Umbhoshongo okude uyasidonsa ngoba awubukeki uyisonto. Silibangise eGuanajuato emgwaqweni omkhulu waseSan Luis Potosí-Dolores Hidalgo, eceleni komgwaqo iSan Felipe Torres Mochas, futhi umbhoshongo ubonakala ungekho endaweni.
Ngokungazelelwe, isikhangiso eceleni komgwaqo sikhombisa ukusondela kwepulazi iJaral de Berrio; Ilukuluku liyasinqoba futhi sithatha umgwaqo onothuli ukubona lowo mbhoshongo. Lapho sifika, simangazwa umhlaba ongalindelekile, ongenangqondo: phambi kwethu kuvela isakhiwo esikhulu esine-facade ende, isibaya, ipulazi, isonto, isonto kanye nemibhoshongo emibili izakhiwo zayo ezihluke kakhulu kunalokho esijwayele ukukubona kulokhu uhlobo lwezakhiwo. Sifike kanjena eJaral de Berrio, etholakala kumasipala weSan Felipe, eGuanajuato.
Isikhathi esidlule esihle kakhulu
Ekuqaleni, la mazwe ayehlalwa amaNdiya angamaGuachichil kwathi lapho amakoloni efika, awenza amadlelo kanye nepulazi labalimi. Imibhalo yokuqala yesigodi saseJaral isukela ngonyaka we-1592, kwathi ngo-1613 umnikazi wayo wesibili, uMartín Ruiz de Zavala, waqala ukwakha. Iminyaka iyahamba futhi abanikazi bayaphumelela ngokuthenga noma ngefa. Phakathi kwalaba, kwavela uDámaso de Saldívar (1688), owayephethe nendawo lapho kutholakala khona amahhovisi amakhulu manje e-National Bank of Mexico. Phakathi kokunye, le ndoda yasiza ngemali ohambweni olungajwayelekile kodwa oluyingozi olwenziwa ngaleso sikhathi enyakatho yeNew Spain.
UBerrio wokuqala ukufika kuleli hacienda kwakungu-Andrés de Berrio, okwathi lapho eshada noJoseph Teresa de Saldivar ngo-1694 waba ngumnikazi.
I-Jaral de Berrio hacienda yayikhiqiza kakhulu kangangokuba abantu ababengabanikazi bayo baba ngamadoda athile acebile kakhulu ngesikhathi sabo, kangangokuba baze banikezwa isicoco esihle se-marquis. Kwakunjalo ngoMiguel de Berrio, owathi ngo-1749 waba ngumnikazi wama-haciendas angama-99, uJaral waba obaluleke kunabo bonke nokuthile okufana nenhloko-dolobha yombuso “omncane”. Ngaye kwaqala ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo evela e-hacienda kwamanye amadolobha, kufaka phakathi iMexico.
Iminyaka yaqhubeka idlula futhi i-bonanza yaqhubeka kule ndawo uJuan Nepomuceno de Moncada y Berrio, uMarquis wesithathu kaJaral de Berrio, wayeyindoda ecebe kakhulu eMexico ngesikhathi sakhe futhi engomunye wabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni ngokusho kukaHenry George Ward, ungqongqoshe waseNgilandi ngo-1827. Kuthiwa le marquis yayinezingane ezingama-99 futhi ngamunye wabo wamnika ifa.
UJuan Nepomuceno walwa empini yenkululeko, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ukoloneli nguViceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas, wasungula iqembu lezempi labalimi base hacienda elaziwa ngokuthi "Dragones de Moncada" futhi waba ngumnikazi wokugcina owabizwa ngesibongo uBerrio, kusukela kusukela lapho bonke base beyiMoncada.
Ngamunye wabanikazi wayengeza izakhiwo ku-hacienda, futhi kufanele kushiwo ukuthi lokhu kuqhathaniswa kokwakha yilokho okwenza kube mnandi kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, bekungabasebenzi abathi, ngemali abayongele imali, benze okuncane abakwenzayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesinye sezikhali ezibalulekile ze-hacienda okwathi, ngokuzikhandla kwakhe, waqala ukwakha isonto elalinikezelwe ku-Our Lady of Mercy ngo-1816. Kamuva, njengesengezo kulo, uDon Juan Nepomuceno wamakhela indlu yokungcwaba. nomndeni wakhe.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-hacienda yaqhubeka ikhula emnothweni, udumo, nokubaluleka, futhi ama-magueyales ayo akhiqizayo anikezela amafektri we-mezcal aseLa Soledad, eMelchor, eDe Zavala naseRancho de San Francisco, lapho ngobuchwepheshe besayensi kepha okujwayelekile ngesikhathi, amaqabunga aba wutshwala obuthandwayo.
Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa nokudayiswa kwe-mezcal, ipulazi laseJaral lalineminye imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokukhiqizwa kwempuphu yezibhamu, okwakusetshenziselwa kuyo amasimu abo ane-nitrous nalabo baseSan Bartolo. U-Agustín Moncada, indodana kaJuan Nepomuceno, wayevame ukuthi: "Ubaba wami unamahhovisi amabili noma amafektri ezindaweni zakhe zokwenza usawoti, kanti futhi unenqwaba yomhlaba, amanzi, izinkuni zokubasa, abantu nakho konke okunye okuthinta ukukhiqizwa kophuthu."
