Kwakungunyaka ka-900. Lapho kushisa isithando somlilo esasifile, insimbi endala yegolide yatshela abangane bayo abasha ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kwase kuqalile kanjani phakathi kwamaMixtec.
Wayazi kokhokho bakhe ukuthi izinto zokuqala zensimbi zazilethwe ngabathengisi abavela emazweni akude. Lokhu bekuyiminyaka eminingi eyedlule, eminingi kangangokuba bekungasekho memori. Laba bathengisi, abasavakashela ogwini, baletha izinto eziningi ukuzoshintshana ngazo; Beza ukufuna, phakathi kokunye, amagobolondo abomvu e-bivalve neminenke, abahlonishwa kakhulu emikhosini yabo yenkolo.
Ekuqaleni, insimbi yayifakwa ngesando; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphezu kokuyishaya ibanda, yashiswa ukuze ingabhidliki. Kamuva, abathengisi bakwamanye amazwe basifundisa abakhandi begolide indlela yokwenza isikhunta nokuncibilikisa insimbi: baletha izingcezu ezinhle ezazicwebezela njengelanga.Basikhombisa nokuthi imifula yayiqukethe kanjani i-diziñuhu ephuzi ekhazimulayo emanzini abo; Babenesikhathi esanele sokwenza, ngoba lapho ulwandle lwaluthukuthele bahlala isikhathi eside emazweni ethu. Kusukela lapho, igolide seliqoqiwe lisuka emifuleni ngemikhumbi ekhethekile, ukuze liyiswe eworkshop, lapho ingxenye ethile incibilika ibe ngamathayili enye incane, isala njengokuncibilikisa okusanhlamvu kancane kancane.
Maduze, yonke into abathengisi bakwamanye amazwe ababebafundise yona, abakhandi begolide baseMixtec bakudlula ngobuhlakani babo: kwaba yibo abaqala ukusebenzisa okumhlophe okukhazimulayo (dai ñuhu cuisi), isiliva, insimbi yeNyanga, ehlangene ne igolide, futhi ngale ndlela bakwazi ukusebenza kangcono futhi bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eningiliziwe besebenzisa imicu yegolide elincanyana nelihle, abayithola ekubunjweni okufanayo kocezu.
Le ndlela yokwakha, nayo eyafundwa kubathengisi bakwamanye amazwe, yasetshenziswa ezintweni ze-tumbaga - ingxubevange equkethe igolide elincane kanye nethusi eliningi - ukubanikeza isiphetho esinjenge "golide elicwengekileyo": into yashiswa kwaze kwafika ithusi yakha ungqimba ngaphezulu, ngemuva kwalokho kwafakwa ijusi ene-asidi kwezinye izitshalo - noma nomchamo omdala noma i-alum - ukuyisusa. Isiphetho esifanayo besingatholwa ngqo "ngeplati yegolide". Ngokungafani nabantu bakwamanye amazwe, abakhandi begolide beMixtec bebengayisebenzisi njalo le ndlela, njengoba bangeza ithusi elincane kuma-alloys abo.
Lapho umkhandi wegolide omdala eyosebenza eworkshop eyofunda ukuhweba kukayise, wamangala kakhulu ukubona ukuthi izando, zisebenzisa izigaxa zamatshe ezinamandla futhi zincike kwizivimbo ezilula zobunjwa obuhlukile, zakha amashidi wobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ngokusho zama ukwenza amasongo asekhaleni, izindlebe, amasongo, amabhande angaphambili noma izitsha; Ngalawo amancane kakhulu, amalahle nobumba lobuvalo kwahlanganiswa, futhi ngobukhulu kakhulu benza amadiski kankulunkulu welanga, lapho, ngokulandela imiyalo yabapristi, benza imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomfanekiso nge-chisel.
Ngasinye sezimpawu sasinencazelo yaso (ama-frets, ngokwesibonelo, ukubonakaliswa okuhlelekile kukankulunkulu uKoo Sau, kwaveza inyoka). Ngalesi sizathu, imiqulu, ama-meanders, imigqa emifushane ye-wavy, imiklamo, izinhlamvu kanye nama-braids, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kunesikhungo segolide, kwagcina izici ezifanayo. Ukwenza izinto ngegolide kweMixtec kwahlukaniswa yizinto ezithile, njengezintambo ezincanyana ezifana nezintambo - ngazo, ngaphezu kwezimpaphe nezimbali, abadwebi baklama izici zonkulunkulu - nezinsimbi ze-sonorous ezazisetshenziselwa ukuqeda izingcezu.
Thina maMixtec siziqhenya kakhulu ngezingcezu zethu zegolide; Besihlale singabanikazi bephuzi elikhazimulayo, imfucuza yeLanga God Yaa Yusi, yena uqobo alufaka emifuleni yethu; sicebe kakhulu kule nsimbi, futhi siyayilawula. Abakhandi begolide bavunyelwe ukusebenza ngegolide, kepha yizicukuthwane, ababusi, abapristi namaqhawe kuphela abangasebenzisa izinto ezenziwe ngale nsimbi, ngoba kubhekwa njengento engcwele.
