Namuhla, kusukela kumfanekiso wobuciko obuningi nobucebile obunikezwa yisifundazwe saseVeracruz, kufanele kuqhakanjiswe isitayela sendabuko sezindlu ezisemfuleni woMfula iNautla, noma uMfula iBobos, oveza ubukhona, phakathi kokunye, kwesiko laseFrance kanye nomthelela walo kuze kube Yethula.
Ikhulu le-19 kwaba indawo yenqubo yokuzibusa kancane kancane kwezizwe zaseMelika, kanye nokuhamba kwezinkulungwane zabokufika abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, ababenephupho lokuchuma eMelika. Kulesi simo, iqembu lokuqala labokufika abangama-80 baseFrance, abesilisa nabesifazane, lafika edolobhaneni lomfula iJicaltepec ngonyaka we-1833, ikakhulukazi lisuka eFranche Comite (Champlitte) naseBurgundy, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeFrance; inhloso yakhe kwakungukusungula inkampani yezolimo yaseFranco-Mexico ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaStéphane Guenot, futhi ukufika kwakhe ngokushesha kwasungula iphuzu lokuxhumana kwamasiko phakathi kweMexico neFrance.
Ukuthutheleka kwamanye amazwe ngekhulu elidlule nakho kwakungumphumela weqiniso lokuthi izwe laseVeracruz lase liyingxenye yenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana kwezasolwandle eGulf of Mexico. Ngemizila yezohwebo esungulwe phakathi kweMelika neYurophu, lesi sifunda sigcine ukuxhumana namachweba aseFrance eLe Havre, eBordeaux naseMarseille, ngaphandle kokunciphisa izikhala zezingcingo ze-Antilles neFrench Guiana (ePort-au-Prince, eFort de France, eCayenne ), kanye nalezo ezisenyakatho yezwekazi (New Orleans, New York naseMontreal).
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1850, eJicaltepec (umasipala waseNautla) kuthuthukiswe uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lokwakhiwa komdabu, okuvela ukuthi imvelaphi yalo inkulu, ngenxa yeminikelo yabantu bokufika baseFrance. Iqembu lokuqala lamaGauls lajoyinwa abantu baseBurgundy, baseHaute Savoie, base-Alsace - izifundazwe ezisempumalanga - futhi, ngokulandelana, bevela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance: i-Aquitaine kanye nePyrenees. Futhi babevela eLouisiana (USA), bevela e-Italy naseSpain, ikakhulukazi. Laba bantu bokufika bashintshisana ngolwazi, amava kanye nezindlela zokwakha ezijwayelekile ezindaweni zabo zokudabuka, futhi ngasikhathi sinye bahlanganisa futhi bahumusha imithwalo esivele ikhona esifundeni. Lokhu kushintshana ngamasiko kungabonakala ngendlela abazisebenzise ngayo izinto namasu ekwakhiweni kwezindlu zabo nezindawo zezolimo; kancane kancane, izinhlobo zezindlu ezivelayo zisakazeka osebeni loMfula iNautla.
Izimo zezulu nezamanzi zinqume, ngezinga elikhulu, uhlobo lwezindlu nendlela yokuphila yezakhamuzi zakhona. Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo emabhange aseNautla imele, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuguqulwa kwezimo kusuka esimweni esibi kuya kwesinye esivumelana nokuphila.
Ukuhlala njalo kulolu hlobo lwendlu kwakungukusetshenziswa kophahla oluphezulu nolwe-angular, olungajwayelekile eMexico, izikhali zalo ezakhiwe ngokhuni oluhlukile olusikiwe lwahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwezinyathelo ezithile, futhi ekugcineni lambozwa yizinkulungwane zamathayili "esikalini" alenga, kusuka ku-spike noma isipikili, okuyingxenye yethayela, kuya kokhuni oluncane olubizwa nge- "alfajilla".
Lolu hlobo lwophahla lubizwa ngokuthi "uhhafu wesiketi", ngoba unophahla olufulelwe ngezinhlangothi ezine noma "olunamacala amane". Isebenzisa i-engeli eyehle kakhulu nomthambeka, owaziwa ngokuthi "umsila wedada", ovimbela amanzi emvula ukuthi angathinti izindonga, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zeziphepho kanye "nasenyakatho". Ngokufanayo, umkhuba wase-Europe wokwakha indawo yokulala eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ophahleni uyabonakala kwezinye izindlu.
