IChichonal – ibizwa nangokuthi yiChichón– yintaba-mlilo eyakhiwe ngo-1,060 m ephakeme esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe laseChiapas, esifundeni sezintaba esihlanganisa omasipala baseFrancisco León kanye naseChapultenango.
Isikhathi esingaphezudlwana nje kwekhulu izintaba-mlilo zaseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico zahlala zisesimeni sokulibala esijulile. Kodwa-ke, ngobusuku bangeSonto, ngo-Mashi 28, 1982, ngo-11: 32 ntambama, kwavuka intaba-mlilo engaziwa kuze kube manje: i-El Chichonal. Ukuqhuma kwayo bekungohlobo lwePlinian, futhi kunodlame kangangokuba ngemizuzu engamashumi amane ikholomu eliqhumile limboze amakhilomitha ayi-100 ububanzi futhi licishe libe ngamakhilomitha ayi-17 ukuphakama.
Ekuseni ngomhlaka 29, kwehla imvula yomlotha ezifundeni zaseChiapas, Tabasco, Campeche nengxenye ye-Oaxaca, Veracruz nasePuebla. Kwakudingeka ukuxosha izinkulungwane zabakhileyo esifundeni; izikhumulo zezindiza zavalwa, kanye nemigwaqo eminingi. Ukutshalwa kobhanana, ukhokho, ikhofi nezinye izitshalo kwacekelwa phansi.
Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo ukuqhuma kwaqhubeka futhi umusi wentabamlilo wasakazeka maphakathi nezwe. Ngo-Ephreli 4 kwaba nokuqhuma okunamandla nokude kunokwango-Mashi 28; Lokhu kuqhuma okusha kwaveza ikholomu eyangena e-stratosphere; Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ingxenye eminyene kakhulu yefu lomlotha yazungeza iplanethi: yafika eHawaii ngo-Ephreli 9; baya eJapane, nge-18; oLwandle Olubomvu, ngomhla ka-21 futhi, ekugcineni, ngo-Ephreli 26, uwela i-Atlantic Ocean.
Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemuva kwale micimbi, i-El Chichonal manje isiyinkumbulo ekude kwimemori ehlangene, ngendlela yokuthi kubantu abaningi abasha nezingane imelela kuphela igama lentabamlilo elivela ezincwadini zomlando. Ukuze sikhumbule unyaka owodwa wokuqhuma kwentaba futhi sibone ukuthi yiziphi izimo i-El Chichonal esekuzona manje, sahambela kule ndawo ethokozisayo.
UKUVAMISA
Indawo yokuqala noma yiluphi uhambo yiColonia Volcán El Chichonal, idolobhana elasungulwa ngo-1982 ngabasinda endaweni yokuqala. Kule ndawo sishiye izimoto saqasha izinsiza zensizwa ezosiholela engqungqutheleni.
Intaba-mlilo iqhele ngamakhilomitha ama-5, ngakho ngo-8: 30 ekuseni saqala ukusizakala ekuseni epholile. Sesihambe cishe isigamu sekhilomitha lapho uPascual, ongumqondisi wethu, ekhomba i-esplanade esasiwele ngaleso sikhathi futhi esho ukuthi "Nali idolobha ngaphambi kokuqhuma." Awukho umkhondo walokho okwake kwaba umphakathi ocebile wezakhamuzi ezingama-300.
Ukusuka kuleli phuzu kuyacaca ukuthi imvelo yesifunda yaguqulwa kakhulu. Lapho kwake kwaba khona amasimu, imifudlana kanye nehlathi elijiyile lapho impilo yezilwane yanda khona, namuhla kunamagquma namathafa abanzi ambozwe ngamatshe amakhulu, amatshe amatshe nesihlabathi, embozwe uhlaza oluncane. Lapho usondela entabeni kusuka ohlangothini olusempumalanga, umbono wobukhulu awunamkhawulo. Imithambeka ayifinyeleli ngaphezu kwama-500 m wokungalingani, ngakho-ke ukwenyuka kuyashelela futhi ngehora leshumi nanye ekuseni sesivele siyi-300 m ukusuka phezulu kwentaba-mlilo.
Le crater “iyisitsha” esikhulu esiyikhilomitha elilodwa ububanzi ngaphansi kwaso okuyichibi elihle lamanzi aphuzi ngokuluhlaza. Ebhange elingakwesokudla kwechibi sibona ama-fumaroles namafu e-steam lapho kuvela khona iphunga elincane lesibabule. Yize kunebanga elide impela, sizwa ngokusobala ukuphunyuka kwentuthu ngomfutho.
Ukwehlela ezansi nentaba kusithatha imizuzu engama-30. Kunzima ukucabanga ngesimo esikhulu kangaka; ubukhulu "besitsha" bungaqhathaniswa nobuso bezinkundla zebhola eziyishumi, ezinezindonga eziphakeme eziphakama ngamamitha ayi-130 ukuphakama. Iphunga lesibabule, i-fumaroles nemifudlana yamanzi abilayo lisikhumbuza ngemifanekiso yezwe lakudala esesilikhohliwe.
