Ama-codex angubufakazi obungenakulinganiswa bolwazi ngamasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi nawabantu ngesikhathi se-colonial, ngoba athunyelwa, phakathi kokunye, amaqiniso omlando, izinkolelo zezenkolo, intuthuko yesayensi, amasistimu wekhalenda kanye nemibono yezindawo.
NgokukaJ. J. Galarza, “ama-codex yimibhalo yesandla yabomdabu baseMesoamerican ababelungisa izilimi zabo ngohlelo oluyisisekelo lokusetshenziswa kwesithombe esifakiwe, esisuselwa emihlanganweni yabo yobuciko. Ukwedelela komnqobi maqondana nesiko alithumelayo, ukuntuleka kwesiko labanye abaningana, imicimbi yomlando nesikhathi esingathetheleli lutho ngezinye zezimbangela zokubhujiswa kobufakazi obuningi obuningi bezithombe.
Njengamanje, ama-codex amaningi aqashwe yizikhungo ezahlukahlukene zikazwelonke nezangaphandle, kanti amanye, ngokungangabazeki, ahlala evikelekile emiphakathini eyahlukene etholakala kuyo yonke indawo yaseMexico. Ngenhlanhla, ingxenye enkulu yalezi zikhungo inikezelwe ekugcineni amadokhumende. Injalo-ke i-Autonomous University yasePuebla (UAP), okwathi, ngokwazi isimo esingesihle seYanhuitlán Codex, yacela iNational Coordination for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage (CNRPC-INAH) ngokubambisana kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-Ephreli 1993, kwaqalwa izifundo nophenyo olwahlukahlukene ku-codex, eyayidingeka ukuze ibuyiselwe.
I-Yanhuitlán itholakala eMixteca Alta, phakathi kweNochistlán neTepozcolula. Isifunda lapho leli dolobha lalikhona sasingenye yezindawo ezazichuma kakhulu futhi zifunwa ngabakwa-encomenderos. Imisebenzi evelele yalesi sifunda kwakungukukhishwa kwegolide, ukukhuliswa kwesibungu kanye nokutshalwa kwe-cochineal enkulu. Ngokusho kwemithombo, i-Yanhuitlán Codex ingeyesikhathi sokuqhuma lesi sifunda esasithola ngekhulu le-16. Ngenxa yomlingiswa waso odumile, kungathathwa njengengxenye yemilando yesifunda saseMixtec, lapho izehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlobene nempilo yabantu bomdabu nabaseSpain ekuqaleni kweColony kwaphawulwa.
Amashidi ahlukahlukene alo mbhalo aveza ikhwalithi engajwayelekile yomdwebo kanye nolayini ngesitayela “[…] esihle esixubekile samaNdiya nesaseSpanishi”, kuqinisekisa ababhali bezincwadi okwaboniswana ngazo. Uma uphenyo oluzungeze ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo kanye nemifanekiso lubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlonzwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukutadishwa kwamasu okukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa okuphelele kokonakala, kubalulekile ukuthola izinqubo ezifanele zokubuyiselwa. ecaleni ngalinye, ngokuhlonipha izinto zoqobo.
Lapho sithola i-Yanhuitlán Codex sizithola siphambi kwedokhumende eboshwe nefolda yesikhumba, amapuleti ayo, esewonke ayishumi nambili, aqukethe ama-pictograph ezinhlangothini zombili. Ukwazi ukuthi umqulu wenziwa kanjani, izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi nezinqubo zawo zokucacisa kufanele zibhekwe ngokwehlukana. Njengezakhi zoqobo ze-codex esinayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphepha njengeyunithi yokwamukela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-inki njengemoto yokubhala ebhaliwe. Lezi zinto kanye nendlela ezihlanganiswe ngayo kuphakamisa inqubo yokwenza.
Imicu esetshenziswe ekuchazeni i-codex yaseYanhuitlan kuvele ukuthi ivela kwimifino (ukotini nelineni), obejwayele ukusetshenziswa ephepheni laseYurophu. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekoloni, isikhathi lapho kwenziwa le codex, zazingekho izigayo zokwenza iphepha eNew Spain, ngakho-ke umkhiqizo wazo wawuhlukile kunowendabuko waseYurophu. Ukwenziwa kwephepha kanye nokuhweba kwalo bekubhekwe eNew Spain ezinhlinzweni eziqinile nezilinganiselwe ezibekwe yiCrown ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-300, ukuze kulondolozwe ubukhosi edolobheni elikhulu. Lesi bekuyisizathu esenza ukuthi emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka i-New Hispanics kudingeke ukuthi ingenise le nto, ikakhulukazi evela eSpain.