Ukunwetshwa kwesitini sezindonga nethayela “lesikali” sophahla; ukusetshenziswa kwama "horcones" noma izinsika zamapulangwe nomsebenzi wokubaza; ukwakheka kwamakamelo nokuvuleka okuvumela umoya omncane wemvelo; ukhonkolo nge-oyster shell lime; Umphetho oyindilinga wehliswe ezicabheni nasemawindini, kuvulandi enezinsika zaseTuscan - esefashini eVeracruz emakhulwini eminyaka adlule - okunye kokushintshwa kwezinto zokwakha, amasu nezitayela ezisetshenziswe ngabenzi besifunda saseNautla ekwakhiweni izindlu.
Isitayela sendlu yethayela le-flake, namuhla, sanda cishe amakhilomitha ayi-17 eceleni koMfula iNautla, kuwo womabili amabhange; futhi ithonya layo emadolobheni angomakhelwane liyabonakala, ngokwesibonelo eMisantla.
Ngokutholakala kwempahla yenzalo yabahlali be-Gallic ebhange langakwesobunxele (namuhla umasipala waseMartínez de la Torre), ngo-1874 kwasungulwa imiphakathi emisha eyayigcina iphethini yokwakha esetshenziswa eJicaltepec, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu ekuqageleni yendlu, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhala. Izindlu ezisebhange langakwesobunxele zivame ukuba maphakathi nendawo futhi zizungezwe izingadi nezindawo zemifino nemisebenzi ejwayelekile yasemaphandleni, njengezolimo nemfuyo. Ama-facade anemipheme ebanzi esekelwa amakholomu wohlobo lweTuscan kanye nama "horcones" enkuni; kwesinye isikhathi uphahla luba nendawo eyodwa noma ezimbili zokulala ohlangothini lwe-façade, olubheke ngasemgwaqweni wasebukhosini - manje olungasetshenziswa olungahambelani nomfula. Amanye amakhaya anejetty yawo, ekhombisa ukuncika emfuleni iNautla njengendlela yokuxhumana kanye nomthombo ohlukile wokuphakelwa.
Isampula lomthelela walolu hlobo lwendlu ngale kwamabhange, singayithola eningizimu yomfula iNautla, edolobheni lase-El Huanal (umasipala waseNautla).
Ukwakhiwa lapho kungumphumela wokuhlanganiswa nokuchazwa okwenziwe ngumfiki wase-Italy, wesitayela sendlu esasikhona esifundeni ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka. Lokhu kubonakala ekusetshenzisweni kwamathayili we-flake ophahleni lwe-gabled nge-dormer ophahleni ngalunye, nasekuphumeni kwegumbi eliphezulu njengegumbi lokulala. Izisekelo zalo zobukhosi kanye nengxenye yezindonga zayo zenziwe ngamatshe omfula, futhi olungaphambili lwayo lubonisa umqondo ohlukile kunendlela yendabuko.
Epulazini i-El Copal ungabona ukwakhiwa okukhulu (okuphethwe ngumndeni wakwa-Anglada); Ubukhulu bayo nobuso bayo obuphakathi namabhokisi ezimbali nezimbali, kanye nomsebenzi wensimbi, kukhombisa ukufana okukhulu nezakhiwo ezinkulu nezephuzile ezitholakala eJicaltepec, njengendlu ejidal nendlu yomndeni wakwaDomínguez.
Ngesikhathi sePorfiriato, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zethayela zesikali esifundeni saseNautla kwafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwesitayela. Isibonelo salokhu yindlu yomndeni wakwaProal e-Paso de Telaya, eyaqala ngonyaka we-1903. Le ndlu imelane “nezimpumalanga” nezikhukhula ezinkulu zaseNautla, kepha ukungabi bikho kwesondlo nokusondela kwalo emfuleni kusongela ukuhlala kwawo ngokuphelele.
Emgwaqweni osuka eSan Rafael uye pier yaseJicaltepec yindlu yomndeni waseBelín, enye yamathayela okuqala we-flake akhiwe ebhange langakwesobunxele cishe ngo-1880, futhi agcinwe esesimweni esihle (isenayo " ama-horcones ”okuqala kohlaka lwezindonga zawo).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni zezifunda ezahlukahlukene ekwakhiweni, njengomsedari, i-oki, "i-chicozapote", "i-hojancho", "isimilo" ne "tepezquite", nezinkuni zakwamanye amazwe ezinjengophayini ophulukisiwe noma i- "pinotea" yaseCanada, futhi muva nje I-elm, ikhombisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakusebenza ezinikezwa imvelo, kanye nenani eliphelele lolwazi olutholwe ngokwakhiwa kwezindlu zasemaphandleni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni ophahleni nethayela le-flake ophahleni kwenza ukwakhiwa okulula kube lula futhi kube lula ukwenza.
