IMexico Desconocido yethula le ndaba ngomcimbi wokuguqulwa kukaPreciado Regalo, umfana ongumfana wase-Olmec obhekene nomntwana eLa Venta, eminyakeni engu-750 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu ...
Ukuma kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku nobukhulu besithunzi selanga ohambweni lwaso lokushona kukhombisa ukuthi umhlaba ukhulelwe impilo entsha; futhi imvelo yachuma ekuvuselelweni kwayo kwaphakade.
E-La Venta, odumile Inhlokodolobha yase-Olmec indawo eseningizimu yeGulf, empumalanga umcimbi okhazimulayo wonyaka we-750 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, owesishiyagalombili IJaguar Claw KingdomKwakufanele kugujwe ngemikhosi yomphakathi ebabazekayo yesizotha nobukhosi obukhulu. Babelindele, yiqiniso, i- ukuvakashelwa kwabo bonke abaholi kanye nezakhamizi eziningi zesifunda esikhulu esizungezile, lapho iLa Venta iyisikhungo esiyinhloko semikhosi.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu edlule, lapho ISan Lorenzo kwakuyinhloko-dolobha enkulu yesifunda i-OlmecILa Venta yayingeyona nje isikhungo sesibili esisesiqhingini okwathi, ngenkathi yemvula, sazungezwa ngokuphelele ngamanzi. Kepha ngenkathi eyomile i izungeze amaxhaphozi eningizimu nasempumalanga, nemifula emibili ongahamba ngayo uye enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasentshonalanga. Konke okulethwe enkabeni, kufaka phakathi amabhlogo amakhulu namakhulu asindayo asetshenziswe ezikhumbuzo zawo, ama-slabs amatshe kanye nezigidi zamabhasikidi omhlaba ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu awo amaningi kanye nezindunduma kanye nombhoshongo omkhulu owawubusa indawo esogwini Balethwa enkabeni ngomfula osentshonalanga, owawungowokujula kakhulu.
Konke ukwakhiwa kweLa Venta, kubandakanya indawo yamatshe esikhumbuzo nendawo yokungcwaba kanye neminikelo yangaphansi komhlaba, kulandelwe a ukuqondiswa okususelwa kulayini wesikhungo ongacabanga, ngokususelwa kumumo wezinkanyezi ohambelana no-8 ° entshonalanga ye-magnetic yangempela yasenyakatho. Izivakashi zakulesi sikhungo zazihlale zihlabeke umxhwele ngezigidi zamathani onhlabathi namatshe, kanye nomsebenzi odingekayo ukwakha lezo zakhiwo. Kepha Okubamangaze kakhulu ubukhulu nobuhle bezikhumbuzo, iqoshwe ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi i- amakhanda amakhulu olmec uhlobo lwe-portrait, okwakubonakala sengathi imvelo uqobo lwayo ibabazi. Kamuva nje bakubona lokho itshe lalingekho eLa Venta noma endaweni ezungezile, nokuthi kwakudingeka bayilethe besuka kude, besebenzisa inani elikhulu labantu, bewela amahlathi, imifula namaxhaphozi ... Kwakubabazeka ngempela!
UKULUNGISELELWA KWESIKO
I- amalungiselelo ngomkhosi omkhulu manje bathathe amasonto. Ukushintshanisa obhasikidi bommbila, abantu abasha abaningi bathembisa ukuhlanza izikwele nemigwaqo eseceleni; Abasebenzi baqashwa ukulungisa, uku-plasta, nokupenda izindunduma ezibomvu nezinkundla. Enxanxathela yokuhlala yezicukuthwane, eningizimu-mpumalanga yepiramidi enkulu, inqwaba yenyama enosawoti wezinyamazane, ufudu, unogwaja, ingwenya, inhlanzi nenja besezivele zigcinwe, konke kulethwe edolobheni ngezikebhe ezingaphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyama ibizonikezwa okusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ummbila, izilimo eziyizigaxa, amajusi nezithelo ezimnandi. Bebevele besebenzise inqwaba yesiphuzo esenziwe ngommbila, abasifaka ezitsheni ezinkulu zobumba, basigcina esihlabathini ukuze kugcine izinga lokushisa lipholile futhi lihlala njalo. Uzipho lweJaguar unqume ukuthi isiko lenkolo Eyinhloko yayizokwenzeka e-altare ohlangothini olungasempumalanga yesikhulumi esikhulu esisenyakatho-ningizimu, eduze nendawo yokuhlala ephakeme. Wayekuqophe ukugubha okwakhe unyaka wokuqala njengompristi-umbusi ophakeme. Kepha wephula isiko, esikhundleni sokuvezwa ku-niche engokomfanekiso ephethe ukubaza kwengane ehlanganisiwe ye-anthropomorphic, yena uqobo wavezwa ephethe intambo eboshelwe othunjiwe ukugcizelela amandla akhe njengomholi wezwe nowenkolo, isenzo esaphawula kakhulu futhi sagxekwa yizikhulu. zenkolo. Abangane bakhe nabasekeli bakhe, kufaka phakathi umqophi omkhulu weLa Venta, bambheka njengomsunguli.
Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu kweLa Venta Kwakungeyona uJaguar Claw, umbusi wayo omkhulu ongumbusi, kodwa "ubuso bomfana" obusha, owayesevele ebone izinguquko eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye zonyaka futhi ehlala endaweni eyimfihlo yendawo yokuhlala ehlala uJaguar's Claw uqobo. Impumelelo yemikhosi yayixhomeke ekutheni le nhlangano ehlonishwa yakhuthazelela kanjani imikhosi yenkolo, ngoba iningi labo lafa liseyizinsana. Labo abafinyelela ngempumelelo ebudaleni bahlonishwa ngomfanekiso omkhulu wamatshe (ikhanda elikhulu le-Olmec).
INDABA YESIPHO ESIBALULEKILE
Abantu "ubuso bengane", noma ubuso bengane, yilokho namuhla esikubiza ngokuthi izingane ezine-Down Syndrome nezinye ezihlobene ne- ukuguqulwa. Kwakungcwele phakathi kwama-Olmec ngoba imvelo uqobo yakhetha yona futhi yabenza bahluka kwabanye abantu. UPrecious Gift, ubuso bomntwana obukhona manje beLa Venta, ubelethwe ngowesifazane osekhulile esikhungweni sesibili, ibanga elingamahora ayishumi nambili ukusuka eLa Venta. Umama wakhe wamqamba igama Isipho esiyigugu ngoba wayithola emvelweni sekwephuzile empilweni.
Ukuba ingane eyejwayelekile, eneminyaka emibili ubudala wayevele ebonakalisile izici zobuso bosana: ikhanda elinde elinemisipha yokuvala kancane, izinwele ezincanyana nezincanyana, amehlo amise okwe-alimondi anamafolda acacile eMongoloid, umhlathi obanzi, isibalo se-palatal, ulimi olukhulu, intamo emfushane nebanzi, izitho ezimfushane nezibanzi, izitho zangasese ezingathuthukile kanye nolayini owodwa ezandleni. Wayengakhulumi futhi engahambi, futhi ngumama wakhe omdala kuphela owayeqonda ukugquma akwenza. Ngenkathi kwaziwa ukuthi ngempela wayengumuntu obukeka enganeni, umpristi nomsizi bamyisa emhumeni ezintabeni ezikude zasentshonalanga, lapho bamfaka khona amasiko okuzihlanza, bahlaba i-septum noma uqwanga lwamakhala kanye nezindlebe zezindlebe futhi bazungeza ikhanda layo ngamabhantshi enkuni ukuyinika isimo esiyingqayizivele sobuso bosana. Ukugcizelela lo mehluko, baphuce amakhanda abo futhi kwezinye izimo bafake izigqoko zokuzivikela.
UPrecious Gift uhambe kahle. Umpristi ahlala naye wamqeqesha ngesineke, emfundisa ukuhlala athule isikhathi eside, ahlale ethule egqoke izifihla-buso zomlomo nezingubo ezinzima, futhi abekezelele ukudonswa igazi. Into ebuhlungu kakhulu futhi enzima ukumfundisa ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwemaski yomlomo ukulungiselela imikhosi yesiko. Lezi zimaski zamzwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu kangangokuba zamnikeza iziphuzo zemithi ye-narcotic ukuze ayikhulule. Ngolunye usuku, esenonyaka wakhe weshumi wokuphila, umpristi-umbusi waseLa Venta weza ezombona, ngoba ubuso bomntwana ohlonishwayo enhlokodolobha babulawe yisilonda esenziwa ngumnikelo wegazi ongakaze uphole. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili wokubukwa bamyisa eLa Venta lapho bamenza ubuso obukhulu bengane, futhi baqala ukudweba isithombe sakhe ukuze bahambisane namakhosi afile ohambweni lwabo bebuyela Enhliziyweni Yentaba.
