Njengoba sihamba emigwaqweni esenkabeni yePuebla, singathola, njengakwamanye amadolobha amakoloni eMexico, ezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi ezinezinto ezithile zokuhlobisa ezithinta ukunaka kwethu: sibhekisa kuma-niches, imvamisa anezinhlamvu zenkolo.
Lezi zingqinamba zasemadolobheni zihlukaniswa ngohlobo lomgodi, ongagcina ku-arc eqondile noma ekhonjiwe, eyindilinga, njll. Zihlotshiswe ngomhlobiso ongaba banzi noma ube lula, kanti ngaphakathi, esisekelweni sodaka noma etsheni, zinesithombe esimele - ikakhulukazi isithombe senkolo kasanta othile- esikhombisa ukuzinikela kwabaninizo noma abakhi.
AmaNiches anendawo ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamakoloni aseMexico, futhi nakwezokwakhiwa kwanamuhla. Basuka eSpain phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka, futhi ngokunqotshwa kwezwe elisha badluliselwa kula mazwe kanye nezinto eziningi nezitayela zobuciko zangaleso sikhathi, ezihlanganiswe nobuciko bomdabu, okuholele kwisitayela esihlukile, esaziwa ngokuthi ubuciko. Ukoloni lwaseMexico.
Ngemuva kokuthatha idolobha laseTenochtitlan, abaseSpain babenendlela ekhululekile yokwelula ukubusa kwabo futhi bathola amadolobha amasha; Endabeni kaPuebla, ngokusho kukaFernández de Echeverría noVeytia, kwenziwa izisekelo ezimbili: esokuqala sazo siseBarrio de I Alto ngo-Ephreli 16, 1531, kanti esesibili, ngoSepthemba 29 wangonyaka ofanayo ePlaza enkulu, lapho namuhla kunesonto elikhulu lasePuebla.
Selokhu lasungulwa, leli dolobha laba yindawo ebalulekile kwezentengiso nakwezokukhiqiza, futhi laba yinhloko yesifunda esikhulu sezolimo. Ukuncika kwezinye izikhungo ezincane zabantu - njengoba i-Atlixco, iCholula, iHuejotzingo neTepeaca ziqhubeka ukuba namuhla - yaba yindawo enkulu kunazo zonke emadolobheni empumalanga neMexico City ngesikhathi nangemva kweColony, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamasu ayo indawo phakathi kwenhlokodolobha yaseNew Spain kanye nechweba eliyinhloko le-viceregal.
Izinkulungwane zabantu bomdabu (ezisuka emadolobheni angomakhelwane afana neTlaxcala, Cholula kanye neCalpan) bathuthele esisekelweni sayo, abakha izakhiwo zesikhashana zokhuni kanye ne-adobe yezindlu nezinsizakalo zomphakathi, kanye nesonto. Cishe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, cishe amabhlokhi ayi-120 wegridi ayesevele enabantu, ngokuhlelwa okungalingani maqondana nesikhungo, okwaphoqa abantu bomdabu ukuba bashiye izindawo zabo bathuthele emaphethelweni edolobha; Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwanda kwamadolobha ngokushesha, abanye abaseSpain bazithola sebenesidingo sokuhlala kulezi zindawo, ezagcina ziba yingxenye yedolobha.
Ukukhula kwamadolobha kaPuebla bekungalingani. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka, elithathwa njengesikhathi sokusungulwa, ukunwetshwa okujwayelekile kwenziwa kusuka ku-nucleus yokuqala, futhi ukukhula kwahamba kancane futhi kwaqina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili, ukukhula kwanda, kwachuma idolobha lesibili le-viceroyalty, mayelana nokukhiqiza, isiko kanye nezohwebo. Kukuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule lapho isikhungo saseSpain sizofinyelela ezindaweni zomdabu.