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwepulazi, umzila wesitimela udlule uhhafu wamakhilomitha. Kodwa-ke, lo mugqa wancishiselwa kamuva ukonga amabanga phakathi kweMexico neNuevo Laredo.
IJaral hacienda inazo zonke izindatshana zayo ezinhle nezimbi. Abanye babo bathi uManuel Tolsá, umbhali wesithombe samahhashi sokuhlonipha iNkosi yaseSpain uCarlos IV owaziwa kakhulu nge- "El Caballito", uthathe njengesibonelo ihhashi lakuleli pulazi elibizwa nge- "El Tambor".
Eminyakeni eyalandela, ngesikhathi sempi yenkululeko, uFrancisco Javier Mina wayithatha ngesankahlu waphanga ingcebo eyayigqitshwe egumbini eliseduze nekhishi. Le mpahla ibiqukethe izikhwama zegolide eziyi-140,000, imigoqo yesiliva, imali evela esitolo sakwa-ray, izinkomo, izingulube, izinqama, amahhashi, izinkukhu, ama-jerky namabele.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva indoda egama linguLaureano Miranda yaqala ukukhuthaza ukuphakama kwedolobha laseJaral esigabeni sedolobha, okuyindida, okufanele libizwe ngokuthi, Mina. Kepha isicelo asizange sithele zithelo, impela ngenxa yethonya namandla wabanikazi bama-hacienda, futhi kuthiwa abakwaMarquis uqobo bayalela ukuxoshwa nokushiswa kwemizi yabo bonke labo ababekhuthaza lelo gama ukuthi kuguqulwe.
Kakade kuleli khulu leminyaka, ngenkathi i-bonanza iqhubeka, uDon Francisco Cayo de Moncada wayala ukuthi kwakhiwe okukhanga kakhulu kwe-hacienda: isithabathaba se-neoclassical noma i-manor enezinsika zayo zaseKorinte, ama-caryatids, izinkozi zayo zokuhlobisa, ijazi layo elihle lezingalo, imibhoshongo yalo ne-balustrade phezulu.
Kepha ngeRevolution ukubola kwendawo kwaqala ngenxa yomlilo nokushiya kokuqala. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sokuvukela kukaCedillo ngo-1938, indlu enkulu yaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu emoyeni, ngaphandle kokubangela ukulimala; futhi ekugcineni kusuka ngo-1940 kuya ku-1950, i-hacienda yawa yagcina ichithekile, kwathi uDona Margarita Raigosa y Moncada waba ngumnikazi wokugcina.
ISIKHATHI SESIBONO
Esimweni esidala se-hacienda, kunezindlu ezintathu ezinkulu ezilandela umugqa ongaphambili wesithabathaba somuzi: eyokuqala kwakuyindlu kaDon Francisco Cayo nenhle kakhulu, eyodwa enewashi, lena enemibhoshongo emibili. Esesibili sakhiwe ngamatshe nangezinkwali ezibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwemihlobiso, nge-gazebo esitezi sesibili, kanti esesithathu sakhiwe ngesakhiwo sesimanje. Zonke zisezitezi ezimbili kanti iminyango yazo emikhulu namawindi kubheke empumalanga.
Ngaphandle kwezimo zamanje ezidabukisayo, ohambweni lwethu sikwazile ukubona ubuhle basendulo bale hacienda. Igceke eliphakathi nomthombo walo awusenambala njengoba lalinjalo ezinsukwini zalo ezinhle; Izimpiko ezintathu ezizungeze leli patio ziqukethe amakamelo amaningana, wonke alahliwe, anuka ne-pianoon guano, ngemishayo yabo ediliziwe futhi edliwe ngamabhu namafasitela abo anezikhiye eziqhephukile. Lesi senzakalo siyaphindwa egumbini ngalinye le-hacienda.
Iphiko lasentshonalanga lepatio elifanayo elimaphakathi linezitebhisi eziphindwe kabili ezinhle lapho usengabona khona ingxenye yemidwebo emidwebo eyayihlobisa, ekhuphukela esitezi sesibili lapho amakamelo avulekile embozwe khona izinto zobuciko zaseSpain, lapho kwake kwenziwa khona amaqembu amakhulu nemikhosi. udansela isigqi somculo wama-orchestra adumile. Futhi okuqhubekayo kukhona igumbi lokudlela elinezinsalela zemihlobiso yaseFrance nemihlobiso, lapho izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kwakudliwa izibiliboco ezibabazekayo ukubungaza ukuba khona kombusi, inxusa noma umbhishobhi.
Siyaqhubeka nokuhamba futhi sidlula endlini yokugezela yona ngokwayo ephuka ngobumpunga nobumnyama bayo yonke into ebonwayo. Kusesesimeni esihle impela, umdwebo omkhulu kawoyela obizwa ngeLa Ninfa del Baño, owadwetshwa ngo-1891 nguN. González, okuthi ngenxa yombala wawo, ubusha bawo nobumsulwa bawo busenze sikhohlwe ngezikhathi ezithile njengamanje lapho sikhona. Kodwa-ke, umoya onqamula emifantwini futhi odale ukuthi amafasitela akhululeke ungene ezincwadini zethu.