USUKU LWESIKHUMBUZO ESIKHULU
Lapho ekugcineni ifika usuku olukhulu lwemikhosi yokuvuselela nokuzala, abantu abaningi bathatha uhambo lokuhambela izindawo ezithile ukuze benze iminikelo yabo eziqongweni zezintaba, emihumeni nasemathempelini lapho amanzi aphuma khona ezintabeni ezithulile.
ELa Venta, ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, izicukuthwane zokugcinaNgemuva kwemikhuba emide yokuzihlanza, baqeda imikhuba yabo yokopha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa bengavumi ukuya ocansini nokudla. Cishe zonke babegqoke izingubo zabo ezinhle kakhulu, izigqoko zekhanda ezinhle, ezinye zimile okwezilwane, zihlotshiswe ngamatshe akhazimulayo nezimpaphe ezinemibala; i-jade, i-serpentine ne-obsidian earmuffs kanye nama-pendants, amaningi asesimweni sembali noma angenalutho ngezindikimba zenkolo, ezinye zenziwe ngobumba noma ngokhuni, zipendiwe. Amadoda ayegqoke iziketi ezimfishane, izikhindi, namabhinca ngamabhande namabhakede ngezitayela ezahlukahlukene; izivakashi ezivela eningizimu bezigqoke iziketi ezimfushane ezidonswe phansi okhalweni futhi zahlangana ebhakedeni, ziveza ingxenye yensimbi. Abacebile nabanamandla babegqoka imigexo ye-jade yokujika okuningi, ama-pectorals angunxande noma ayisiyingi anezithombe ze-anthropomorphic composite. Ezinye izicukuthwane zazigqoka izingubo ezinde, ezinye zinezimpaphe, kodwa ukotini onemibala eqinile eminingi nemigoqo yemibala ehlukene onqenqemeni. Izicukuthwane zaseLa Venta zazifika njalo zingafake zicathulo, kodwa izivakashi zazo eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezazivela eningizimu, zazigqoka izimbadada eziphakeme. Abesifazane babegqoka izigqoko ezinde, eziningi zikakotini okhanyayo, nezimbali ezinweleni zabo. Uzipho lweJaguar, umpristi ophakeme nosaziwayo, wayegqoke isigqoko sephepha se-amate esiyindilinga esasimi ebhandeni elinophawu ethwele ubuso be-anthropomorph enama-rectangles amabili anezikhala ezinesimo se- "V" ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-insignia. Wafaka izindlebe ze-jade nesivikelo sesifuba esikhulu esingunxande esinesikhala "V" esikhombisa sonke isibalo se-anthropomorph eyinhlanganisela. Wayegqoke okhalweni ngebhande elibanzi nebhande elinophawu lwemigoqo ewelekile, noma isiphambano sikaSt Andrew. Ingubo yakhe yaqedwa nge-Cape emhlophe eyehlela eqakaleni, lapho kwakukhona ibhendi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Endleleni ka-Olmec, wayengafake zicathulo.
Ngaphandle enkabeni abantu bagcwale kuzo zonke izikhala nokulindela kwanda.
Kwakusekuseni kakhulu lapho ukukhala kwamagobolondo kumemezele ukuqala komcimbi. Ngokuduma okuncane okudabukisayo kwesigubhu esikhulu sesikhumba, udwendwe lwaqala ukuvela. Ngokuzithoba, ngezinyathelo ezihamba kancane nezilinganisiwe, wavela UJaguar Claw, esikhundleni sakhe njengompristi wokuqala. Kwabe sekumangaza wonke umuntu, kwavela umbhede ophahleni, uvulekile, ethwele uPrecious Gift, egqoke umchilo kuphela futhi ehleli enqamule imilenze embhedeni wezimbali namagobongo. Ngemuva kukadoti kweza abapristi nabasizi, abaphezulu beLa Venta nezivakashi zabo, ekugcineni abaholi besifunda ngokulandelana kwabo.
Ngemuva kokuba udwendwe lufinyelele ohlangothini oluseningizimu lweplatifomu ebelisebenza njengesisekelo sephiramidi, udoti waphakanyiswa phezu kwalo wabekwa ngendlela yokuthi wonke umuntu abone ubuso bengane ngaphambi "koshintsho" lwayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, kulandelwa umpristi ophakeme, ubuso bobusana buthathwe bayiswa eqhugwaneni elifulelwe ngophahla lwesundu, elakhiwe phansi kwepiramidi kulo mkhosi okhethekile. Kwakufanekisela ukungena kwentaba engcwele, lapho ubuso bomntwana babugqokiswe ngokwesiko izembatho zasendulo ze-zoomorphic yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, nalapho ukunyakaza ngakunye kwakunamandla omlingo wokuthakatha.