Kuwo wonke ama-19th century, ukukhula kwakungalingani ngenxa yezinhlupho nezikhukhula zamakhulu eminyaka adlule, kepha futhi nezimpi ezahlukahlukene nokuvinjezelwa idolobha. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokunwetshwa kwalo liphinde lenyuka futhi kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi yesine yekhulu lamanje, lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo eziningi zesimanje enkabeni yedolobha lasePuebla. Kukuzinye zalezi zakhiwo ezithathe indawo yamabhilidi amadala amakoloni lapho sithola khona iningi lemicibisholo, sisindise izithombe ezibunjiwe futhi uzifake ezindaweni zazo ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, le nto yokwakha idlule ukunambitheka kwaseMexico, okwenza sikwazi ukuyithanda nanamuhla.
Ingemuva
Umsuka we-niche ungatholakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, lapho konke ukubonakaliswa kobuciko ezweni elidala kwakukhuthazwa yinkolo yamaKatolika. Kubantu bangaleso sikhathi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukukhombisa ukuzinikela kwabo kwabanye, futhi enye indlela yokukwenza kwakuwukusebenzisa izihlokwana ezingaphambili lemizi. I-Renaissance nayo yaqala ngalesi sikhathi, yathatha njengamamodeli izitayela zamaGrikhi nezamaRoma, ezibonakalisa kuzo zonke izici zamasiko, ikakhulukazi ebaziwe, emidwebweni nasekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Kungenzeka impela ukuthi ama-niches angukunwetshwa kwezinsika ze-altare zamasonto. Esikhathini esidlule singabona izinhlobo ezimbili zokumelwa ngokwenkolo: ukudweba nokubaza. Amanye ama-niches anokumelwa ngokukhululeka okukhulu, ngaphandle komgodi, ongena esikhundleni somdwebo wezinto ze-altare noma okufanekisela inani eliphakathi elifanayo. Kodwa-ke, singacabanga ukuthi banobuntu obuzimele noma inani, ngokungafani nezinto ze-altare.
Intuthuko
Ngokuqondene nezindlela zobuciko zemifino, ukuvela kwesitayela okwenziwe ngesikhathi seColony kuyabonakala kubo. Kuwo wonke ama-16th century, bethula isitayela se-Gothic, esivezwe ikakhulukazi etsheni, enkwalini nasekubazeni. Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa ushintsho olukhulu alubonwa, kepha kancane kancane kwethulwa isitayela sebaroque esivela eSpain; Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zesithombe esibunjiweyo zikhiqizwa ngasekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, kusetshenziswa isitayela semvelo esichazayo. Ngekhulu le-18, ukubaza kwafakwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, futhi iBaroque nokuhluka kwayo kwaseMexico okwaziwa ngokuthi iChurrigueresque kwangena i-apogee yabo enkulu kunazo zonke. Kusekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka lapho kuvela i-neoclassicism futhi iningi lezinhlamvu zePuebla zenziwa.
Incazelo
Imicibisholo emibili ebaluleke kakhulu kuleli dolobha ingabonakala ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezakhiwe yimigwaqo eyi-11 Norte naseReforma avenue, okungenye yezindlela ezinkulu zokufinyelela esikhungweni esinomlando. Phambilini, iReforma Avenue yayaziwa ngokuthi yiGuadalupe Street, igama elatholwa ekwakhiweni kweSonto Lethu LaseGuadalupe, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ibhuloho elincane elalisebenza ukuwela ukuchitheka kweso leSan Pablo, kepha cishe ngo-1807 kwathathwa isinqumo sokushintsha inkambo yamanzi anesulfure futhi lasuswa. Ngasohlangothini olusenyakatho lwaleli kona, esakhiweni esakhiwa ngawo-1940, singabona omunye wemicibisholo emihle kakhulu edolobheni. Kungumfanekiso weVirgin yaseGuadalupe eyenziwe ngokukhululeka okukhulu, okwenziwe ngababili bama-pilasters ahlotshiswe kakhulu; Isekelwa isisekelo esinamacala amabili esimbozwe yimidwebo yeTalavera futhi sakhiwe ngothango oluyingqayizivele. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhetha kwalesi sithombe kuthonywe igama likaGuadalupe umgwaqo owawunalo. Endleleni eseceleni kweningizimu, maqondana naleyo eyedlule, esakhiweni esivela esikhathini esifanayo, kwakhiwa i-niche ngaphakathi lapho kwabekwa khona umfanekiso we-Archangel Saint Michael, ephethe inkemba evuthayo esandleni sakhe sokudla. Ukuvulwa kune-ogival ngesimo futhi kufakwa uthango lwephiramidi; yonke into ipendwe mhlophe, ayinakho ukuhlobisa. Ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo u-Avenida Manuel Ávila Camacho noCalle 4 Norte, siphinde sahlangana nezicucu ezimbalwa ngesitayela esifana naleso esedlule. Esokuqala sitholakala ekhoneni lesakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili. i-façade yayo embozwe ngezitini nezinto zokubumba ezivela kuTalavera, kakhulu ngesitayela sePoblano. I-niche ilula; Futhi inesimo se-ogival futhi ipendwe mhlophe, ngaphandle komhlobiso: isibalo esiyinhloko isithombe esisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo seSan Felipe Neri.