Maphakathi maphakathi nentaba, ichibi licwebezela njengetshe eliyigugu emisebeni yelanga. Ubukhulu bayo obulinganiselwa bungamamitha angama-500 ubude ngama-300 ububanzi nangokujula okuphakathi kuka-1.5 m okuhluka ngokuya ngesizini eyomile nemvula. Ukutholakala okuhlukile kwamanzi kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwamaminerali, ikakhulukazi isibabule, kanye nesidumbu esisuswa ngokuqhubekayo yi-fumaroles. Abathathu engihamba nabo abaphuthelwa yithuba lokuthatha idiphu bangene emanzini afudumele, okushisa kwawo kushintsha phakathi kuka-33º no-34ºC, yize kuvame ukukhuphukela ku-56º.
Ngaphezu kobuhle bayo obubabazekayo, ukuvakasha komgodi kusinikeza izimanga ezithokozisayo, ikakhulukazi enyakatho-mpumalanga eyedlulele, lapho umsebenzi omkhulu we-hydrothermal uboniswa ngamachibi nemithombo yamanzi abilayo; ama-fumaroles akhiqiza umoya ongcolile okhiqiza i-hydrogen sulfide; i-solfataras, lapho kuvela khona igesi yesibabule, nama-geys anikeza umbono omuhle. Lapho sihamba kule ndawo sithatha izixwayiso ezeqile, ngoba izinga lokushisa lesitimu liyi-100 ° C, kepha kwesinye isikhathi lidlula ama-degree angama-400. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kwenziwe lapho kuhlolisiswa "phansi okuhwamukisayo" - ama-jets e-steam aphunyuka emifantwini yedwala - njengoba isisindo somuntu singadala ukuncipha futhi siveze amanzi abilayo ajikeleza ngaphansi kwawo.
Kwabakhileyo esifundeni, ukuqhuma kwe-El Chichonal kwakwesabeka futhi kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Yize iningi labo lashiya izindawo zabo ngesikhathi, abanye bamangazwa ukushesha kwalesi senzakalo futhi bahlukaniswa ngenxa yemvula ye-tephra ne-lappilli - umlotha namacwecwe edwala - amboze imigwaqo futhi avimba ukuphuma kwawo. Ukuwa komlotha kwalandelwa ukuxoshwa kokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, ama-avalanches omlotha ovuthayo, izingcezu zedwala negesi zihanjiswe ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu futhi zaphuthuma zehla emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo, zangcwaba amadolobhana amaningana ngaphansi kongqimba olujiyile lwamamitha ayi-15. ezindaweni eziningi, njengoba kwenzeka emadolobheni aseRoma iPompeii neHerculaneum, okwathi ngo-AD 79 yaqhuma intaba-mlilo iVesuvius.
Njengamanje i-El Chichonal ibhekwa njengentaba-mlilo esebenzayo ngokulingene futhi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ongoti abavela e-Institute of Geophysics of UNAM bahlola ngokucophelela ukukhishwa kwe-steam, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba neminye imingcele engaxwayisa ngokwanda kwe umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kanye nokwenzeka kokunye ukuqhuma.
Kancane kancane impilo ibuyele endaweni; izintaba ezizungeze intaba-mlilo zimbozwe ngohlaza ngenxa yokuzala okukhulu komlotha kanye nezilwane zasendaweni ezihlalise abantu ehlathini. Buqamama nje, imiphakathi emisha iyavuka futhi inethemba lokuthi i-El Chichonal, kulokhu, izolala ingunaphakade.
AMACEBISO OKWANDA
IPichucalco inesiteshi sikaphethiloli, izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, amakhemisi nezitolo. Kulula ukugcina lapha nakho konke okudingayo, ngoba kulezi zindawo izinsizakalo zincane. Mayelana nezimpahla zokugqoka, kungakuhle ukuthi ugqoke amabhulukwe amade, ihembe likakotini noma isikibha, ikepisi noma isigqoko, namabhuzu noma izicathulo zethenisi ezinamasoli amabi avikela iqakala. Ngobhaka omncane, umuntu ngamunye ohamba ngezinyawo kufanele aphathe okungenani amalitha amane amanzi nokudla kwesidlwana; ushokoledi, amasemishi, ama-apula, njll. nekhamera akufanele ikhohlwe.
Umbhali wale ndatshana uyakwazisa ukusekelwa okuyigugu okuhlinzekwe yinkampani iLa Victoria.
UMA UYA KU-EL CHICHONAL
Ukusuka edolobheni laseVillahermosa, thatha umgwaqo omkhulu wesifundazwe no. 195 ebheke kuTuxtla Gutiérrez. Endleleni uzothola amadolobha aseTeapa, ePichucalco nase-Ixtacomitán. Kamuva, landela ukuchezuka ngaseChapultenango (22 km) uze ufike eColonia Volcán El Chichonal (7 km). Ukusuka lapha kufanele uhambe amakhilomitha ama-5 ukufika entabeni.
Umthombo: UMexico ongaziwa uNombolo 296 / Okthoba 2001
