Ukubuza ngesiko eliphrintiwe kuleli koloni ukuzibuza ukuthi iyiphi impucuko yaseNtshonalanga eyayingena ezweni lethu.
Incwadi ephrintiwe akuyona into eqeda umsebenzi wayo ngokusebenziseka okukhethekile nokungaphansi. Le ncwadi iyinto ekhethekile kuze kube yilapho isihlalo sokubhala, esivumela ukuthi ukucabanga kukhiqizwe kabusha kungekho, ngesikhathi nangendawo. EYurophu uqobo, ukusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa ohambisekayo kwakwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi kwandiswe kuze kufike ezingeni eliphezulu amathuba okusabalalisa lokho okwakucatshangwa, ngemidiya ebhaliwe, futhi kwanikeza isiko laseNtshonalanga elinye lamadivayisi alo anamandla kakhulu. Ngalokhu kusungulwa, okusetshenziswe eBhayibhelini likaGutenberg phakathi kuka-1449 no-1556, ukukhiqizwa kwencwadi ephrintiwe kwafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngesikhathi esifanele sokuhambisana nokwanda kweYurophu, kuyisiza ukuvuselela nokukhiqiza kabusha amasiko amasiko e-Old World ezifundeni nasezimweni ezikude njengokuthi lezo ezitholwe abaseSpain emazweni aseMelika.
Ukungena okuhamba kancane kuya enyakatho
Ukuvulwa komzila odabula ingaphakathi leNew Spain kuyicala elibonisayo. ICamino de la Plata ijoyine izindawo zaseNew Spain nezifunda ezisenyakatho, cishe njalo ezimakwe kusuka endaweni eyodwa yezimayini ziye kwenye, phakathi kwezifunda ezinabantu abambalwa, ngaphansi kosongo lwamaqembu alwayo, olunamandla kakhulu futhi olunqikayo ubukhona baseSpain kunabalingani bayo baseningizimu. Abanqobi babephethe nolimi lwabo, izindlela zabo zobuhle, izindlela zabo zokuthola amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo aqukethwe enkolweni, futhi ngokujwayelekile umcabango owakheke wahluke ngokuphelele kulowo wabantu bomdabu abahlangana nabo. Ngenqubo engatadiswanga kangako, futhi engaqondakali kangako, eminye imikhondo yama-documentary isisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi incwadi ephrintiwe yayihambisana nabaseYurophu ekungeneni kwabo kancane enyakatho. Futhi njengazo zonke izinto ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama eza nazo, zafika kulezi zifunda ngeRoyal Path yaseTierra Adentro.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi izincwadi bekungadingeki zilinde ukwakheka komzila ukuze zivele endaweni, kepha kunalokho zifike nge-forays yokuqala, njengabalingani abangenakugwemeka bokuthuthuka kweSpanish. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uNuño de Guzmán, umnqobi weNew Galicia, wayephethe umqulu weminyaka eyishumi kaTito Livio, mhlawumbe inguqulo yaseSpain eyashicilelwa eZaragoza ngo-1520. ICompostela ngonyaka we-1574, ibonisa ukuthi, kusukela kumnqobi odume kunabo bonke kuya kubathengisi abakhuthele kakhulu, baqhubeka nokuxhunyaniswa nempucuko yabo ezindaweni ezikude ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusebenzisa izincwadi. UBueno uphathe phakathi kwezinto zakhe izincwadi ezintathu ezikhuluma ngengokomoya: The Art of Serving God, a Christian Doctrine kanye neVita Expide kaFray Luis de Granada.
Konke kubonakala kukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi eside, ukufundwa nokutholakala kwale ncwadi kule ndawo kwakuyinkambiso yabantu abadabuka e-Europe noma abadabuka kuyo. Ngengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-16, amaqembu omdabu asenyakatho yezifunda ezimaphakathi aqhubeka nokuthintana okuncane kuphela nale nto yangaphandle, yize babekhangwa yizithombe zayo.
