Ukukhuluma ngomlando wesiko, noma ngabe kungaba yini, kuholela ekuxhumaneni kokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ukucabanga ngohlaka lomzimba lapho lukhule khona; okungukuthi, lowo owenziwe iqembu labantu, ngokuzwela okungokwemvelo, okuqala ekubukeni kwendalo, akagcinanga ngokulingisa kepha futhi weza nasenkingeni yokuyiguqula ukuze kusizakale umphakathi wabo, yize bezama ukungalahli imvelo. ukulinganisa leyo mvelo uqobo lwayo, futhi iyaqhubeka nokubeka, kulabo abafuna ukuyiqonda.
Endabeni yaseMexico, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi, ngokusekelwa kokubona, okwenzekile kanye nemizamo yokufaka izicelo zokudonswa okuhlose ukuxazulula izinkinga-, indulo enkulu kakhulu ukuthi ngaphandle kobufakazi obusekhona, ibingahambelana kahle ukulandisa, ukuhanjiswa kwezizukulwane ngokugqamisa isikhathi esiningi ubukhulu bemisebenzi, kwehlile, uma kungakhubazekile, inani lazo elikhulu njengesithelo somcabango womuntu nobuhlakani.
Kodwa akubona bonke ababeyizakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu; Kwakunosayizi abehlukene, kuya ngamandla abo okuphendula, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwabo; ngakho-ke, amanzi, i-thesis kanye ne-antithesis yobuningi nokusweleka, kuthuthukisa umcabango wonjiniyela. Esimweni sokuqala, kuvela izakhiwo ezisanda kuhunyushwa kabi zepiramidi, eziseLa Quemada, eZacatecas, okuthi, njengabahloli bemvula, baphonsela inselele ukoma kwemvelo, nedamu elikhulu laseMoquitongo, ePuebla: ukulawula amanzi kuqala ukunisela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuvezwe ukuthi izimvula ezinamandla - kwezinye izindawo-, azizange zivimbele ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu amakhulu wamabhulokhi e-adobe amelana kakhulu, lapho kwasungulwa khona iSan Lorenzo yonke, yesiko lase-Olmec.
Ngokuhlanganiswa kwesikhathi nesikhathi nendawo lapho iqembu laseMexico lalinendawo ethandekayo njengesiko sekwephuzile e-Anahuac Valley, owokugcina - ekuhambeni kwakhe okude- wahlanganisa izindlela zobunjiniyela azisebenzisayo lapho egcwalisa lokho akufunayo isifiso sokwakha umkhuba omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi obabazeka kakhulu wangaphambi kweSpanishi. Ukuhlala kwabo kokuqala, manje osekuyiHidalgo Avenue, babhekana nesimo esinobutha, esasibasabisa, sabenza bathola okuhle nokubi ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Kulokhu bathola isixazululo ngobunjiniyela, yize besivele sihlobene nama-hydraulic, imishini yomhlabathi, kanye nokwakheka nokumelana nezinto.
Baqala ngokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo amanzi amnkantsha olwandle oluphakathi nezwe, ogwini lwabo abakwazi ukuzitholela umhlaba ovundile ngokwakhiwa kwe-chinampas yize kunamanzi anolaka. Lokhu kubaholele kumaphrojekthi aqhubeka ngokulangazelela ukuguqula indawo ebonakalayo; Enye yazo, i-albarradón, eyayizohlukanisa amanzi amasha namanzi anosawoti, yatholwa ngenxa konjiniyela ongaphakathi, uNezahualcoyotl, inkosi yeTexcoco. Ngalo msebenzi babenakho-ke ukunqoba isithiyo esasibekwe yimvelo kubantu abangasemfuleni. Ukusetshenziswa kobunjiniyela bezobuciko kwabanika ithuba lokuthi babone okuthile okungabekwa njengobudedengu nanamuhla: isiqhingi esenziwe kamuva esaziwa nge-Isle of Dogs. Lokhu kuvele ngemuva kokudonswa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu isuka kumasayithi angakaziwa kuze kube yimanje; futhi benza ipulatifomu ukuba ibonakale emkhathizwe wechibi elacishe lasuka ngaphesheya kwe-atrium yamanje yeMetropolitan Cathedral laya ePeralvillo, futhi lisuka kuBrazil Street laya eSontweni Loreto, cishe, yize kubonakala kungakholeki.
Kulesi siqhingi bakha isikhungo sabo semikhosi esisekelwa yi-pilings. Lokhu kulwa kwemvelo okuphikisayo ngokulawula ukunwetshwa kwenhlabathi ngokuhlanganisa ubunjiniyela bokwakha nemishini yomhlabathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, isihlalo sobukhosi bama-Aztec besingenakulinganiswa.
