Njengamanje, indima eyadlalwa ngabazalwane phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18 emlandweni wokwakha nobuciko eNew Spain ayifundiswanga ngokwanele, hhayi nje kuphela emsebenzini wabo wezenhlalakahle, kepha futhi njengabagqugquzeli bemisebenzi emikhulu.
Kwakunobuzalwane bezinhlobo zabantu ezehluke kakhulu: abacebile, abaphakathi kanye nabampofu; ubuzalwane bodokotela, abameli, abapristi, abakhandi besiliva, abenzi bezicathulo, nabanye abaningi.Kula maqembu abantu ababenezintshisakalo ezifanayo babumbana futhi ngokuvamile bakhetha abangcwele abathile noma abazinikezele ngokwenkolo njengo “Patron” wabo; Kodwa-ke, akufanele kukholwe ukuthi lezi zinhlangano zazizinikele kuphela ezenzweni zokuzinikela, kunalokho, zazisebenza njengamaqembu ngenhloso ecacile yenkonzo yezenhlalakahle noma njengoba kwathiwa: "Imiphakathi yokulekelelana." UGonzalo Obregón ucaphuna encwadini yakhe iGreat College yaseSan Ignacio isigaba esilandelayo esibhekise kubuzalwane: “emsebenzini walezi zikhungo, abalingani babephoqelekile ukuthi bakhokhe imali yanyanga zonke noma yaminyaka yonke eyehluka endaweni yangempela ye-carnadillo kuze kufike kwangempela elilodwa ngeviki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuzalwane, nge-mayordomo yabo babezosiza ngemithi uma kwenzeka begula futhi lapho befa, 'ibhokisi lomngcwabo namakhandlela', futhi njengosizo babanikeza umndeni inani elaliphakathi kwezilinganiso eziyishumi kuya kwezingama-25, ngaphandle kosizo olungokomoya ”.
Abazalwane kwesinye isikhathi babeyizikhungo ezicebile kakhulu kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho, okubavumela ukuthi bakhe izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge: Ikholeji laseSanta Maria de la Caridad, iSibhedlela de Terceros de Ios Franciscanos, iThempeli likaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele, Ia kwanyamalala iSahluko seRosary eSigodlweni saseSanto Domingo, ukuhloba kwamasonto amaningana eCathedral, iSahluko se-Third Order yaseSan Agustín, iSahluko se-Third Order yaseSanto Domingo, njalonjalo.
Phakathi kokwakhiwa okwenziwa ngabazalwane, okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukubhekana nakho, ngenxa yendaba ezodalulwa, yileyo ye-Brotherhood yaseNuestra Señora de Aránzazu, ehlanganiswe neSan Francisco Convent, eyahlanganisa abomdabu base-Vizcaya manors. , abavela eGuipuzcoa, e-Alava naseMbusweni waseNavarra, kanye namakhosikazi abo, izingane kanye nenzalo yabo, phakathi kokunye ukuvumelana, ababengangcwatshwa endlini yesonto negama lobuzalwane, elalikhona e-Ex-Convent yaseSan Francisco de Ia EMexico City.
Kusukela ekuthathweni kwayo kokuqala ngo-1681, ubuzalwane bebefuna ukuba nenkululeko ethile neConvent; isibonelo: "into, okungekho ophakeme noma isikhulu seConvent eshiwo esingasho, simangalele noma sifune ukuthi isonto elikhulunyiwe lisuswe ebuzalwaneni nganoma yisiphi isizathu."
Kwesinye isigaba kukhonjwe ukuthi: "ubuzalwane babenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukwamukela noma imuphi umnikelo ngaphandle kwalowo waseBasque noma wenzalo ... lobu buzalwane abunayo ipuleti, futhi abuceli izipho njengezinye izinhlangano zobuzalwane."
