Akunemininingwane ethile ekwakhiweni kwensimbi enqumayo ukufeza umsindo ophelele; kuyisethi yezici nezakhi ezingenelela ekuphumeni kwayo.
Cishe njengososayensi wamakhemikhali wangenkathi ephakathi, i-laudero iguqule amahlathi ngezandla zayo, yanikeza isitayela nokuma kwensimbi ngayinye ukufuna umsindo womculo ogcwele imfihlakalo nomlingo.
Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka i-laudería ingukuhweba kokwakhiwa nokubuyiselwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezihlikihliwe, njenge-violin, i-viola, i-cello, i-double bass, i-viola da gamba ne-vihuela de arco, phakathi kokunye.
Namuhla, lo msebenzi, onenkambiso yokhokho engakholeki, wenziwa njengesiyalo esithobela ukuqina okuphezulu kwezobuciko nezesayensi, lapho kusetshenziswa khona amasu amadala nawesimanje ekukhiqizweni kwawo.
Edolobheni lamakoloni iQuerétaro - lachazwa ngo-1996 iCultural Heritage of Humanity yi-UNESCO- iyikomkhulu elisha leNational School of Laudería.
Phambi kwalesi sikhungo sokufundisa, bheka nje imigwaqo emincane enezintambo lapho imisindo yamakaroli agingqikayo namahhashi asabonakala ezwakala, ukuzizwa ubuyiselwa emuva ngesikhathi.
Kulesi senzakalo, sibuyela emuva kulezo zikhathi lapho imilingo yamakhemikhali yahlanganiswa nobuchule bezingcweti zokhuni ukwakha izinsimbi zomculo ezinhle nezivumelanayo.
Ngokushesha nje lapho singena esakhiweni, into yokuqala esayiqaphelayo kwakuwumsindo omnandi okhishwa yi-violin edlalwa ngumfundi. Kamuva samukelwa uFernando Corzantes, owahamba nathi waya ehhovisi likathisha uLuthfi Becker, uthishanhloko wesikhungo.
Ku-Becker, i-laudero yemvelaphi yaseFrance, i-laudería ingumsebenzi wobuciko lapho "isipho" esikhulu ukubekezela. Wenza abafundi bakhe bazi ngokubaluleka kwesibopho esihlanganisa isici sobuciko nocwaningo lobuchwepheshe kanye nokubaluleka kwenyunyana phakathi kwezikhathi zasendulo, ezamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, ngoba i-laudero izobakhona uma nje umculo usaqhubeka.
Ngo-1954, iNational Institute of Arts yakha iNational School of Laudería nothisha uLuigi Lanaro, owafika eMexico ngenhloso yokufundisa ubuciko bokwenza nokubuyisa izinsimbi; kodwa-ke, isikole sahlakazeka ngeminyaka yama-1970 kuthathe umhlalaphansi kathisha.
Kulo mzamo wokuqala, kungenzeka ukufundisa abantu abaningana ubuciko bokunwetshwa nokubuyiselwa, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo owazuza ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo kulo msebenzi. Ngalesi sizathu, ngo-Okthoba 1987 i-Escuela Nacional de Ladería yaphinde yasungulwa eMexico City. Ngalesi sikhathi uthisha uLuthfi Becker wamenywa ukuba ajoyine isikole.
Inhloso enkulu yalezi ziqu ze-undergraduate, ezinesikhathi seminyaka emihlanu yezifundo, ukuqeqeshwa kwama-luthiers anezinga eliphakeme lobungcweti elikwazi ukucacisa, ukulungisa nokubuyisela izinsimbi zomculo ngezintambo ezihlikihliwe ngezisekelo zobuchwepheshe, zesayensi, zomlando nezobuciko. Ngale ndlela, ngomkhuba nolwazi olutholakele, ama-luthiers asiza ekulondolozeni izinsimbi zomculo zasendulo -kubhekwe njengamagugu amasiko- nokwenziwa kwakamuva.
Indawo yokuqala esivakashele ohambweni lwethu lwesikole kwakuyigumbi lapho benombukiso omncane, kodwa omele kakhulu, nezinsimbi zomculo obekungumsebenzi wethisisi yabafundi. Isibonelo, sabona ivayolin yebaroque, eyakhiwa ngamasu nezinqubo ezenziwa ngebaroque yekhulu le-18 leminyaka laseYurophu; i-lira di braccio, isibonelo sezikhumba zesikhumba zangekhulu le-18; i-viola yaseVenice eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa amaphethini nezindlela ezivela eVenice yekhulu le-17; kanye nama-violin amaningana, i-viola d'amore kanye ne-belloque cello.