Abakhandi begolide bakhiqiza ubucwebe bezimpawu nezimpawu. Owokuqala wanika ogqokayo amandla namandla: izindlebe, imigexo, izivikelo zesifuba, ama-pectorals, amasongo, amasongo, izindandatho ezilula zohlobo lwendilinga kanye nezinye ezinezindandatho, izipikili zamanga, ama-disc angenalutho noma ama-embossed motifs kanye nama-inlays of turquoise kanye ne-lamellae okuzothungwa ngokuhlukile izingubo. Lezi zimpawu, ngokwazo, zazikhombisa amazinga aphezulu emphakathini phakathi kwezicukuthwane uqobo; zazigqokwa ngokohlu lozalo –njengama-tiaras, imiqhele nemiqhele--, noma ngokufaneleka kwempi –njengezindandatho zekhala, izinkinobho zekhala kanye nelebia. Ngalezi zingubo eziyigugu nezimpawu, umbusi wakhombisa ukuthi uyinzalo yonkulunkulu; Babemnike amandla, yingakho wabusa futhi izwi lakhe lalingumthetho.
Izinto zegolide eziyigugu esizenzele kuqala kuphela onkulunkulu bethu, abapristi, amaqhawe nababusi; kamuva, saqala ukuwakhangisa kwamanye amadolobha amakhulu, ngaphandle kwesifunda sethu. Kodwa sathengisa kuphela izinto! Ulwazi lokwenza ucezu luyimfihlo abaqaphi begolide abayigada ngomona, beludlulisa lusuka kubaba luye endodaneni.
Okokuqala into yaklanywa nge-wax; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwakhiwa isikhunta samalahle nobumba, kwasala amanye "ama-vent" ukuze umoya uphume lapho uthela insimbi encibilikile. Ngemuva kwalokho isikhunta sabekwa ku-bracero, ukuze i-wax incibilike futhi isuse izimbotshana ebezizohlala igolide.
Isikhunta akumele sisuswe emlilweni, ngoba kufanele sishise futhi singabi nomswakama noma i-wax ngesikhathi sokukhipha igolide; insimbi, encibilikisiwe ngasikhathi sinye embobeni enqabayo, siyithululela emlonyeni wesikhunta ukuze igeleze emigodini eshiywe yi-wax.
Isikhunta kwakudingeka sivunyelwe ukupholisa kancane ku-brazier esivele icishiwe; kanye lapho kubanda ngokuphelele, isikhunta saphuka kwathi ucezu lwasuswa; Kamuva, kwenziwa inqubo yokupholisha nokuhlanza: ukupholisha kokuqala kwakungukususa amamaki emigodini; kwabe sekufakwa okugeza kwe-alum kuleso siqeshana futhi ama-oxides angaphezulu asuswa ngomlilo; ekugcineni, ngaphambi kokupholisha futhi, yanikezwa ibhavu ye-asidi, ukuze igolide licwebezele ngokwengeziwe.
Thina maMixtec sinolwazi lokwenza izinsimbi ngokuphelele: siyakwazi ukwenza ama-alloys, ukushisela amakhaza nokushisa, ngokusebenzisa izinto zokugcwalisa, njengamakristalu ethusi nesiliva, noma ngokuncibilikisa izingxenye ezimbili zokujoyina, ngaphandle kokungeza enye insimbi; Singakwazi futhi ukuhlanganisa izinsimbi ngokushaya ngesando. Siyaziqhenya ngomsebenzi wethu lapho sithola ukuthi izingxenye ezihlanganiswe ndawonye azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa! Siyazi ukuthi siqinisa kanjani, ngigxivize, crimp amatshe ezintekenteke emboss, futhi siyazi ithuluzi elifanele ukufeza imiklamo emincane noma oyindilinga.
Abakhandi begolide bazuza ubuciko nolwazi oluningi ngenqubo yokuncibilikisa ukuthi bangasebenzisa izinsimbi ezimbili - igolide nesiliva - kwisikhunta esifanayo ukwenza izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: igolide lathelwa kuqala, ngoba iphuzu lalo lokuncibilika liphezulu. phezulu, bese kuthi ngezinga elithile lokupholisa, kepha noma kunjalo ngesikhunta esishisayo ku-brazier, isiliva lathululwa.
Izindandatho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinesibalo sezinyoni ezinamathiselwe, zidinga ukucwengwa okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba, ngaphezu kokudinga isikhunta eziningana, zonke izingxenye ezakha ucezu kufanele zincibilikiswe futhi ziboshwe.
