadlula amakhulu eminyaka ababekwa kukho futhi bakhombisile ukuthi bayakwazi ukuthokozisa abantu baseMestizo nabaseCreole ababazungezile ukuthi bavulele umbuso wentando yeningi omusha, lapho intando yeningi ishiya indawo ehloniphekile yentando yabambalwa. .
Ukudlula okuhle kakhulu kwamaMeya kanye nomlando wawo wokumelana kuholele ekutheni abacwaningi bafunde okwanamuhla kanye nokwedlule, okuveze uhlobo lwesimo somuntu esigcwele ubungqabavu, ukuqina kanye namagugu angafundisa isintu; njengokuhlala ngokuzwana namanye amadoda, noma umqondo wokuhlangana ababenawo wokuhlalisana komphakathi.
INational Autonomous University of Mexico ihlanganise ukukhathazeka kwabacwaningi abaningana abathanda lesi siko seminyaka eyizinkulungwane futhi basihlanganise ndawonye esikhungweni se-Mayan Studies iminyaka engama-26. I-Mayan Culture Seminar kanye neKhomishini Yokucwaninga Ngokubhala KwamaMaya kwakuyizisekelo zeSikhungo Sezifundo ZaseMeya; bobabili abanezimpilo ezifanayo ezajoyina kamuva ukwakha iSikhungo esisha, samenyezelwa ngokomthetho esimisweni soMkhandlu Wezobuchwepheshe Wezabantu ngoJuni 15, 1970.
UDkt Alberto Ruz, owathola ithuna leThempeli Lemibhalo ePalenque, wajoyina i-UNAM njengomcwaningi e-Institute of Historical Research ngo-1959, nakuba, empeleni, wayehlangene neNahuatl Culture Seminary, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiqondiswa yi-Angel UMaria Garibay. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngokunyuselwa kuNobhala Jikelele we-UNAM kaDkt. Efrén del Pozo, iSeminar of Mayan Culture yasungulwa ngaphakathi kwalesi Sikhungo, esasuswa kuleso sikhungo saya e-Faculty of Philosophy and Letters.
I-Seminar yahlelwa nomqondisi, uthisha u-Alberto Ruz, kanye nabanye abeluleki abahlonishwayo: ababili baseNyakatho Melika nababili baseMexico: uSpinden noKidder, uCaso noRubín de la Borbolla. Abaphenyi ababeqashiwe base bevele baziwa ngesikhathi sabo, njengoDkt Calixta Guiteras noProfesa Barrera Vásquez noLizardi Ramos, kanye noDkt Villa Rojas, okunguye kuphela owasinda eqenjini lokuqala.
Izinhloso zalo mhlangano bekuwucwaningo nokusatshalaliswa kwesiko lamaMaya, ngochwepheshe emkhakheni wezomlando, wezemivubukulo, wenkambiso yabantu kanye nolimi.
Umsebenzi we-maestro Ruz ukhokhele ngokushesha, wasungula umtapo wolwazi wakhe, wenza umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa umtapo wezithombe owawususelwa eqoqweni lakhe futhi wenza incwadi yezikhathi ezithile i-Estudios de Cultura Maya, kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile kanye nochungechunge oluthi " Izincwadi zokubhalela ". Umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlela wawuthweswe imiqulu eyi-10 yeziFundo, ama-"Notebooks" ayi-10 kanye nemisebenzi emi-2 eyashesha yaba yizincwadi zakudala zaseMayan: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezamasiko kwamaMaya kanye Namasiko Okungcwaba amaMaya asendulo, asanda kuphinde akhishwa.
Yize umsebenzi ubumkhulu, ukudlula kwalo Mhlangano bekungelula, ngoba ngo-1965 izinkontileka zabaphenyi azange zivuselelwe futhi abasebenzi bancishiselwa umqondisi, unobhala kanye nababili abaphethe imifundaze. Ngaleso sikhathi, uDkt. Ruz waqondisa iziphakamiso eziningana, phakathi kwazo okumele sikhulume ngezikaMarta Foncerrada de Molina ku-Uxmal naleyo kaBeatriz de la Fuente ePalenque. Kusukela okokuqala, ngifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi, ngenkathi esaphila, wayehlala njalo ebasekela abacwaningi balesi Sikhungo. Kusukela kwesesibili ngifuna ukukhumbula ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe omuhle wokufunda ubuciko bangaphambi kweSpanishi kumholele, phakathi kokunye ukuhlonishwa, ukuba aqokwe njengothisha osafufusa weNational Autonomous University of Mexico.