Lokhu kuvezwa yidokhumende ebuza imibuzo kusukela ngo-1561, nayo okuwuphawu lokusakazwa kwezincwadi eziningi kusenesikhathi. Ngemuva kokuthola umyalo ovela eGuadalajara wokuvakashela iReal de Minas de Zacatecas, ukuze bathole imisebenzi engavunyelwe, uVicar Bachiller Rivas wathola phakathi "kwabaseSpain nabanye abantu balezi zimayini" ivolumu eyanele yezincwadi ezingavunyelwe ukugcwalisa izikhwama ezintathu kubo, okuveza ukuthi indaba ephrintiwe ibingasweleki. Njengoba zazigcinwe esikhwameni sesonto ukuze ziyiswe eGuadalajara, i-sacristan Antón -of Purépecha imvelaphi- eyayinomfowabo nomunye umngane wakhe waseNdiya, yavula lawa maphakheji yaqala ukusakaza okuqukethwe kwayo kwamanye amaNdiya. Isethenjwa siyadukisa ngoba singasenza samukele intshisekelo yabomdabu ezincwadini ngaphandle kokunye ukucekela phansi. Kodwa u-Anton namanye amaNdiya ababuzwa imibuzo bavuma ukuthi abakwazi ukufunda, kanti nesacristan yamemezela ukuthi uthathe izincwadi wayobheka izibalo ezaziqukethe.
Ukulangazelela izinto zokufunda eziqagelwa kwezinye izimo kwaneliswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Isikhathi esiningi, izincwadi bezihanjiswa njengemiphumela yomuntu uqobo, okungukuthi, umnikazi wazo ebeze nazo evela kwezinye izifunda njengengxenye yomthwalo wakhe. Kodwa kwezinye izikhathi zazisuswa njengengxenye yezezimoto ezazivela eVeracruz, lapho ukuthunyelwa ngakunye kwezincwadi kwahlolwa ngokucophelela yizikhulu zeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-1571, lapho kumiswa iHhovisi Elingcwele e-Indies. ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwemibono yamaProthestani. Kamuva - cishe njalo ngemuva kokuma eMexico City - amafomu athola umzila wawo ngokulamula komthengisi wezincwadi. Abokugcina babezithumela eqenjini elalinentshisekelo, bazithumele kumshayeli weminyuzi owayephatha izincwadi enyakatho ngemuva komnyuzi, emabhokisini okhuni avikelekile ambozwe ngesikhumba ukuvimbela isimo sezulu esibi nezingozi emgwaqeni ekulimaleni umthwalo onjalo obucayi. Zonke izincwadi ezikhona enyakatho zifinyelele ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ngezinye zalezi zindlela, futhi ukuba khona kwazo ezindaweni ezihlanganiswe yilo mgwaqo kungabhalwa kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16 eZacatecas, nasekhulwini le-17 ezindaweni ezinjengeDurango. , IParral neNew Mexico. Njengoba zazisetshenziswa futhi kwesinye isikhathi zintsha, izincwadi zahlanganisa ibanga elide ukusuka lapho zazisuka ezitolo zokunyathelisa zaseYurophu, noma okungenani kulezo ezisungulwe eMexico City. Lesi simo saqhubeka kwaze kwaba yishumi lesithathu lekhulu le-19, lapho abanye abaphrinta abahambahambayo befika kulezi zingxenye ngesikhathi somzabalazo noma ngemuva kwawo.
Isici sokuhweba
Ukubhala phansi ingxenye yezentengiselwano yokusakazwa kwezincwadi, noma kunjalo, kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi izincwadi azikhokhi intela ye-alcabala, ukuze ithrafikhi yabo ingakhiqizi amarekhodi asemthethweni. Iningi lezimvume zokuhambisa izincwadi ezifundeni zezimayini ezivela ezinqolobaneni ezihambisana nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18, lapho ukuqapha ekusakazeni kwezinto eziphrintiwe kwaqiniswa ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwemibono yeNkanyiso. Eqinisweni, ubufakazi obuhlobene nokudluliswa kwempahla yomuntu oshonile - ubufakazi - kanye nokulawulwa kwemibono obekufunwa ukusungulwa ngokuqapha ukusakazwa kwento ephrintiwe, yimisebenzi esivame ukusazisa ukuthi hlobo luni lwemibhalo esatshalaliswa eCamino de I-La Plata iya ezifundeni exhuma kuyo.