Ngo-1682 ukwakhiwa kwesonto elisha laqala e-atrium yeConvento Grande de San Francisco; wawutholakala empumalanga uye entshonalanga futhi wawungamamitha angama-31 ubude nge-10 ububanzi, wawufulelwe ngama-vault nama-lunettes, ne-dome ekhomba i-transept. Ingosi yalo yayiyi-Doric order, enezinsika zamatshe ezimpunga, futhi izisekelo kanye nokufakwa kwetshe elimhlophe, kwakunehawu elinomfanekiso weVirgin yase-Aránzazu ngenhla komphetho oyindilinga wokungena. Ikhava yohlangothi elula kunazo zonke ibinomfanekiso weSan Prudencio. Bonke lobu budlelwano buhambisana nencazelo yesonto elenziwe ngekhulu le-19 nguDon Antonio García Cubas, encwadini yakhe ethi The Book of My Memories.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ithempeli lalinezingcezu ezinhle ze-altare, izingcezu nemidwebo ebaluleke kakhulu, i-altare enesithombe sosanta wobuzalwane ne-niche yayo yengilazi, nezithombe zabazali bayo abangcwele, iSan Joaquin neSanta Ana; Wayephethe nokukhanselwa okuyisithupha kwempilo yakhe nezithombe eziyishumi nanye ezigcwele ezigcwele, izithombe ezimbili zezinyo lendlovu, amakota amabili, izibuko ezimbili ezinkulu ezinamafreyimu engilazi yaseVenetian nezithombe ezimbili eziqoshiwe, izithombe zaseChina, kanti isithombe seVirgin sasinengubo enhle kakhulu ubucwebe bamadayimane namaparele, izinhlamvu zesiliva negolide, njalonjalo. UGonzaIo Obregón uveze ukuthi kuningi kakhulu, kepha bekungeke kusize ngalutho ukusho, ngoba konke kulahlekile. Ingcebo yeChapel yase-Aránzazu yayiyoya kuziphi izandla?
Kepha umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu owenziwa yilobu buzalwane, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukwakhiwa kweColegio San Ignacio de Loyola, eyaziwa njenge "Colegio de Ias Vizcainas."
Inganekwane eyasakazeka ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye isitshela ukuthi ngenkathi behamba abantu abasezingeni eliphakeme lobuzalwane base-Aránzazu, babona amantombazane athile ezulazula ngapha nangapha, exokozela futhi ekhuluma amagama amaMasonic komunye nomunye, nokuthi lo mbukiso waholela abazalwane ukwenza umsebenzi weRecogimiento College ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala. kulezi zintombi, futhi bacela uMkhandlu Wedolobha ukuba ubanikeze umhlaba endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiCaIzada deI CaIvario (manje eyi-Avenida Juárez); Kodwa-ke, le nkatho abayinikwanga, kepha kunalokho banikezwa indawo eyayikade isebenza njengemakethe yomgwaqo endaweni yaseSan Juan futhi eseyindawo yokulahla udoti; indawo encanyelwayo yabalingiswa bakamoba ababi kakhulu edolobheni (ngale ndlela, indawo ayikashintshi kakhulu, yize kwakhiwa isikole).
Lapho umhlaba usutholakele, umphathi wezakhiwo, uDon José de Rivera, wathunywa ukuba anikeze isiza ilungelo lokwakha isikole, eshayela phansi izigxobo futhi edonsa izintambo. Umhlaba wawumkhulu, ulinganisa amamitha ayi-150 ububanzi ngamamitha ayi-154 ukujula.
Ukuqala imisebenzi, kwakudingeka ukuhlanza indawo nokumba imisele, ikakhulukazi eyaseSan Nicolás, ukuze izinto zokwakha zikwazi ukufika kalula ngalo mgwaqo wamanzi; Futhi lokhu kwenziwe, izikebhe ezinkulu zaqala ukufika ngamatshe, i-lime, izinkuni futhi, ngokujwayelekile, konke okudingekayo esakhiweni.