Idolobha lomlingo, ukuqina kwesigamu nengxenye yobudedengu, eligcwele amachibi ayisihlanu, akhuliswa ngokohlelo ngamakhilomitha e-chinampería; sizungezwe izigaxa zamachibi nemigwaqo okuthi, ngamasango ezikhukhula, kulawule ukungalingani kwamachibi ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela esabisayo. Kepha abahlali bakhona bakudala babeqonda ukuthi, yize babemelela impumelelo kwezobunjiniyela, kodwa futhi kwakuwukuhlasela ibhalansi esungulwe ngokwemvelo, futhi ngokwazi okugcwele kwalokhu bakwenza kwathathwa ngokomfanekiso ku-chimalli owahlonza iGreat Tenochtitlan. Imvelo ayisoze yaxolela ukoniwa okunje; Ngingabajezisa labo budedengu ngobumbili bempilo nokufa kwamanzi, kuhlangene nemicimbi yokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ubunjiniyela beNew Spain
UCortés, umlawuli oncomekayo, naye wayenomoya konjiniyela, okwakhonjiswa ngesikhathi esifushane ukuthi imvelo ayisebenzisanga isenzo enhlokodolobha. Ngokubambisana nomakhi u-Alonso García Bravo, ukwazile ukuguqula imibono ye-Renaissance kaLeón Bautista Alberti noSebastiano Sereyo ekwakhiweni kwedolobha elinezikwele eziningi, isikwele noma unxande, njengoba kungenzeka, futhi imigwaqo eqondile, ebanzi ezungezwe izakhiwo eziphakeme ngokulinganayo. , ekhonjwe ngendlela yokuthi usebenzise ngokunenzuzo impumalanga, i-auster, imimoya oyithandayo neyasenyakatho.
Ekugxileni kwakhe kwezikamoya kwaba ukucatshangelwa kweJerusalema elisha lasezulwini likaSanta Augustine; ngokwesakhiwo, isihlalo segugu eliyigugu kunazo zonke zezinto zoMqhele waseSpain, kuze kube yilapho uCarlos V ethatha njengesibonelo sokuhlelwa kwamadolobha amakhulu, umbandela owavunywa kamuva nguFelipe II. Ngalokhu, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi obutholayo, obuthathe ngokushesha ubuzwe baseMexico, buvele kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseMelika.
Ukwakhiwa okunemiklamo emisha kwavela ngokushesha; Kwakunjalo-ke nge-Atarazanas (ohlangothini lwamanje lweSan Lázaro), okuyingxenye yezwekazi kanye nengxenye emanzini eLake Mexico, lapho imikhumbi emithathu emikhulu ivikele imikhumbi kusihlwa. Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kwamabhilidi angawulungele umhlaba ongahlanganisiwe wesikhulumi sesiqhingi, kwenze ubunjiniyela baseSpain buhluleke ngenxa yokuncipha okusheshayo, ukungabi bikho mpo nemifantu eyayibonakala ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngalokhu, inselelo entsha yemvelo yaveza ubunjiniyela bomphakathi obusebenzisana ngokusebenzisa izindlela zangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Phakathi kwezichasisi ezazifanekisela lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezimpendulo kwakuyizisekelo, futhi ngemuva kokuhlolwa okucatshangwe kahle, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindlu zangaphansi zitholakale zilungele izici zomhlaba. Elinye lazuzwa ngokususelwa kuma-caisson we-trapezoidal aphendukezelwe, ambozwe ngenhlanganisela yokumelana okuphezulu nomswakama, ayevaliwe ngentambo yokufakelwa eyenziwe "ngomhlabathi wobumba ovela eMichoacán"; Lezi yizinto zokuqala ezenziwe eSpain America.
Ukudonswa kwemali, okuyinkinga esacashile kuze kube manje, kuholele ekutheni ubuhlakani obuchazwe ngokungeyikho bangene esigabeni sesimanjemanje sasemadolobheni nenethiwekhi yamanzi okuphuza angaphansi komhlaba asuselwa emapayipini aguquguqukayo - alungiselelwe ngezimbazo ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezazisuka entshonalanga ziye empumalanga-, futhi inethiwekhi yokuhambisa amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba, enemigodi emithathu egijima isuka eningizimu iye enyakatho.
Akukho lutho olwamisa ukuqhubeka kobunjiniyela baseMexico. Ukuba nolwazi olungcono nolungcono ngemishini yenhlabathi, kwenza idolobha lakhula kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili hhayi nje kuphela, kepha futhi nakwivolumu yezakhiwo zomphakathi, ezenhlalakahle, ezenkolo nezomasipala; kulokhu, umsele okwakufunwa ngawo ukuze ususe izikhukhula edolobheni. Ngokwengxenye yalo, iCathedral yaba yisikhungo sokuhlola sobunjiniyela esasizokhanya kuyo yonke insimu.
Isikhathi somfanekiso kaCarlos III siboniswe kakhulu entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela okuthi, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemigwaqo ethile, esahlanganisa idolobha, yakha idolobha elamangaza uHumboldt uqobo. Yize kunjalo, ubuqhawe bangena emthambekeni wobusuku; Isikhathi sokungazinzi kwezepolitiki saqala ngokufika kokuhlangana kobuzwe, kulo mongo, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi babutholakala emkhakheni wezemfundo yobungcweti nomsebenzi wobunjiniyela, ngenkathi kaJuarista.
Lesi sikhungo, lapho onjiniyela baqala ukuqeqeshwa khona, sasebenza njengesibonelo esibambekayo ngokuxhasa amandla engqalasizinda yezwe, ukuqeqesha izisebenzi zochwepheshe abaqhubeka beqeqeshwa kangcono - njengakulelikhulu lamanje-, okuholela ekufezekisweni kwemisebenzi emikhulu kubude nobubanzi beRiphabhulikhi. Ikhwalithi nokuqanjwa kwezinto kube njengokuthi ukwakheka kwayo nokwenziwa kwayo sekwakhiwe, ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba, izikole zeqiniso zobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezisekelo, izakhiwo, imishini yenhlabathi, isemismology, ama-hydraulic kanye nobunjiniyela bamhubhe. Konke lokhu kuthuthukiswa okwandulelwe yi-pre-Hispanic kukhulisa kakhulu ubuhlakani baseMexico bezikhathi zonke.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-30 Meyi-Juni 1999