Ngokwezinombolo, amaqoqo amakhulu kunawo wonke ayekhona ngezikhathi zamakholoni yilawo aqoqwa ezindlini zezindela zaseFranciscan naseJesuit. Isibonelo, iZacatecas College of Propaganda Fide, ibinemiqulu engaphezu kuka-10 000. Ngokwengxenye yayo, umtapo wolwazi wamaJesuit aseChihuahua, owabhalwa ngo-1769, wawunamagama angaphezu kwama-370 iziqu - okwakuthi kwezinye izimo zihlanganise imiqulu eminingana-, kungabalwa lezo ezahlukaniswa ngenxa yokuthi zazingavunyelwe imisebenzi noma ngoba zazivele zimbi kakhulu. . Umtapo wolwazi waseCelaya wawunemisebenzi engu-986, kanti owaseSan Luis de la Paz wafinyelela emibhalweni engu-515. Kulokho okwasala emtatsheni wezincwadi waseJesuit College of Parras, ngo-1793 kwaqashelwa abangaphezu kuka-400. La maqoqo ayegcwele imiqulu elusizo ekwelapheni imiphefumulo nangenkonzo yezenkolo eyayisetshenziswa ama-friar. Ngakho-ke, imicibisholo, imishayo, iziphikisi, amaBhayibheli, nezincwadi zentshumayelo kwakudingeka okuqukethwe kule mitapo yolwazi. Indaba ephrintiwe ibibuye ibe wusizo olusizayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhonza phakathi kwabantu abavamile ngendlela yama-novenas nempilo yabangcwele. Ngale ndlela, lencwadi ibiyisizo elingenakubuyiselwa futhi lingumhlahlandlela owusizo kakhulu wokulandela imikhuba ebumbene nenkolo yobuKrestu (imisa, umkhuleko) ngokuhlukaniswa kwalezi zifunda.
Kepha uhlobo lomsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli luye lwafuna ulwazi olwengeziwe lomhlaba. Lokhu kuchaza ukuba khona kwale mitapo yolwazi yezichazamazwi kanye nohlelo lolimi olusizayo olwazini lwezilimi eziqondisayo; wezincwadi zesayensi yokufundwa kwezinkanyezi, ezokwelapha, ezokuhlinza nokwelapha ngamakhambi ezazisemtatsheni wezincwadi weColegio de Propaganda Fide de Guadalupe; noma ikhophi yencwadi ethi De Re Metallica kaJorge Agrícola - onegunya kakhulu kwezokumbiwa phansi nensimbi ngaleso sikhathi - eyayiphakathi kwezincwadi zamaJesuit eConvent of Zacatecas. Izimpawu zomlilo ezenziwa onqenqemeni lwezincwadi, futhi ezazikhomba ukukhomba ukuthi ziphetheni futhi zavimbela ukwebiwa, ziveza ukuthi izincwadi zazifika ezindlini zezindela hhayi kuphela ukuthengwa, njengengxenye yezipho uMqhele owanikela ngazo, Isibonelo, kumishini yamaFranciscan, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile, lapho ithunyelwa kwamanye amakhaya ezigodlo, ama-friar athatha amavolumu kweminye imitapo yolwazi ukuze abasize ngezidingo zabo ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya. Okuqoshiwe emakhasini ezincwadi nakho kusifundisa ukuthi, njengoba bekungokwabantu ngabanye be-friar, amavolumu amaningi aba omphakathi wezenkolo lapho kufa abaninizo.
Imisebenzi yezemfundo
Imisebenzi yezemfundo abazinikele kuyo, ikakhulukazi amaJesuit, ichaza ubuningi beziqu ezavela emitatsheni yolwazi. Ingxenye enhle yalezi kwakuyizincwadi zemfundiso yenkolo, ukuphawula kwezazi ngemibhalo yeBhayibheli, izifundo kanye namazwana ngefilosofi ka-Aristotle, kanye nezincwajana zokubhala, okungukuthi, uhlobo lolwazi ngaleso sikhathi olwaluyisiko elikhulu lesiko lokufunda nokubhala laba bafundisi bagadiwe. Iqiniso lokuthi iningi lalemibhalo lalingesiLatini, 'futhi noqeqesho olude olwaludingeka ukuze kufundiswe umthetho wezemfundo, imfundiso yenkolo nefilosofi, lwenza leli siko laba nemikhawulo kangangokuba lavele lashabalala uma nje izikhungo zinyamalele. lapho eyayikhule khona. Njengoba imiyalo yenkolo ingasekho, ingxenye enhle yemitapo yolwazi yezindela yayiyizisulu zokuphangwa noma ukunganakwa, ukuze kusinde abambalwa kuphela, futhi lokhu ngendlela eyincithakalo.