Ngemuva kohambo sangena amakamelo amaningi ngokwengeziwe, konke kusesimweni esidabukisayo esifanayo: izindlu zangaphansi, amapalanda, amabhalkhoni, izingadi zezithelo, iminyango engayi ndawo, izindonga ezinezigqoko, imiphongolo yokumba, nezihlahla ezomile; futhi ngokuzumayo sithola umbala eduze kwegumbi eliguqulelwe indlu yomuntu othile: ithangi likaphethiloli, i-antenna yethelevishini, ama-flamboyants, ama-rose bushes kanye namapentshisi, nenja engakhathazwa ubukhona bethu. Sicabanga ukuthi umphathi uhlala lapho, kodwa asimbonanga.
Ngemuva kokuwela isango sizithola singemuva kwe-hacienda. Lapho sibona izibambo eziqinile, futhi njengoba siya enyakatho siwela isango sifike efemini esenayo eminye imishini yayo eyenziwe ePhiladelphia. Ifektri iMezcal noma yezibhamu? Asazi ngokuqinisekile futhi akekho ongasitshela. Izindlu zokugcina izikhala zivulekile kodwa azinalutho; umoya nokutshiyoza kwamalulwane kuphula ukuthula.
Ngemuva kokuhamba ibanga elide sidlula ngefasitela futhi, ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi sithini, siyabona ukuthi sibuyele endlini enkulu ngegumbi elimnyama kakhulu elisekhoneni elilodwa linezitebhisi zezinkuni ezivikelekile nezivikelwe kahle. Sikhuphuke izitebhisi safika egumbini elihlangene negumbi lokudlela; bese sibuyela egcekeni eliphakathi, sehle izitebhisi eziphindwe kabili bese silungiselela ukuhamba.
Sekudlule amahora amaningana, kodwa asizizwa sikhathele. Ukuhamba sifuna umphathi, kodwa akaveli ndawo. Siphakamisa umgoqo emnyango bese sibuyela kulesi sikhathi samanje, futhi ngemuva kokuphumula okufanelekile sivakashela isonto, isonto kanye nezinqolobane. Futhi ngakho-ke siqeda ukuhamba kwethu isikhashana emlandweni, sidlula kuma-labyrinths epulazi ahluke kakhulu kwezinye; mhlawumbe enkulu kunazo zonke eMexico yamakoloni.
IKUSASA ELITHEMBISAYO
Ukukhuluma nabantu etendeni nasesontweni sifunda izinto eziningi ngoJaral de Berrio. Lapho sifunde ukuthi kunemindeni ebalelwa ku-300 njengamanje ehlala e-ejido, yokushoda kwayo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, yokulinda isikhathi eside insizakalo yezokwelapha kanye nesitimela esayeka ukuhamba kula mazwe eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kepha into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi basitshele ngomsebenzi wokuthi kwenziwe leli pulazi libe yisikhungo sabavakashi esinabo bonke ubunjiniyela obudingekayo kepha lihloniphe ngokuphelele ukwakhiwa kwalo. Kuzoba namakamelo ezinkomfa, amachibi, izindawo zokudla, izivakashi zomlando, ukugibela amahhashi nokunye okuningi. Le phrojekthi ngokungangabazeki izosiza abantu bendawo ngamathuba emisebenzi amasha kanye nemali engenayo ethe xaxa, futhi ngokusobala iphethwe yinkampani yaphesheya ebhekiwe yi-INAH.
Sibuyela emotweni futhi lapho sibuyela emgwaqeni sibona isiteshi sesitimela esincane kodwa esimele, esisikhumbuzi sezikhathi zakudala, sisamile. Silibangise endaweni entsha, kepha isithombe sale ndawo esihlaba umxhwele sizoba nathi isikhathi eside.
Esontweni kunencwadi ethengiswayo emlandweni wale hacienda ebizwa ngeJaral de Berrio y su Marquesado, ebhalwe nguP. Ibarra Grande, ethakazelisa kakhulu kokuqukethwe kwayo futhi isisizile ukuthola ezinye izinkomba zomlando ezivela kule ndatshana .
UMA UYA EJARAL DE BERRIO
Uqhamuka eSan Luis Potosí, thatha umgwaqo omkhulu ophakathi nendawo uye eQuerétaro, futhi amakhilomitha ambalwa ngaphambili ujike ngakwesokudla ubheke eVilla de Reyes, ukuze ufinyelele eJaral del Berrio, okuyindawo engamakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka lapha.
Uma uvela eGuanajuato, thatha umgwaqo omkhulu oya eDolores Hidalgo bese uya eSan Felipe, lapho i-hacienda ikude ngamakhilomitha angama-25.
Izinsizakalo zehhotela, ucingo, uphethiloli, imishini, njll. ubathola eSan Felipe noma eVilla de Reyes.
