Emsebenzini wezithunywa zevangeli owenziwa ngekhulu le-16 eMexico kukhona, njengoba sazi sonke, uhla olukhulu lwezincwadi. Kodwa-ke, leli qoqo elikhulu, ngaphandle kwezinga eliphakeme lokufundela kanye nogqozi lwevangeli lwangempela olwenza imisebenzi eminingi, ihlupheke ngomkhawulo obungeke ukwazi ukugwenywa: abhalwe yizithunywa zevangeli uqobo.
Ngeze sazifunela kubo inguqulo yezigidi zabomdabu baseMexico ababeyizisulu zalo mkhankaso omkhulu wokwenza ubuKrestu. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe- "reconquest ngokomoya", ngokususelwa kwimithombo etholakalayo, kuzohlala kuyi-akhawunti engaphelele, kufaka phakathi lo mdwebo. Izizukulwane zokuqala zezithunywa zevangeli zikubheka kanjani ukusebenza kwazo? Yiziphi izinhloso ezazibakhuthaza futhi zabaqondisa ngokusho kwabo? Impendulo itholakala ezivumelwaneni nasemibonweni abayibhala kulo lonke ikhulu le-16 nakuyo yonke insimu yeRiphabhuliki yaseMexico yamanje. Kusuka kubo, kwenziwe izifundo zokuhumusha eziningana ezibalulekile ngekhulu lama-20, okukhona phakathi kwazo imisebenzi kaRobert Ricard (uhlelo lokuqala ngo-1947), uPedro Borges (1960), uLino Gómez Canedo (1972), uJosé María Kobayashi (1974) avelele. ), UDaniel Ulloa (1977) noChristien Duvergier (1993).
Ngenxa yale ncwadi eningi, izibalo ezinjengoPedro de Gante, uBernardino de Sahagún, uBartolomé de Las Casas, uMotolinía, uVasco de Quiroga nabanye, azaziwa iningi labantu baseMexico abafundwayo. Ngalesi sizathu, ngithathe isinqumo sokwethula abalingiswa ababili kwabaningi impilo nomsebenzi wabo osale emathunzini, kepha kufanelekile ukuthi basindiswe ekukhohlakalweni: inkosazana ka-Augustinian uGuillermo de Santa María kanye nongqondongqondo waseDominican uPedro Lorenzo de la Nada. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngazo, kulula ukufingqa izimbazo eziyinhloko zalelo bhizinisi elikhethekile elalingukushunyayelwa ngekhulu le-16.
Iphuzu lokuqala lapho zonke izithunywa zevangeli zazivumelana ngalo, isidingo sokuthi “… sisiphule isihlahla semikhuba emibi ngaphambi kokutshala izihlahla zobuhle…”, njengoba kusho ikhathekizimu laseDominican. Noma yiliphi isiko elalingahambisani nobuKrestu lalithathwa njengesitha sokholo, ngakho-ke, lalibhujiswa. Ukuqothulwa kwempahla kwakubonakala ngokuqina kwayo kanye nokuhlelwa kwayo esidlangalaleni. Mhlawumbe icala elidume kakhulu kwakuwumkhosi onesizotha owawuhlelwe uMbhishobhi Diego de Landa, eManí Yucatán, ngoJulayi 12, 1562. Lapho, inani elikhulu lalabo ababenecala lobugebengu “bokukhonza izithombe” lajeziswa kabuhlungu futhi isibalo sisasele kakhulu. enkulu kunazo zonke izinto ezingcwele nama-codex asendulo aphonswe emlilweni womlilo omkhulu kakhulu.
Lapho nje leso sigaba sokuqala "sokushiswa kwamangcwaba" sesiphelile, kwafika ukufundiswa kwabantu bomdabu enkolweni yobuKrestu nasebandleni laseSpain, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphila abanqobi abayithatha njengempucuko. Kwakuyisethi yamasu isithunywa sevangeli samaJesuit esivela eBaja California esasizowachaza "njengobuciko bezobuciko". Kwakunezinyathelo ezimbalwa, ukuqala "ngokuncishiselwa edolobheni" kwabomdabu ababejwayele ukuhlala bahlakazekile. Ukuziqambela uqobo lwenziwa ngombono ongaqondakali okhomba izithunywa zevangeli nabaphostoli kanye nebandla lendabuko nomphakathi wamaKristu okuqala. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abadala abaningi babenqikaza ukuguqula, imiyalo yayigxile ezinganeni nasebantwaneni, njengoba babefana "nesileti elihlanzekile nomtapo othambile" lapho othisha babo babengaphrinta kalula khona imibono yobuKristu.