UManuel Ávila Camacho avenue phambilini wayenamagama amabili: okokuqala, kusukela ngoJanuwari 1864, lalibizwa ngomgwaqo u-Ias Jarcierías, igama elivela esiGrekini elisho ukuthi: "izinsimbi nezintambo zomkhumbi". EPuebla, i-jarciería ithathwa ngomqondo we "cordelería", ngenxa yamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene alokhu kuthengiswa okukhona edolobheni ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kamuva, lo mgwaqo wabizwa ngeCity Hall Avenue.
Mayelana neCalle 4 Norte, igama layo langaphambilini kwakunguCalle de Echeverría, ngoba abanikazi bezindlu ezikule ndawo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 (1703 no-1705) babalula uCaptain Sebastián de Chavarría (noma u-Echeverría) no-Orcolaga, owayeyiMeya ngo-1705, kanye nomfowabo uGeneral Pedro Echeverría y Orcolaga, imeya ejwayelekile ngo-1708 nango-1722.
Enye i-niche isekhoneni elilandelayo, ekwakhiweni kwesitayela se-neoclassical. Ngokungafani nomgodi wesici lapho kufakwa khona isibalo esikhulu, kuso sibona isithombe se-Holy Cross senziwe ngokukhululeka okukhulu, okwenziwe ngesisekelo esinqunyiwe. Emazingeni alo singabona umhlobiso oyingqayizivele, futhi ezinhlangothini zombili, amakhanda amabhubesi amane. Siqhubeka ku-Calle 4 Norte efanayo nasekhoneni lesi-8 i-Oriente, sithola isakhiwo esinezitezi ezine esakhiwe maphakathi nalelikhulu leminyaka, lapho kwakune-niche enkulu emise okwe-ogival, yakhelwe ngababili bama-pilasters akhanyayo, lapho singabonga khona isithombe esibaziwe sikaSaint Louis, iNkosi yaseFrance; ngaphansi kwe-niche ukumelwa kwezingelosi ezimbili ezidlala izinsimbi zomculo; sonke isigcawu siphela ngonyawo olunqunyiwe.
Futhi eCalle 4 Norte, kepha manje ekhoneni leCalle 10 Oriente (okwakunguChihuahua), kukhona enye indawo yendlu enezitezi ezimbili eyakhiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka. Njengengxenye yokuhlobisa, sicabanga ngokuqoshwa kweNcasakazi yaseGuadalupe nengane enguJesu engalweni yayo yangakwesobunxele; imbobo lapho itholakala khona i-ogival in shape, futhi sonke isigcawu senziwe kabusha ngendlela elula.
Asazi okwamanje ukuthi obani ababhali bezithombe ezinhle kangaka, kepha singakuqinisekisa ukuthi bangabaculi beqiniso (iSpanishi noma abomdabu) ababehlala emadolobheni angomakhelwane wedolobha lasePuebla, izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlukaniswe ngobuciko babo obucokeme. ikholoniyali, njengoba kwenzeka e-Atlixco, eHuaquechuIa, eHuejotzingo naseCalpan, phakathi kwabanye.
Ama-niches achaziwe ayizibonelo ezimbalwa zezinto eziningi zokwakha zalolu hlobo esingazibona enhlokodolobha enhle yasePuebla. Siyethemba ukuthi azinakwa futhi zithola ukunakwa okufanele ekutadisheni umlando wobuciko bamakholoni eMexico.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-9 Okthoba-Novemba 1995