Isici sobuhle bezindlu ezisogwini loMfula iNautla isimo se-Chinese pagoda esethathwa ngophahla. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho izingodo zophahla lwendlu ziguquka kancane kusuka kusisindo esingeziwe samashisi amanzi, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo sendawo.
Cishe ngo-1918, kwakhiwa indlu eyingqayizivele (manje ephethwe ngumndeni wakwaCollinot) e-El Mentidero phambi kophango lwaseLa Peña, olunentambo engaphikiswa yesitayela saseVeracruz. Inempumelelo yokuthi yakhelwe endaweni ephakeme, okuyivikele ekuphakameni komfula, kepha hhayi ekuhambeni kwesikhathi noma ekuwohlokeni okubangelwa imvelo.
Njengamanje kungenzeka ukwazisa e-El Mentidero, izindlu ezisesimweni esihle. Ezinye zazo zilungisiwe futhi zenziwa zanamuhla, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumlingiswa wazo osebenzayo nowe-rustic; Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunenani elikhulu lamakhaya esimweni esingagunci sokulahlwa.
ENautla, ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlobo lwezakhiwo sekwephuzile (1920-1930), futhi kuqondana nokukhula okwenziwe yizinkampani ezisawolintshi zaseNyakatho Melika; indlu yaseFuentes iyinsalela yalesi sikhathi.
INautla, njengechweba lamasu lokungena nokuphuma kwabantu nempahla, iqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokuzulazula ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wendawo, kanye nokusungulwa kwemizila yasolwandle eyayikhona phakathi kwesifunda esimbozwe yilo mfula namachweba IGulf of Mexico, ama-Antilles, iNyakatho Melika kanye neYurophu.
EFrance, ukusetshenziswa kwethayela lesikali kungabonakala ezakhiweni ezivela ngekhulu le-18; nansi indlela ekhonjiswa ngayo eBurgundy, eBeajeuu, eMacon, e-Alsace nakwezinye izifunda. EFort de France (eMartinique) siphinde saqinisekisa ubukhona basendulo bale tile.
Ngokusho kwezinye izazi-mlando, amathayili okuqala afike esifundeni saseNautla alethwe evela eFrance njenge-ballast kanye nempahla. Kodwa-ke, ithayela elidala kunawo wonke elitholakele lisuka ku-1859 futhi lisayina uPepe Hernández. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathayili anombhalo we-Anguste Grapin atholakale enezinsuku ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kuka-1860 no-1880, isikhathi esivumelana nentuthuko yezomnotho esifundeni, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokulinywa nokuthunyelwa kwe-vanilla.
Ukwakhiwa kwendlu yamatayela esikalini eJicaltepec kwagcinwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, kepha kwathathelwa indawo kakhulu ukuvela kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi (ishidi le-asbestos), kudela kakhulu ubuhle bezindlu.
Namuhla, yize kunezinkinga zomnotho eziqhubekayo, ukwakhiwa kwendlu yethayela le-flake kuyaphela. Ekupheleni kuka-1980 kwavela intshisekelo yokuvuselela isitayela sezindlu, silingisa amamodeli wendabuko, kuphela ukuthi okwamanje ithayela lihlinzeka ngohlaka lwokhuni futhi linanyathiselwe kubalingisi. Kepha lezi zinhlelo zokubuyiselwa zihlukanisiwe futhi zincike kuphela kumnikazi.
Ngeshwa, kunezindlu eziningana ezisongela ukuwa, njengaleyo yomndeni wakwaProal e-Paso de Telaya; lowo womndeni wakwaCollinot, e-El Mentidero; leyo yomndeni wakwaBelín, emgwaqweni osuka eSan Rafael oya ePaso de Telaya, nalowo kaMnu. Miguel Sánchez, e-El Huanal. Kunganconywa kakhulu ukuthi ohulumeni baseFrance naseMexico bahlele ukubuyiselwa kwaleli fa elijwayelekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakhe indawo yokuheha izivakashi esifundeni.
UMA UYA EMABHangeZI OMFULA U-NAUTLA
Umgwaqo ongena emadolobheni asebhange elingakwesobunxele, ongaphansi kukamasipala waseMartínez de la Torre, uhamba ngomgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni no. Ezingu-129 zisuka eTeziutlán-Martínez de la Torre-Nautla, zibheke eSan Rafael, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-80 emgwaqweni omkhulu oshiwo; ukuvakashela amadolobha asebhange elingakwesokudla, okungumasipala waseNautla, umgwaqo ongena ngomgwaqo omkhulu we-federal no. 180, 150 km ukusuka ethekwini laseVeracruz.