Esinye isici esinqumayo ekusungulweni kwalesi Sikhungo kwakuyiKhomishini Yokucwaninga Ngokubhala KwamaMaya, owazalwa ngaphandle kwe-UNAM, eSoutheast Circle, ngo-1963; Le khomishini ihlanganise uchungechunge lwabacwaningi abanentshisekelo yokuzinikela ekuchazeni ukubhala kweMayan. Banconywe yintuthuko yezazi zakwamanye amazwe, banqume ukusungula iqembu elizozama ukudalula izimfihlakalo zokubhala. Isekelwa ngeminikelo futhi yafakwa e-Electronic Computing Center ye-UNAM, izikhungo ngandlela thile ezinikele emsebenzini wabaphenyi bayo kanye nezimali ezixakile nezingabazisayo bekuyiNational Institute of Anthropology and History, i-University of Yucatan, iVeracruzana University, i-Summer Institute of Linguistics kanye ne-UNAM, ikakhulukazi iSeminar Culture Seminar, ngaleso sikhathi eyayivele ineminyaka emithathu ubudala.
Ngokwesenzo sekhomishini, amasiginesha kaMauricio Swadesh noLeonardo Manrique; Labo ababehlanganisa imisebenzi yabo babelandelana: URamón Arzápalo, u-Otto Schumann, uRomán Piña Chan noDaniel Cazés. Inhloso yalo "kwakuwukuhlanganisa ngomzamo owodwa amasu we-philology kanye nalawo okuphathwa kwe-elekthronikhi ngezinto zolimi ngenhloso yokufika maduzane ukuzocacisa ukubhala kwamaMaya asendulo."
U-Alberto Ruz, umdwebi ogqamile wale khomishini, ngo-1965 wamema uMaricela Ayala, ozinikele ekuqopheni izinto kulesi sikhungo esishiwo ngenhla seMayan Studies.
Kusukela unjiniyela u-Barros Sierra ethathe izintambo, njenge-UNAM, waxhasa iKhomishini, futhi ngenxa yesithakazelo soMxhumanisi Wezabantu, uRubén Bonifaz Nuño nezinye iziphathimandla, wajoyina iNyuvesi, ebizwa ngeSeminary yezifundo zokubhala kwe-Mayan.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iqembu labachwepheshe bokubhala iMayan lalinemisebenzi ephelele futhi edidiyelwe, ngakho-ke umqondisi walo, uDaniel Cazés, wakhulelwa uchungechunge oluthi "Izincwadi Zokubhalela" okwathi ngaphambi kwakhe wahlela iMhlangano Wamasiko WaseMeya. Eziyisithupha zalezi zincwadi zihambelana nophenyo lukaCazés uqobo. Ndawonye zombili izingqungquthela nangaphansi komphathi kaDkt. Pablo González Casanova, isikhungo sezifundo zeMayan samenyezelwa ukuthi sisungulwe yi-Technical Council for Humanities, eholwa nguRubén Bonifaz Nuño.
Kusukela ngo-1970 ikhampasi yemisebenzi yeSikhungo sezifundo zeMayan ibilokhu:
“Ulwazi nokuqondisisa umkhondo womlando, ukudala amasiko nabantu baseMayan, ngocwaningo; ukusatshalaliswa kwemiphumela etholakele, ikakhulukazi ngokushicilelwa nosihlalo, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabaphenyi abasha ”.
Umqondisi wayo wokuqala kwakungu-Alberto Ruz, kuze kube ngu-1977, lapho aqokwa njengoMqondisi weNational Museum of Anthropology and History. Walandelwa nguMercedes de la Garza, owayesebizwa ngegama loMxhumanisi walithatha kwaze kwaba ngu-1990, iminyaka eyi-13.
Ngemuva kweminyaka yocwaningo lwezemfundo emkhakheni weMayan, sinesiqiniseko sokuthi kuhlale kusebenza ngokwemigomo esungulwe ekuqaleni, okwenza iminikelo ekhulisa ulwazi lomhlaba wamaMaya, iholele ezincazelweni ezintsha, iphakamise imibono ehlukile futhi iveze ukukhanya izinsalela ezimbozwe yimvelo.
Lokhu kuseshwa bekusetshenziswa futhi kusetshenziswa izindlela zemikhakha ehlukene: i-anthropology yezenhlalo kanye ne-ethnology, i-archeology, i-epigraphy, umlando kanye nezilimi. Iminyaka eyi-9 amaMaya nawo afundwe ngokubuka kwe-anthropology ebonakalayo.
Kuzo zonke izindawo zesayensi, kwenziwa ucwaningo oluthile noma oluhlangene namanye amalungu eSikhungo esifanayo, i-Institute of Philological Research noma ezinye izinhlangano, ezivela eNyuvesi Kazwelonke nakwezinye izikhungo. Njengamanje abasebenzi banabacwaningi abangu-16, ochwepheshe abane bezemfundo, onobhala abathathu kanye nomsizi wekota.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize umsebenzi wabo ungancikile ngqo eNyuvesi, uhlu lozalo lwamaMaya lumelwe esikhungweni, neYucatecan Jorge Cocom Pech.
