Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamadoda buvela ngezinto, njengoba sibona ngezinto zemivubukulo ezitholwe ePaquimé ngesikhathi kumbiwa okwenziwa nguDkt.Charles Di Peso
Lezi zinto zivumela ukuthi zisinikeze umbono olinganiselayo wokuthi abantu babenjani nokuthi impilo yabo yansuku zonke yadlula kanjani. Ukuqoqwa kwesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo kukhombisa ukuthi amadoda ahlaliswe emadolobhaneni asezindaweni ezingasemifuleni esifundeni. Babegqoka izingubo ezinhle ezenziwe ngemicu etholakala kuma-agave akhula emithambekeni yezintaba. Bapenda ubuso babo ngezinombolo zejiyomethri ezinamabhande amile futhi avundlile, ngaphezulu kwamehlo nasezihlathini, njengoba kungabonakala emikhunjini ye-anthropomorphic yamakherikhi athandekayo we-polychrome Casas Grandes.
Basike izinwele zabo ngaphambili bazishiya zinde emuva. Zilenga ezindlebeni zazo, ezingalweni nasentanyeni, amacici (izigaxa ezinjengezinsimbi) ezenziwe ngezinto zeshell zasolwandle kanye / noma ngethusi.
Ukuhwebelana okuthengiswayo kwale mikhiqizo kwaqala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, impela kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba izilimo zokuqala zenziwe endaweni. Kamuva, ukuhweba kwalezi zihloko kwanda kakhulu, okwakuhlobene ngqo nazo zonke izinkolelo zabo futhi kuncike kuzinsizakusebenza ezibanikezwa yimvelo. Kulesi sifunda, imayini yethusi yangaphambi kweSpanishi eseduze neyaseTurkey, yalabo abafundwe abavubukuli, isendaweni yaseGila River, eyakhelene nabantu baseSilver City, eningizimu yeNew Mexico, okungukuthi, abangaphezu kuka-600 amamayela enyakatho.
Kwakunamanye amadiphozi ethusi, njengaleyo esendaweni esezindundumeni zaseSalmayuca, amakhilomitha angama-300 empumalanga. Izazi eziningi zizamile ukuhlanganisa izimayini zaseZacatecas namasiko asenyakatho; kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sobukhosi bePaquimé, amaChalchihuites ayeyizinsalela zemivubukulo kuphela.
Cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-500 entshonalanga, enqamula ezintabeni, kwakungamabhange amagobolondo aseduze kakhulu nePaquimé, futhi kude kakhulu nalawo maqembu ayethengisa ithusi ngamagobolondo nangezimpaphe ezimibalabala ze-macaw ezifundeni ezisenyakatho. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaChichimecas asePaquimé akhethe igobolondo esikhundleni samatshe endawo ukwenza imihlobiso yawo. Okunye okwakuhlonishwa kakhulu kwakuwu-turquoise, owangeniswa ezimayini zaseCerrillos esifundeni iGila River.
Umsebenzi wokucwaninga kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kuzovumela ukukhomba ngokuqiniseka izindawo lapho kuvela khona ithusi no-turquoise endaweni yaseGreat Chichimeca naseMesoamerica, nangezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi, kusukela namuhla kusacatshangwa ukuthi I-Turquoise etholakala kumasayithi ahambelana nezikhathi zeToltec ne-Aztec, futhi lokho okusetshenziswe ngamanye amaqembu afana namaTarascans, amaMixtec namaZapotec, aqhamuka ezifundeni ezikude zaseNew Mexico.
Endabeni kaPaquimé sikhuluma ngenkathi Ephakathi, yaphakathi kuka-1060 no-1475 wenkathi yethu, ehambisana nesikhathi samaToltecs aseQuetzalcóatl namaMeya aseChichén Itzá, kanye nemvelaphi yenkolo yaseTezcatlipoca.
UFray Bernardino de Sahagún uphawula ukuthi amaToltec kwakungamadoda okuqala aseMesoamerican angena emazweni asenyakatho eyofuna amaTurquoise. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaTlacatéotl, i-chalchíhuitl, noma i-turquoise enhle, ne-tuxíhuitl, noma i-turquoise evamile, yaziswa emakethe.
Leli tshe lalisetshenziswa yiChichimecas yasePaquimé ukwenza eminye imihlobiso, njengobuhlalu bemigexo namacici. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamakhulu amabili amaChichimecas, i-Anasazi, iHohokam neMogollón yaseningizimu ye-United States andise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zakudala zaleli tshe elihle. Abanye abavubukuli, njengoDkt.Di Peso, bayawusekela umqondo wokuthi kwakungamaToltec ayephethe izimayini kanye nemakethe eNew Mexico -okubandakanya indawo yamaMaya, izinkaba eziphakathi nendawo nentshonalanga- nenyakatho yeMexico.
Izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu zemivubukulo zomhlaba wangaphambi kweSpanishi kwakungamapuleti noma imidwebo ehlobe ngemidwebo eluhlaza. Lokhu kwelashwa kusikisela inani eliphakeme lezinto ezenziwe ngale nto kanye nemvelaphi yayo engaphandle.
Imizila yezohwebo yayigeleza isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu ezweni lonke, njalo ngasenkangala yasentshonalanga nasenkabeni, imizila eyayizosetshenziswa kamuva ngabaseSpain ukunqoba umhlaba waseChichimeca.
KuPhil Weigand, umphumela oqondile wokuqhamuka kwezimayini zangaphambi kweSpanishi kwaba ukuvela kwemizila yezohwebo, ngoba umsebenzi onjalo ochumayo wawudinga inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ehleleke kahle. Lokhu kwaqala ngale ndlela lapho ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwalo mkhiqizo ukuthi ukutholwa kwawo kwakulawulwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi eziya ziba nzima kakhulu eziqinisekisa ukuxhashazwa kumadiphozithi ahlukahlukene nangezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kuthuthukiswa izindlela zokusizakala zezikhungo ezinkulu ezikhiqizayo futhi, ngisho nangaphezulu, Izikhungo zabathengi baseMesoamerican.
Umthombo: Izindima Zomlando No. 9 AmaWarriors of the Northern Plains / February 2003