Akufaneleakhohlwe ukuthi ukushunyayelwa kwevangeli kwakungagcini kwezenkolo kuphela, kepha kwakuhlanganisa wonke amazinga empilo. Kwakuwumsebenzi wempucuko weqiniso owawunezikhungo zokufunda izikhungo zamasonto, zabo bonke, nezikole zezindela, zamaqembu entsha ekhethwe ngokucophelela. Akukho buciko noma ukubonakaliswa kobuciko obekungajwayelekile kulo mkhankaso omkhulu wokufundisa: izincwadi, umculo, ukucula, itiyetha, ukudweba, ukubaza, izakhiwo, ezolimo, ukufuduka emadolobheni, inhlangano yezenhlalo, ezentengiselwano, njalonjalo. Umphumela waba ukuguqulwa kwamasiko okungenakulinganiswa emlandweni wesintu, ngenxa yokujula okufinyelelwe nesikhathi esifushane esithathiwe.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi kwakuyisonto lezithunywa zevangeli, okungukuthi, elingakafakwa ngokuqinile futhi elikhonjiswe ngohlelo lwamakholoni. Ama-friars ayengakabi abapristi basemaphandleni nabaphathi bezindawo ezicebile. Lezi kwakuyizikhathi zokuhamba okukhulu, ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Kwakuyisikhathi somkhandlu wokuqala waseMexico lapho kubuzwa khona ubugqila, ukuphoqelelwa, i-encomienda, impi engcolile elwa namaNdiya abizwa ngamaqaba kanye nezinye izinkinga ezivuthayo zaleso sikhathi. Kusendimeni yezenhlalo namasiko echazwe phambilini lapho kusebenza khona ama-friars esimo esisodwa, i-Augustinian yokuqala, elinye i-Dominican: UFray Guillermo de Santa María noFray Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada, esethula ama-curricula vitae awo.
I-FRIAR GUILLERMO DE SANTA MARÍA, O.S.A.
Umdabu waseTalavera de la Reina, esifundazweni saseToledo, uFray Guillermo wayenomoya omubi kakhulu. Mhlawumbe wafunda eNyuvesi yaseSalamanca, ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokuthatha umkhuba ka-Augustinian ngaphansi kwegama likaFray Francisco Asaldo. Wabaleka esigodlweni sakhe sezindela wayongena eNew Spain, lapho okumele ngabe wayesevele ekhona ngo-1541, selokhu ahlanganyela empini yaseJalisco. Ngalowo nyaka waphinde waqala lo mkhuba, manje ngaphansi kwegama elithi Guillermo de Talavera. Ngokwamazwi ombhali wezincwadi zakhe “enganelisekanga ngokuvela eSpain njengombaleki, waphinde wenza enye indlela yokuphunyuka kulesi sifundazwe, ebuyela eSpain, kodwa njengoba uNkulunkulu esenqumile ukuthi ikuphi inceku yakhe, wamletha okwesibili kulo mbuso Sengathi angazuza isiphetho esijabulisayo abenaso ”.
Ngempela, emuva eMexico, cishe ngonyaka we-1547, waphinde washintsha igama lakhe, manje esezibiza ngoFray Guillermo de Santa María. Wabuye waguqula impilo yakhe: esuka ekungazinzileni futhi engenanjongo wenza isinyathelo esiqondile senkonzo engaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili ezinikele ekuguqulweni kwamaNdiya aseChichimeca, emngceleni wempi ngaleso sikhathi owawusenyakatho nesifundazwe saseMichoacán . Ehlala esigodlweni saseHuango, wasungula, ngo-1555, idolobha lasePénjamo, lapho afaka khona isicelo okokuqala ukuthi kungaba yini isu lakhe lobufundisi: ukwakha amadolobha ahlanganisiwe amaTarascans anokuthula kanye namaChichimecas ahlubukayo. Waphinda uhlelo olufanayo lapho esungula idolobha laseSan Francisco esigodini esinegama elifanayo, budebuduze nedolobha laseSan Felipe, okuyindawo yakhe yokuhlala entsha ngemuva kweHuango. Ngo-1580 wasuka emngceleni weChichimeca, lapho aqokwa ngaphambi kwesigodlo saseZirosto eMichoacán. Lapho kungenzeka washona ngo-1585, ngesikhathi sokuthi angaboni ukwehluleka komsebenzi wakhe wokuthula ngenxa yokubuyiselwa kwamaChichimecas ancishiswe kancane empilweni engaphansi ababeyiphila phambilini.