NgoJulayi 30, 1734, kwabekwa itshe lokuqala kwafihlwa isifuba ngezinhlamvu zemali zegolide nezesiliva kanye nohlamvu lwesiliva olukhombisa imininingwane yokuvulwa kwesikole (Sizotholakalaphi lesi sifuba?).
Amapulani okuqala alesi sakhiwo enziwa nguDon Pedro Bueno Bazori, owayephathise uDon José Rivera ukwakha; kodwa-ke, uyafa ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwekolishi. Ngo-1753, kwacelwa umbiko wochwepheshe, "ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe, kwakho konke ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwefektri yaleli kolishi eselikhulunywe ngenhla, iminyango yalo, ama-patio, izitebhisi, izindawo zokuhlala, izingcezu zomsebenzi, izindlu zokuzivocavoca umzimba, isonto, i-sacristy, izindlu zabafundisi. nezinceku. Ukumemezela ukuthi isikole sesithuthuke kakhulu kangangokuba amantombazane esikole angamakhulu ayisihlanu manje angaphila ngokunethezeka, yize sasintula upholishi ».
Ukulinganiswa kwalesi sakhiwo kuveze imiphumela elandelayo: bekuhlala indawo engama-24,450 varas, i-150 ngaphambili ne-163 ejulile, kanti intengo ibiyi-33,618 pesos. Ama-peso angu-465,000 asetshenzisiwe emsebenzini futhi ama-pesos angu-84 500 ayesasetshenziswa ukuze kuqedwe lo msebenzi.
Ngokuyalelwa yinduna, ochwepheshe benza umdwebo we "plan iconographic and design of the San Ignacio de Loyola college, eyenziwe eMexico City, futhi yathunyelwa eMkhandlwini Wama-Indies njengengxenye yemibhalo yokucela ilayisensi yasebukhosini." Lolu hlelo lwasekuqaleni lutholakala ku-Archive of the Indies eSeville kanti imibhalo yathathwa nguNkk. María Josefa González Mariscal.
Njengoba kungabonakala kulolu hlelo, isonto lasekolishi lalinomlingiswa oyimfihlo ngokuphelele futhi lalinikezwe ngokunethezeka ngezinsimbi ezinhle ze-altare, izinkantolo kanye nemigoqo yamakhwaya. Ngoba isikole sigcine ukuvalwa okuyihaba futhi nemvume yokuvula umnyango wasemgwaqweni ayitholakalanga, asizange sivulwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1771, unyaka lapho umakhi owaziwayo uDon Lorenzo Rodríguez athunywa khona ukuthi aqhube ingaphambili lethempeli elibheke emgwaqweni; kuwo lo mdwebi wathola izindawo ezintathu ezinemifanekiso ebaziwe kaSan Ignacio de Loyola maphakathi neSan Luis Gonzaga neSan Estanislao de Koska ezinhlangothini.
Imisebenzi kaLorenzo Rodríguez ibingagcini ngokulinganiselwa kusembozo kuphela, kepha ubesebenza nasekhoneni lekhwaya elingezansi, ebeka uthango oludingekayo ukuze aqhubeke nokuqapha ukuvalwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi lona mdwebi walungisa kabusha indlu yomfundisi. Siyazi ukuthi izithombe ezisembozweni zenziwe ngamatshe abizwa ngokuthi "uDon Ignacio", ngemali engama-30 pesos, nokuthi abadwebi uPedro AyaIa noJosé de Olivera babephethe ukufaka imibala ngamaphrofayili egolide (njengoba kungaqondakala, u-Ias Amanani ngaphandle ku-façade abhalwe ngokulingisa izitshulu; izinsalela zalo mdwebo zisekhona).
Ababazi abangohlonze ababalulekile basebenza kuma-altare, njengoDon José Joaquín de Sáyagos, ingcweti kanye nomakhi owakha izingcezu ze-altare eziningana, kufaka phakathi u-Our Lady waseLoreto, owoPatriarch Señor San José nohlaka lwephaneli lomnyango wezwe Isithombe seVirgin of Guadalupe.