Ngosizo lwezinceku zakhe, umpristi omkhulu iqale ngokufaka ucezu lwethambo engxenyeni yamakhala yomntwana ebusweni ukugcina udebe lwaphezulu luphakanyisiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho wabeka i- imaski yomlomo wezilwane ezihuquzelayo lokho kukhombise amazinyo aphezulu phakathi kwalawa aphansi ukuwahlukanisa nalawo omgogodla. Ngemuva kwalokho wabeka i- i-cross bar slope nebhande elibanzi okhalweni ngebhakede ebeliphethe nophawu lwemigoqo ewele. Masinyane weza i-cape feather ebabazekayo Kwehlela okhalweni lwakhe ukuze kungathinti phansi lapho ehleli. Ekugcineni wabeka umqhele, uphawu oluyisisekelo lwe-reptilian zoomorphic. Isisekelo salesi sigqoko sasinebhande lesikhumba eline- "mirror" phakathi nendawo namashiya amabili e-jade anezinhlangothi emaceleni. Kusuka eqenjini, kwajika emuva, umqhele wesigqoko sasekhanda waphela ngoxande abane ababunjwe yimigqa emibili ehlelwe ngesimo sesiphambano. Ngemuva, futhi ngiphuma ngaphansi kwebhande lesikhumba, indwangu ende hhayi ende, enezintambo zasemaceleni ezigcina ngama-slits, imboze amahlombe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwekhanda, liqala phezulu kunebhande lesikhumba futhi lehle liye cishe emahlombe, isiqeshana sephepha le-amate eligxishiwe simboze izindlebe zakhe. Lokhu "kuguqulwa" kwakufanekisela uhambo lobuso bomntwana oluya enkabeni yentaba enkulu yendalo., emelwe yi-zoomorph eyiziqhwaga, lapho yaba khona noma "yaguqulwa" yaba i-anthropomorph eyinhlanganisela, ukwenziwa samuntu kobunye phakathi kwemvelo nobuntu.
Umsindo wemitshingo, izinsimbi zegobolondo nomsindo oshisayo wezigubhu wamemezela kulabo ababekhona ukuthi udwendwe lwaluqhubekela “ealtare” likaJaguar's Claw, kulokhu udoti umbozwe ngaphambili walandelwa ngumpristi omkhulu ngezinyawo. Ukuphazanyiswa komculo bekuwuphawu lokuthi bafinyelele "ealtare." Kancane kancane babeka udoti "e-altare", kwasuswa amakhethini kwavela ne-anthropomorph phambi kwabantu. Njengoba ukumangala kwabantu kuphelile, izisebenzi ziqale zashisa impepho futhi Uzipho lukaJaguar lunikele ngomntwana, ebeka ikhanda nezitho zomzimba wakhe ngaphambi kwe-niche "ye-altare", efanekisela ukufa okuyisiko kobuso bengane. Ngemuva kwezinye izinto zokuhlanza, wathela amanzi ayigugu phansi njengomnikelo, wafaka ngokushesha igobolondo elisikiwe, elifana ne-mitten, esandleni sokudla sika-anthropomorph. Ngokunjalo, isiko lomdlalo liphethwe ngothoshi ongokomfanekiso kwesinye isandla se-anthropomorph. EMpumalanga isiko lokuzala, okubandakanya amanzi nomlilo, okufanekisela imvelo ekuvezeni kwayo okuphezulu kokuphila nokufa.
Izikhumbuzo eziningi zeLa Venta zikhumbula lesi sikhathi se- umcimbi omkhulu wokuvuselela.
Ngemuva kwale micikilisho, izicukuthwane nezivakashi zabo babuyela ezindlini zokuhlala beyoqala imikhosi, beshiya i-anthropomorph "e-altare" ukuze ibongwe. Ngesikhathi abantu beqhubekela phambili ukukubona, kwabiwa ukudla neziphuzo. Lapho ukudla sekuqediwe, amakhethini ombhede adonswa phansi kwathathwa i-anthropomorphist yayiswa emagumbini ayo esigodlweni sompristi-umbusi. Ngalobo busuku, ngesikhathi sedina elikhulu egcekeni lesigodlo sikaJaguar sikaClaw, esinye sezivakashi ezazivela emazweni akude entshonalanga, lapho izintaba zibhemela khona, zathandana nenye yamadodakazi kaJaguar's Claw. Wayeyindodana yenkosi yesikhungo esincane senkolo esibizwa ngeChalcatzingo.