Abakhiqizi bamaphepha babevame ukufaka umkhiqizo wabo "ngama-watermark" noma "ama-watermark", ahluke kakhulu kangangoba avumela ngezinga elithile ukukhomba isikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwawo, futhi kwezinye izimo, indawo yokudabuka. I-watermark esiyithola emapuletini amaningana e-Yanhuitlan Codex ikhonjwa njenge- "The Pilgrim", eyabhalwa ngabaphenyi maphakathi nekhulu le-16. Ukuhlaziywa kwembula ukuthi kwakusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zikayinki kule codex: ikhabhoni nenyongo yensimbi. Umugqa wezibalo wenziwa ngokususelwa kulayini wobukhulu obuhlukile. Imigqa eboshwe yenziwe ngoyinki ofanayo kepha "ihlanjululwe" kakhulu, ukuze inikeze imiphumela yevolumu. Kungenzeka ukuthi imigqa ibulawe ngezimpaphe zezinyoni - njengoba kwenziwa ngaleso sikhathi-, esinesibonelo kwelinye lamapuleti e-codex. Sicabanga ukuthi ukufakwa kwenziwa ngebhulashi.
Izinto eziphilayo ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamadokhumenti zibenza buthaka, ngakho-ke ziwohloka kalula uma zingekho endaweni efanele. Ngokunjalo, izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengezikhukhula, imililo nokuzamazama komhlaba kungaziguqula kakhulu, kanti-ke nezimpi, ukuphanga, ukukhohlisa okungadingekile, njll. Nakho kuyizinto ezilimazayo.
Endabeni ye-Yanhuitlan Codex, asinalo ulwazi olwanele lokunquma imvelo yayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuwohloka kwayo uqobo kungasikhanyisela kuleli phuzu. Ikhwalithi yezinto zokwakha ezakha i-palel zinethonya elikhulu ezingeni lokucekelwa phansi kwedokhumenti, futhi ukuzinza kwama-inki kuya ngemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngayo. Ukuphathwa kabi, ubudedengu futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukungenelela okuningi nokungahambi kahle, kwabonakaliswa unomphela ku-codex. Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kombuyisi kufanele kube ukuvikela okwangempela. Akuyona indaba yokuhlobisa noma ukuguqula into, kepha ukumane kuyigcine isesimweni sayo - ukumisa noma ukuqeda izinqubo zokonakala - nokuyihlanganisa ngendlela ecishe ingabonakali.
Izingxenye ezingekho zabuyiselwa ngezinto zokwakha ezinohlobo olufanayo nezasekuqaleni, ngendlela ehlakaniphile kodwa ebonakalayo. Akukho lutho olonakele olungasuswa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle, ngoba ubuqotho bedokhumende buzoguqulwa. Ukufundeka kombhalo noma komdwebo akufanele kushintshwe, yingakho kubalulekile ukukhetha izinto ezincane, eziguquguqukayo futhi ezisobala kakhulu ukuqinisa umsebenzi. Yize inqubo ejwayelekile yokungenelela okuncane kufanele ilandelwe ezimweni eziningi, izinguquko ezethulwe yikhodix (ikakhulu umkhiqizo wokungenelela okungafanele) bekufanele zisuswe ukunqanda umonakalo abawudalele yona.
Ngenxa yezici zayo, ukuwohloka nokuba buthakathaka, bekubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngemibhalo ngokusekelwa okusizayo. Lokhu ngeke kubuyisele ukuguquguquka kwayo kuphela kodwa futhi kuyokuqinisa ngaphandle kokushintsha ukubhalwa kokubhalwe phansi. Inkinga esabhekana nayo yayiyindida, eyayidinga ukuthi kwenziwe uphenyo olunzulu ukuze kukhethwe izinto ezifanele futhi kukhethwe amasu okulondolozwa ngokwezimo ze-codex.
Ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa lwenziwa futhi phakathi kwezinto ezazisetshenziswa ngokwesiko ekubuyiseni imibhalo yezithombe, kanye namasu athile asetshenzisiwe kwezinye izimo. Ekugcineni, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze kukhethwe izinto ezifanelekile ngokuya ngemibandela ebekiwe. Ngaphambi kokujoyina ukusekelwa okusizayo emashidini omsebenzi, izinqubo zokuhlanza zenziwa kusetshenziswa izincibilikisi ezahlukahlukene ukuqeda lezo zinto nezinto eziguqula ukuzinza kwaso.
Ukusekelwa okungcono kakhulu kwalombhalo kuvele ukuthi kwakungu-crepeline kasilika, ngenxa yezici zayo zokuveza obala okukhulu, ukuguquguquka okuhle kanye nokuhlala unomphela ezimweni ezifanele zokulondolozwa. Phakathi kwezinamathelisi ezahlukahlukene ezifundwe, i-starch paste iyona eyasinika imiphumela emihle, ngenxa yamandla ayo okunamathela amahle kakhulu, ukwenza izinto obala nokubuyela emuva. Ekupheleni kokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwepuleti ngalinye le-codex, lokhu kwaboshwa futhi kulandela indlela ezethulwa ngayo lapho zifinyelela ezandleni zethu. Ukubamba iqhaza kwethu ekutholeni umqulu obaluleke kakhulu, njenge-Yanhuitlán Codex, bekuyinselelo kithina kanye nomsebenzi obusigcwalisa ngokwaneliseka sazi ukuthi unomphela wenye impahla engamasiko, ingxenye yabacebile bethu ifa lomlando.