Phakathi kwezimpahla ezinhle nemisebenzi yobuciko yekolishi kwagqama isithombe seVirgin of the Choir, esibalulekile ngekhwalithi yaso nasekuhlobiseni ubucwebe. Ibhodi labaphatheli balithengisa, ngemvume ecacile kaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi, ngo-1904, lalingama-peso angama-25,000 esitolo sasebucwebe esasidumile ngaleso sikhathi iLa Esmeralda. Ukuphatha ngokudabukisayo ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba kubhubhise nesonto lokuzivocavoca, futhi umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi ngabe bekufanele yini ukucekela phansi ingxenye ebaluleke kangaka yesikole ukuze, ngemali etholwe ukuthengiswa kwesithombe, kwakhiwe isibhedlela esaphothulwa ngo-1905. (Izikhathi ziyashintsha, abantu hhayi kakhulu).
Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikole kuyisibonelo samabhilidi aklanyelwe ukufundiswa kwabesifazane, ngesikhathi lapho ukuvalwa kwakuyinto ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kweqiniso kwabesifazane, yingakho ngaphakathi kwakungabonakali ngasemgwaqweni. Ezinhlangothini ezisempumalanga nasentshonalanga, kanye nangemuva eningizimu, lesi sakhiwo sizungezwe izesekeli ezingama-61 ezibizwa nge- "cup and plate", okuthe ngaphezu kokunikeza ukusekelwa kwezomnotho esikoleni sazihlukanisa ngokuphelele, ngoba Amawindi abheke umgwaqo ezingeni lesithathu akumamitha ayi-4.10 ngaphezu kwezinga phansi. Umnyango obaluleke kunayo yonke wesikole utholakala ku-façade enkulu.Lokhu bekungukungena emnyango, emadokodweni futhi, ngokusebenzisa "ikhampasi", ukuya esikoleni uqobo. Ingaphambili lalo mnyango, njengalelo lendlu yabefundisi, liphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngamafreyimu enkwali abunjiwe nokwakha izingqimba, ngendlela efanayo amafasitela namawindi engxenye engenhla ahlelwe ngohlaka; futhi lesi sembozo sesonto siyisici semisebenzi yomakhi wezakhiwo uLorenzo Rodríguez, owakhulelwa.
Lesi sakhiwo, yize sinabaroque, njengamanje siveza isici sokuzithiba okufanele, ngokombono wami, ezindongeni ezinkulu ezimbozwe nge-tezontle, ezisikeke kancane ngokuvulwa nezindawo zokukhomba izinkwali. Kodwa-ke, ukubukeka kwayo kufanele ukuthi kwakuhluke ngokuphelele lapho inkwali yayine-polychrome ngemibala egqamile impela, futhi enemiphetho yegolide; ngeshwa le polychrome ilahlekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kusuka ezinqolobaneni siyazi ukuthi umhlaziyi wokuqala wamapulani kwakungumphathi wezakhiwo uJosé de Rivera, yize ashone kudala ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwemisebenzi. Ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa, yamiswa "izinsuku ezimbalwa" futhi ngalesi sikhathi kwatholakala indlu encane eyayiphethwe uJosé de Coria, master alcabucero, eyayitholakala ekhoneni elisenyakatho nentshonalanga futhi icishe ibe iMesón de Ias Ánimas, kanye Ngalesi sitholi, umhlaba, ngakho-ke ukwakhiwa, wawunokuma okujwayelekile kukanxande.
Endaweni lapho bekuhlala khona indlu kaJosé de Coria, leyondlu ebizwa ngokuthi yindlu yabafundisi yakhiwa, okwathi kuyo, emisebenzini yokubuyisela emuva, kutholakale izinsalela ezashiywa zibukwa njengezici zokwenza umsebenzi.