UFray Guillermo ukhunjulwa ikakhulukazi ngesivumelwano esabhalwa ngo-1574 ngenkinga yokuba semthethweni kwempi uhulumeni waseKoloni ayeyilwa namaChichimecas. Inhlonipho ayenayo ngabangahloniphi yaholela ekubeni uFray Guillermo afake ekubhaleni kwakhe amakhasi amaningana anikezelwe “emasikweni abo nasendleleni yabo yokuphila ukuze, uma sazi kangcono, bakwazi ukubona nokuqonda ubulungiswa bempi obukade bukhona futhi obenziwa ngabo. ”, Njengoba esho esigabeni sokuqala somsebenzi wakhe. Impela, umhlonishwa wethu u-Augustinian wavumelana nenqubo yaseSpain yokulwa namaNdiya angamaqaba, kepha hhayi ngendlela okwenziwa ngayo, ngoba yayiseduze kakhulu nalokho esikwaziyo manje ngokuthi "impi engcolile ”.
Nakhu, njengasekugcineni kwalesi sethulo esifushane, incazelo ayenzile yokuntuleka kokuziphatha okuphelele okwakubonakala ekuziphatheni kwabaseSpain ekusebenzelaneni kwabo namaNdiya ahlubukayo asenyakatho: “bephula isithembiso sokuthula nentethelelo abanikwe bona Izwi lomlomo nokuthi bathenjiswe ngokubhala phansi, bephula ukungavikeleki kwamanxusa abeza ngokuthula, noma ukubacathamela, bebeka inkolo yobuKrestu njengesihibe futhi bebatshela ukuthi bahlangane emadolobheni bahlale ngokuthula futhi lapho babathumbe, noma bacele ukuthi babanikeze abantu futhi basize bamelane namanye amaNdiya futhi bazinikele ekubambeni labo abeza bezosiza babenze izigqila, konke lokhu bakwenze ngokumelene namaChichimecas ”.
FRIAR PEDRO LORENZO DE LA NADA, O. P.
Ngayo leyo minyaka, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi kweNew Spain, emikhawulweni yaseTabasco naseChiapas, esinye isithunywa sevangeli naso sasizinikele ekwehliseni amaNdiya angaphansi komngcele wempi. UFray Pedro Lorenzo, ozibiza ngo-Out of Nothing, wayefike evela eSpain cishe ngo-1560 edlula eGuatemala. Ngemuva kokuhlala isikhashana esigodlweni seCiudad Real (iSan Cristóbal de Las Casas yamanje), wasebenza nabanye babangane bakhe esifundazweni saseLos Zendales, isifunda esisemngceleni wehlathi laseLacandon, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyinsimu yezizwe eziningi ezazingaphansi kukaMayan. Kukhuluma uChol noTzeltal. Ngokushesha wakhombisa izimpawu zokuba isithunywa sevangeli esivelele. Ngaphezu kokuba ngumshumayeli onekhono kanye "nolimi" olungajwayelekile (wayekwazi okungenani izilimi ezine zamaMaya), wakhombisa ithalente elithile njengomqambi wezinciphiso. I-Yajalón, i-Ocosingo, i-Bachajón, i-Tila, i-Tumbala ne-Palenque isisekelo sabo sivela kuye noma, okungenani, lokho okubhekwa njengokuhleleka kwabo okucacile.