Abakhandi begolide babephethwe abapristi, ikakhulukazi lapho kwakumele bamelele onkulunkulu emasongweni, elengayo, amabroshi kanye nama-pectorals: UTho Ita, inkosi yezimbali nehlobo; UKoo Sau, inyoka enezimpiko engcwele; U-Iha Mahu, oFlays One, unkulunkulu wasentwasahlobo nabakhandi begolide; Yaa Dzandaya, unkulunkulu we-Underworld; UÑuhu Savi noma uDazahui, unkulunkulu wemvula nombani, noJaa Nikandii, unkulunkulu welanga, bahlanganiswe negolide uqobo. Bonke babemelwe njengamadoda, kufaka phakathi iLanga, elaphinde lavuswa laba yimibuthano ebushelelezi noma ngemisebe yelanga ebekiwe. Onkulunkulu babenokubonakaliswa kwe-zoomorphic: ama-jaguar, izinkozi, ama-pheasants, izimvemvane, izinja, ama-coyotes, ama-turtles, amaxoxo, izinyoka, izikhova, amalulwane nama-opossum. Izigcawu zemicimbi ye-cosmogonic eyabanjwa kwezinye izingcezu nazo zazigadiwe ngabapristi.
Ubusuku base buhambile, futhi isithando somlilo sokuncibilikisa sasicishe sibande ngokuphelele. Abafundi abasebancane kwakudingeka bathathe umhlalaphansi, ngoba ngosuku olulandelayo, ngemisebe yokuqala yasekuseni, kwakudingeka babuyele eworkshop ukuze babe izingcweti zeLanga.
Umkhandi wegolide omdala waqalaza ezungeze izindawo ezungezile wabeka amehlo akhe otini:
Omunye wemisebenzi yami yokuqala kwakuwukupholisha, ngendwangu kakotini ethambile, amashidi ensimbi acwebezelayo afakwa kule die.
Unyaka ngu-1461. Umkhandi wegolide osekhulile kudala washona, kanjalo nabalaleli bakhe ababelalele. Ubuciko bokwenza igolide buqhubeka nokutshalwa ngobuciko obufanayo, ukuziqhenya nentshiseko efanayo. Isitayela seMixtec sesibekiwe ngenxa yokuthi abakhandi begolide bayazi futhi basebenza emisebenzini yabo izimpawu nezithixo ezaziwa futhi ezihlonishwa yibo bonke abantu bemvelo yabo.
I-Coixtlahuaca nemithamo yayo iwele ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Mexica; kancane kancane, obunye ubukhosi beMixtec bungaphansi kweTenochtitlan; Izinto eziningi zegolide zifika kulelo dolobha njengezinkokhelo. E-Tenochtitlan manje usungathola imisebenzi eyenziwe ezikhungweni ze-Mixtec ze-golds nase-Azcapotzalco, idolobha lapho i-Mexica idlulisele khona imihlangano yokusebenzela i-Mixtec yegolide.
Isikhathi siyahamba. Bekungelula ukunqoba amaMixtec: iTututepec iyaqhubeka nokuba yinhloko dolobha yeMixteca de la Costa; umuzi owake waba ngumbusi onamandla 8 iJaguar Claw Deer ukuphela kwendlela ezimele yesizinda saseMexico.
Kufika unyaka ka-1519. AbakwaMixes babone ezinye izindlu ezintantayo; abanye abezinye izizwe bayeza. Ingabe bazoletha izinto abazoshintshana ngazo? Yebo, ubuhlalu beglasi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bezingcezu zegolide.
Kusukela lapho uHernán Cortés ebuza uMoctezuma ukuthi likuphi igolide, bekusobala ukuthi likwi-Oaxaca. Ngakho-ke, insimbi yeMexico yafika ezandleni zaseSpain njengeziphangi zempi futhi nangokuphangwa kwamathuna.
Lapho ukunqotshwa kwenziwa, amaMixtec aqhubeka nokukhokha intela yawo ngegolide: izinto eziyigugu lapho indawo yazo yayiyisisekelo. Onkulunkulu, baphenduka ama-ingots, baya emazweni akude, lapho, lapho baphinde bancibilika futhi baguqulwa baba yizinhlamvu zemali, akekho owakwazi ukubabona. Abanye babo, labo abangcwatshwa, bazama ukunganakwa: bathule, abakhiphi ngisho nokukhanya okukodwa. Bevikelwe ngumhlaba, balinda izingane zabo zeqiniso ukuthi zivele ngaphandle kokwesaba i-crucible. Lapho zivela, abakhandi begolide bazokhuluma indaba yabo futhi babavikele; AmaMixtec ngeke avumele ukuthi okwedlule kudlule emhlabeni. Amazwi abo anamandla, hhayi ngeze baphatha amandla eLanga.
Umthombo: Izindima Zomlando No. 7 Ocho Venado, uMnqobi weMixteca / December 2002