Kusukela ohlelweni luka-1753, lapho ochwepheshe benza «ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwakho konke ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwefektri yaleli kolishi eselikhulunywe ngenhla, iminyango yalo, izindwangu, izitebhisi, izindlu, izingcezu zomsebenzi, indlu yokuzivocavoca umzimba, i-sacristy, izindlu zabafundisi nezindlu zezisebenzi », Izinto zokwakha ezingashintshiwe kakhulu yiparao enkulu, isonto nendlu yabefundisi. Kokubili indlu yabefundisi nendlu enkulu yesonto yalimala ngemisebenzi yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kusukela ngekhulu le-19, ngoba ngemithetho yokuthathwa kwezimali lesi sikhungo sayeka ukuhlinzeka ngezinkonzo zenkolo; ngakho-ke isonto, isonto, isonto kanye nendlu eshiwo ngenhla yabefundisi bashiywa belahliwe. Ngo-1905 iqembu lababhishobhi labhidlizwa nokwakhiwa kweziguli ezintsha esikhundleni salo. Kuze kube muva nje, isikole ebesisebenza nguNobhala Wezemfundo Yomphakathi besisebenza endlini yabafundisi, esidale umonakalo owethusayo esakhiweni, noma ngenxa yokuthi izikhala zakuqala zalungiswa futhi azange zigcinwe kahle, okwadala ukonakala kwaso . Ukuwohloka okunjalo kuphoqe le nhlangano ukuba isivale isikole futhi ngenxa yalokho indawo yahlala ishiywe ngokuphelele iminyaka eminingana, okwaze kwafinyelela ezingeni lokuthi bekungeke kwenzeke ukusebenzisa amakamelo aphansi phansi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuwa kwebhilidi kanye inqwaba kadoti onqwabelene, ngaphezu kokuthi ingxenye enkulu yesitezi esingenhla isongele ngokuwa.
Cishe eminyakeni emibili eyedlule, kwenziwa kabusha le ngxenye yesikole, ukufeza okwakudingeka ukuthi kwenziwe ama-coves ukuze kutholakale amazinga, izinhlelo zokwakha kanye nemikhondo yepende, ekufuneni idatha ezovumela ukuvuselelwa kusondele ngangokunokwenzeka ukwakhiwa kwasekuqaleni.
Umqondo ukufaka kule ndawo imnyuziyamu lapho kungaboniswa khona ingxenye yeqoqo elikhulu lesikole. Enye indawo ebuyisiwe yileyo yesonto kanye nezixhumi zalo, ngokwesibonelo, indawo yokuvuma izono, i-ante-church, igumbi lokubuka umufi kanye ne-sacristy. Futhi kule ndawo yesikole, imithetho yokuthathwa kwezimpahla nokuthandwa kokusebenza kwaleso sikhathi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekushiyeni nasekubhujisweni kwezinsimbi ezimnandi ze-altare ezenziwa isikole. Ezinye zalezi zingcezu ze-altare zibuyiselwe lapho kutholakala izinto ezenzekayo ukwenza lokho; Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo lokhu bekungenzeki, ngoba ngezikhathi ezithile izithombe ezibaziwe azizange zivele noma ukuqeda iziteki kunyamalale.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izingxenye ezingezansi zezinsika ze-altare zazinyamalele ngenxa yokuncipha kokwakhiwa okukhona kule ndawo.
Ngeshwa, itshe lesikhumbuzo lama-baroque eligcinwe kahle kuleli Dolobha laseMexico lalibe nezinkinga zokuzinza kusukela ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe ukwakhiwa kwalo. Izinga eliphansi lomhlaba, okwakuyisigubhu esasiwele imisele ebalulekile, ama-piers uqobo, ukuwa komhlaba, izikhukhula, ukundindizela, ukukhishwa kwamanzi endaweni engaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinguquko zengqondo zekhulu le-19 kanye nele-20 kuyingozi ekulondolozweni kwalesi sakhiwo.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-1 Juni-Julayi 1994