Njengokuthula nje nozakwabo uFray Guillermo, wahamba wayofuna amaNdiya ahlubukayo ase-El Petén Guatemala nase-El Lacandón Chiapaneco, ukuze abenze bakhokhele inkululeko yabo ngokuphila okunokuthula edolobheni lamakoloni. Yaphumelela ngamaPochutlas, izakhamizi zokuqala zase-Ocosingo Valley, kepha yehluleka ngenxa yokungahambi kahle kwamaLacandone kanye nokuba kude kwemizi yase-Itza. Ngezizathu ezingaziwa weqa esigodlweni seCiudad Real wanyamalala ehlathini elibheke eTabasco. Kungenzeka ukuthi isinqumo sakhe sasimayelana nesivumelwano esenziwa isahluko sesifundazwe sabaseDominican eCobán, ngonyaka we-1558, esivumela ukungenelela kwamasosha elwa namaLacandones ayebulele amafriya amaningana esikhathini esifushane esedlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uFray Pedro ubethathwa abafowabo bezenkolo "njengabahlukile enkolweni yabo" futhi igama lakhe layeka ukuvela emibhalweni yomyalelo.
Ifunwa izinkantolo zeNkantolo eNkulu yokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kanye ne-Audiencia yaseGuatemala ngokufanayo, kodwa ivikelwe amaNdiya aseZendale nawase-El Lacandón, uFray Pedro wenza idolobha lasePalenque laba isikhungo sakhe sokusebenzela. Wakwazi ukukholisa uGeorge de Landa, umbhishobhi waseYucatán, ngezinhloso zakhe ezinhle futhi ngenxa yalokhu kusekelwa kwabaseFranciscan, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wobuvangeli, manje ezifundazweni zaseTabasco zaseLos Ríos naseLos Zahuatanes, ezingaphansi kwegunya lezenkolo laseYucatán. Lapho waphinde waba nezinkinga ezinkulu, kulokhu neziphathimandla zomphakathi, zokuvikela kwabo abesifazane bomdabu ngokuqashwa ngenkani emapulazini aseSpain. Intukuthelo yakhe yafinyelela eqophelweni lokukhishwa kwabasolwa enecala nokufuna isijeziso sabo esiyisibonelo e-Inquisition, okuyisikhungo esifanayo esasimshushisa eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Kwakunjalo ukunconywa kwamaNdiya angamaTzeltal, amaChole namaChontal ngomuntu wakhe ukuthi ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ngo-1580 baqala ukumhlonipha njengongcwele. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, umpristi wesifunda sase-Yajalón waqoqa isiko lomlomo elalisakazwa ngoFray Pedro Lorenzo futhi waqamba izinkondlo ezinhlanu ezigubha izimangaliso ezenziwa kuye: enze isiphethu sentwasahlobo edwaleni, wasishaya ngenduku yakhe ; ukubungaza imisa ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlukene ngasikhathi sinye; siguqule izinhlamvu zemali ezitholwe ngokungeyikho zaba ngamaconsi egazi ezandleni zejaji elinonya njll. Ngenkathi ngo-1840, umhloli wamazwe waseMelika uJohn Lloyd Stephens evakashele ePalenque, wezwa ukuthi amaNdiya akulelo dolobha aqhubeka nokuhlonipha inkumbulo kaBaba oNgcwele futhi namanje agcina ingubo yakhe njengengcwele. Wazama ukuyibona, kodwa ngenxa yokungawethembi amaNdiya, "Angikwazanga ukubenza bangifundise yona," wabhala ngonyaka olandelayo encwadini yakhe edumile i-Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas naseYucatan.
UGuillermo de Santa María noPedro Lorenzo de la Nada yizithunywa zevangeli ezimbili zaseSpain ezinikele konke okusemandleni azo ekushumayeleni ivangeli lamaNdiya ahlubukayo ahlala emngceleni wempi okwathi ngeminyaka ka-1560 kuya ku-1580 kwanciphisa indawo eyayihlala abaseSpain. enyakatho naseningizimu. Baphinde bazama ukubanika lokho ezinye izithunywa zevangeli ebezinikeze abantu bomdabu basezintabeni zaseMexico nalokho uVasco de Quiroga akubiza ngokuthi "izipho zomlilo nezinkwa." Inkumbulo yokulethwa kwakhe ikufanele ukutakulwa ngabaseMexico bekhulu lama-20. Makube njalo.
