Ngubani ongaphika ukuthi izithombe zikaHugo Brehme zikhuluma ngezingqikithi zaseMexico? Kuzo izwe lesizwe likhonjiswa ezintabeni-mlilo nasemathafeni alo; ukwakhiwa kwezinsalela zemivubukulo kanye nemizi yamakoloni; nabantu, kuma-charros, ama-poblanas amaShayina namaNdiya agqoke izingubo ezimhlophe.
Unyaka we-2004 uhlanganisa iminyaka engama-50 kaHugo Brehme, umbhali walezi zithombe. Yize ayedabuka eJalimane, wenza umkhiqizo wakhe wezithombe eMexico, lapho ahlala khona kusuka ngo-1906 waze washona ngo-1954. Namuhla usendaweni ebalulekile emlandweni wezithombe zethu ngeminikelo yakhe enhlanganweni ebizwa ngePictorialism, edelelekile futhi ecishe yakhohlwa isikhathi eside. , kodwa lokho kuyabuyekeza ezinsukwini zethu.
Kusukela ezithombeni, ezisuka eSan Luis Potosí ziye eQuintana Roo, siyazi ukuthi uBrehme wayehamba cishe yonke indawo kazwelonke. Uqale ukushicilela izithombe zakhe eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, e-El Mundo Ilustrado nakwamanye amaviki adumile eMexico ngalezo zinsuku. Ubuye futhi waqala ukuthengisa amakhadikhadi ezithombe athandwayo eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili kwathi ngo-1917 iNational Geographic yacela ukwaziswa ukukhombisa umagazini wabo. Ngawo-1920, washicilela incwadi iMexico Picturesque ngezilimi ezintathu, into eyayihlukile ngaleso sikhathi encwadini yezithombe eyayinephrojekthi enkulu yokuqhakambisa izwe lakhe lokutholwa, kodwa okokuqala okwamqinisekisa uzinzo kwezomnotho kwebhizinisi lakhe lokuthwebula izithombe. Wathola omunye wemiklomelo e-Exhibition of Mexican Photographer ngo-1928. Iminyaka eyishumi elandelayo yaqondana nokuhlanganiswa kwakhe njengomthwebuli zithombe nokuvela kwezithombe zakhe eMapa. ITourism Magazine, umhlahlandlela owamema umshayeli ukuthi abe ngumhambi futhi aqhubeke nemigwaqo yesifundazwe saseMexico. Ngokufanayo, ithonya ayenalo kubathwebuli bezithombe bakamuva liyaziwa, phakathi kwabo uManuel Álvarez Bravo.
LANDSCAPE KANYE ROMANTICISM
Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yomkhiqizo wezithombe esiwaziyo ngeBrehme namuhla inikezelwe kwezwe, uhlobo lwezothando oluthatha izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba nesibhakabhaka, indlalifa yomlando wezithombe zekhulu le-19, futhi lokho kukhombisa ubukhosi obubabazekayo, ikakhulukazi izindawo eziphakeme, limi kahle futhi liyaziqhenya.
Lapho umuntu evela kulezi zigcawu, simbona encipha ngobuningi bempophoma noma lapho ecabanga ngobukhulu bezintaba.
Isimo sendawo sisebenza futhi njengohlaka lokuqopha izinsalela zemivubukulo nezikhumbuzo zamakholoni, njengofakazi besikhathi esedlule esibonakala sikhazimula futhi siphakanyiswa njalo ilensi yomthwebuli wezithombe.
Izethulo noma ama-STEREOTYPES
Lesi sithombe besiyingxenye encane yomkhiqizo wakhe futhi sithathe iningi esifundazweni saseMexico; Ngaphezu kwemidwebo eyiqiniso, bakha izethulo noma imibono eyeqisayo. Ngokwabo, izingane ezivelayo zihlala zivela ezindaweni zasemakhaya futhi zikhona njengezinsalela zempucuko yakudala yezwe, eyasinda kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Izigcawu zokuphila okunokuthula, lapho babenza khona imisebenzi ebhekwa nanamuhla njengokujwayelekile kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, njengokuphatha amanzi, ukwalusa izinkomo noma ukuwasha izingubo; akukho okuhlukile kulokho uC.B. UWaite noW. Scott, abathwebuli bezithombe abamandulela, izithombe zabo zabomdabu ezivezwe kusimo zazivezwe kahle.