Enqubeni yokwakha izinsimbi, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhethwa kwezinkuni, okungaba nguphayini, isihlahla sonwele, imephu ne-ebony (yemihlobiso, ibhodi leminwe, njll.). Esikoleni basebenzisa izinkuni ezingenisiwe ezivela emazweni ahlukene omhlaba.
Mayelana nalokhu, abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo - abacwaningi endaweni yamahlathi- bebenza umsebenzi wokusesha phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingama-2 500 zezihlahla zikaphayini zaseMexico ezingasetshenziswa embonini yezingodo, ngoba ukungenisa izinkuni kubiza kakhulu.
Njengoba umfundi azi ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe uyingxenye yokutholwa kwesiko, uhlala ebheka ukuthi izindlela zokucacisa azosebenzisa futhi azikhethe ziyifa lamakhosi amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo njengoba zazinjalo. Amati, Guarneri, Gabrieli, Stradivarius, njll.
Isigaba sesibili senqubo ukukhetha imodeli nosayizi wensimbi, ngokulandela ngokwethembeka izilinganiso zazo zonke izingcezu, ngenhloso yokwakha isikhunta somqhele, izimbambo nezinye izinto, kanye nokusika izingcezu nokuqopha ngayinye yazo. izingxenye zebhokisi le-acoustic noma lomsindo.
Kulesi sinyathelo, ukhuni oluvela phezulu nangaphansi lukhafulelwa ukufeza ukwakheka nobukhulu obufanele, ngoba uhlelo lwe-static lukhiqizwa ebhokisini le-acoustic, elenziwa ukucindezelwa nokuqina, okwenza ithuluzi lidlidlize.
Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa izingcezu, ubukhulu bezinkuni buhlolwa ngosizo lwebhokisi elikhanyayo.
Kwelinye ilabhorethri kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi ukudluliswa komsindo kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo. Ngalokhu, isikole sisekelwa yiNational Institute of Metrology, ephethe ukwenza izivivinyo ze-acoustic physics ngezinsimbi ezenziwa abafundi.
Ibhokisi lomsindo nezinye izingcezu zinamathiselwe ngemisila (okunamathiselwe) okwenziwe ngesikhumba sonogwaja, izinzwa namathambo.
Ekwenzeni isibambo, i-laudero ikhombisa ikhono nobuchule anabo. Izintambo ezazisetshenziswa phambilini zazingamathumbu; Okwamanje zisasetshenziswa kepha zibuye zisebenzise ezinenxeba lensimbi (ikesi elifakwe ngensimbi).
Ekugcineni ubuso bezinkuni buphelile. Kulokhu, insimbi imbozwe ngama-varnishi enziwe "ngokuzenzela", ngoba awekho emakethe; lokhu kuvumela amafomula omuntu siqu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-varnish kuyinto yesandla ngebhulashi lezinwele elihle kakhulu. Kuvunyelwe ukoma ekamelweni elikhanyayo le-ultraviolet amahora angama-24. Umsebenzi we-varnish ngokuyinhloko uvikela, ngaphezu kwesici sobuhle, ukugqamisa ubuhle bezinkuni kanye nalokho kwe-varnish uqobo.
Akunemininingwane ethile ekwakhiweni kwensimbi enganqumayo ekufezeni umsindo ophelele; Kuyisethi yezici nezakhi ezingenelela ekushayweni komsindo omnandi: ukuphakama, amandla, i-resonance nezintambo, umnsalo, njalonjalo. Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa, yiqiniso, ukusebenza komculi, ngoba ukuhumusha kuyisibonakaliso sokugcina.
Okokugcina, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi i-laudero ayiphethe ukwakhiwa, ukulungiswa nokubuyiselwa kwezinsimbi kuphela, kepha futhi ingazinikela ekucwaningeni nasekufundiseni ezindaweni zesayensi nezobuciko njengomlando wobuciko, i-physics, i-acoustics, i-biology ye ukhuni, izithombe nezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi yenza umsebenzi wokuthakazelisa wesayensi, kanye nokulinganisa nemibono yochwepheshe yezinsimbi zomculo.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-245 / Julayi 1997