Ngifuna ikakhulukazi ukukhumbula labo ozakwethu asebadlula emhlabeni futhi abasishiyela uthando lwabo nolwazi: isazi sezilimi uMaría Cristina Alvarez, esikweleta i-Ethnolinguistic Dictionary of Colonial Yucatec Maya, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, kanye nesazi semvelaphi yabantu uMaría Montoliu, owabhala Nini onkulunkulu bavuswa: imiqondo yendawo yonke yamaMaya asendulo.
Umfutho okhiqizayo ka-Alberto Ruz wadlulela kuMercedes de la Garza, okwathi eminyakeni engu-13 esesikhundleni sakhe wakhuthaza ukuphrintwa kwamavoliyu ayisishiyagalombili eMayan Culture Studies, izincwadi zokubhala eziyishumi kanye nezincwadi ezikhethekile eziyi-15. Ngifisa ukugcizelela ukuthi ekuqaleni kwayo, kwakungabokufika abasabalalisa iminikelo yabo kumagazini wethu; Kodwa-ke, uMercedes de la Garza ubephethe ukukhuthaza abacwaningi ukuthi bathathe iphephabhuku njengelabo futhi basebenzisane nalo njalo. Ngalokhu, ibhalansi yazuzwa phakathi kwabahlanganyeli bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, noma ngabe kuzwelonke noma bangaphandle. UMercedes de la Garza unikeze amaMayistas aseMexico iwindi lomhlaba.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iMercedes de la Garza ikweleta ukwenziwa kochungechunge lweSource for the Study of the Mayan Culture esivele ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka selokhu saqala ngo-1983. Kuze kube yimanje amavolumu ayi-12, axhumene nalokhu ukwakhiwa kwe-aservo yamaphepha enamakhophi amafayili avela ezinqolobaneni ezihlukene kakhulu zikazwelonke nezangaphandle ebeziyisisekelo sophenyo olubalulekile.
Yize izinombolo zingasho okuncane ngeminikelo yezifundo, uma sibala imiqulu emikhulu yeProceedings of the Congresses, siqoqa ingqikithi yemisebenzi engama-72 ngaphansi kwesikhungo seRubric for Mayan Study.
Uhambo oluyimpumelelo lweminyaka engama-26 selugqugquzelwe futhi lwenziwa ngabaqondisi abathathu balesi Sikhungo: Odokotela uRubén Bonifaz Nuño, u-Elizabeth Luna noFernando Curiel, esibazisa ngokubasekela kwabo ngokuzimisela.
Kulezi zinsuku, emkhakheni we-epigraphy kwenziwa uphenyo ngeToniná futhi iphrojekthi yokwakha umtapo wolwazi we-glyph ehlanganisa ingqalasizinda yokwenza ucwaningo emkhakheni wokuchaza ukubhala kweMeya iyaqala. Izilimi zisetshenziswa ngezifundo ngolimi lweTojolabal kanye nama-semiotic ngolimi lweChol.
Kwezokuvubukula, sekuyiminyaka eminingi kumbiwa kumasipala waseLas Margaritas, eChiapas; Incwadi ephetha ingxenye yalezi zifundo izoshicilelwa kungekudala.
Emkhakheni womlando, abacwaningi abaningana bazinikele ekuchazeni izimpawu zezimpawu zeMayan ngokuya ngomlando wokuqhathanisa wezenkolo. Futhi ngaphakathi kwalesi siyalo, kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha kabusha umthetho wangaphambi kweSpanishi waseMeya ngesikhathi sokuxhumana, kwenziwa umsebenzi kohulumeni bomdabu ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseChiapas ngezikhathi zamakholoni, maqondana nokusebenza kwe-oda lamasosha endaweni. nokwakhiwa kabusha kwesikhathi esedlule sama-Itza ngezikhathi zabo zangaphambi kweSpanishi nezamakoloni.
Njengamanje, lesi Sikhungo sigqanyiswa ngumoya ojulile wokuhlanganiswa kwabasebenzi oshukumisayo futhi ucebise ukufunwa kwezimpendulo mayelana nabantu abalwela ngentshiseko ukwenza isithombe saso kusuka ebhizinisini le-folkloric baye ebhizinisini elinamandla okuthatha isikhala emphakathini futhi umlando wezwe.
U-Ana Luisa Izquierdo Uyi-Master in History ethweswe iziqu ku-UNAM, umcwaningi nomxhumanisi weSikhungo Sezifundo ZeMayan e-UNAM, kanti manje ungumqondisi weMayan Culture Study.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esinguNombolo 17. 1996.