EBrehme, abesilisa nabesifazane, bebodwa noma ngamaqembu, bavela kaningi kunokungavezwa ezindaweni ezingaphandle futhi ngento ebhekwa njengeMexico efana ne-cactus, nopal, umthombo wamakholoni noma ihhashi. Abomdabu kanye nabemestizo bavele kithina njengabathengisi ezimakethe, abelusi noma abahamba ngezinyawo abazulazula emigwaqeni yamadolobha namadolobha esifundazwe, kodwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu yilaba besimame abagqoka imvunulo ye-charro ngokuziqhenya.
INTO EYENZIWAYO YEKHULU LAMASHUMI AMABILI
Abesifazane cishe njalo bavela begqoke njenge-poblano Chinese. Namuhla akekho owaziyo ukuthi imvunulo “yepoblana”, njengoba uMadame Calderón de la Barca ayibiza kanjalo ngo-1840, yayinencazelo engeyinhle ngekhulu le-19, lapho kwakuthathwa njengokujwayelekile kwabesifazane “abanegama elithandabuzekayo”. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, abesifazane baseChina basePuebla baba yizimpawu zobunikazi bezwe, kangangoba ezithombeni zikaBrehme bamele isizwe saseMexico, esihle nesiyengayo.
Imvunulo ye-china poblana ne-charro iyingxenye “ejwayelekile” yekhulu lama-20, lokho esivame ukukuthola njenge- “Mexican” futhi nasezikoleni zamabanga aphansi ukusetshenziswa kwabo sekuyinkomba eyimpoqo yemidanso yemikhosi yezingane . Iziphikiso zibuyela emuva ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kepha zithathwa phakathi neminyaka yama-20s kanye neye-30s lapho ubunikazi babufunwa ezimpandeni zangaphambi kweSpanishi nezamakholoni, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekuhlanganisweni kwamasiko womabili, ukuphakamisa imestizo, eyayizomela i-china poblana.
IZIMPAWU ZIKAZWELONKE
Uma sibheka isithombe esinesihloko esithi Amorous Colloquium, sizobona umbhangqwana wama-mestizo ozungezwe izinto ezathi kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili yekhulu eledlule zibhekwa njengezaseMexico. Uyi-charro, ongasweli amadevu, onesimo esibusayo kepha esithophayo kulo wesifazane, ogqoka imvunulo edumile, wahlala kwi-cactus. Kepha, noma ngabe bathola ukunconywa okungakanani, ngubani okhetha ngokuzenzekelayo ukugibela noma ukuncika kwi-cactus? Kukangaki sibona lesi senzakalo noma esifanayo? Mhlawumbe kumafilimu, ukukhangisa nezithombe ezazakha lo mbono we "waseMexico", namuhla oyingxenye yomcabango wethu.
Uma sibuyela ekuthatheni izithombe, sizothola ezinye izinto eziqinisa ukwakhiwa kwesithombe yize singavumelani nempilo yansuku zonke, emakhaya nasemadolobheni: ibhande labesifazane, ngemfashini yama-20s futhi lokho kubonakala kusekela ama-braids angamanga angaqedi ukwelukwa; ezinye izicathulo ze-suede?; ukwenziwa kwamabhulukwe namabhuzu we-charro okuthiwa ... futhi ukuze siqhubeke.
IMINYAKA EMIHLE
Akungabazeki ukuthi, phakathi kwezinkumbulo zethu sinesithombe esimnyama nesimhlophe secharro yangesikhathi sefilimu saseMexico, kanye nezigcawu ezisezindaweni ezingaphandle lapho sibona khona ubuhle bukaBrehme, obuthunjwe ilensi kaGabriel Figueroa inani lamateyipu ayephethe ukuqinisa ubunikazi bukazwelonke ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwensimu yaseMexico, futhi ayenezichasiso ezithombeni ezifana nalezi.
Singaphetha ngokuthi uHugo Brehme wathwebula izithombe emashumini amathathu okuqala ekhulu lama-20 izithombe ezingaphezu kwekhulu namuhla, eziqhubeka nokwaziwa ezingeni elidumile njengommeleli “waseMexico”. Zonke zihambisana ne-Suave Patria, ebhalwe nguRamón López Velarde, eyaqala ngo-1921 ukubabaza ngizothi nge-epic ethulisiwe, izwe lakubo lihle futhi lifana nedayimane ...
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-329 / Julayi 2004