Yize amaqoqo aphawuleka kakhulu ayetholakala ezigodlweni zezindela ezibaluleke kakhulu, siyazi ukuthi ama-friars ayephethe inqwaba yezincwadi ngisho nasezithunyweni ezikude kakhulu. Ngo-1767, lapho kumiswa ukuxoshwa kweSociety of Jesus, izincwadi ezazikhona emishini engu-9 eSierra Tarahumara zaba nemithamo eyi-1 106. Umsebenzi weSan Borja, owawunemibhalo eminingi, wawunezincwadi ezingama-71, kanti nezikaTemotzachic, ezinconywe kakhulu, nezingu-222.
Abantu abavamile
Uma ukusetshenziswa kwezincwadi ngokwemvelo kwakujwayelene kakhulu nezenkolo, ukusetshenziswa kwabantu ababekhiphe incwadi ephrintiwe kuveza okuningi, ngoba ukutolika abakwenzile ngalokho abakufundayo bekungumphumela ongalawulwa kakhulu kunalokho okutholwe yilabo ababekade ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni. Ukutholakala kwezincwadi ngalaba bantu cishe kutholakala njalo ngenxa yemibhalo yetestamente, ekhombisa enye indlela yokusakazwa kwezincwadi. Uma kukhona abashonile ababenezincwadi ngesikhathi besaphila, babeklanywa ngokucophelela endalini nayo yonke impahla yabo. Ngale ndlela izincwadi zashintsha abanikazi, futhi kwezinye izikhathi baqhubeka nomzila wabo baya phambili futhi baya enyakatho.
Izinhlu ezinamathiselwe kumafa ngokuvamile azibanzi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nemiqulu emibili noma emithathu kuphela, yize kwesinye isikhathi isibalo sikhuphukela emashumini amabili, ikakhulukazi kulabo labo umsebenzi wabo wezomnotho osuselwa olwazini lokufunda nokubhala. Icala elihlukile lelo likaDiego de Peñalosa, umbusi waseSanta Fe de Nuevo México phakathi kuka-1661-1664. Wayenezincwadi ezingaba ngu-51 ngo-1669, lapho kuthathwa impahla yakhe. Izinhlu ezibanzi kakhulu zitholakala ngokunembile phakathi kwezikhulu zasebukhosini, odokotela kanye nezazi zezomthetho. Kepha ngaphandle kwemibhalo esekela umsebenzi wobungcweti, izincwadi ezikhethwa ngokukhululeka yizo eziguquguqukayo ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Akufanele futhi uhlu oluncane ludukise, ngoba, njengoba sesibonile, amavolumu ambalwa abekhona aba nomthelela omkhulu njengoba bekuyizinto ezifundwayo eziphindaphindwayo, futhi lo mphumela unwetshwe ngemali mboleko nangamazwana aqotho abekade evusa abaseduze kwabo. .
Yize ukufunda bekuhlinzeka ngokuzijabulisa, akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi ukuphazamiseka bekuwukuphela komphumela walo mkhuba. Ngakho-ke, endabeni kaNuño de Guzmán, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iMinyaka Eyishumi kaTito Livio yindaba ephakanyisiwe nenhle kakhulu, lapho iRenaissance Europe ithole khona umbono hhayi kuphela wokuthi amandla ezempi nezepolitiki akhiwe kanjani. yeRoma lasendulo, kodwa ngobukhulu bayo. U-Livy, owasindiselwa eNtshonalanga nguPetrarch, wayengomunye wemibhalo ethandwa kakhulu nguMachiavelli, ekhuthaza ukucabanga kwakhe ngohlobo lwamandla ezepolitiki. Akukude ukuthi ukulandisa kwakhe kohambo oludumile, njengalolo lukaHannibal enqamula e-Alps, kwaba umthombo ofanayo wokukhuthaza umnqobi e-Indies. Siyakhumbula lapha ukuthi igama leCalifornia kanye nokuhlola okwasenyakatho befuna i-El Dorado nakho kwakuyizici ezazisuselwa encwadini: ingxenye yesibili ye-Amadís de Gaula, eyabhalwa nguGarcía Rodríguez de Montalvo. Isikhala esithe xaxa sizodingeka ukuchaza ama-nuances nokubuyekeza izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha lo mgibeli, incwadi, azivezile. Le migqa ifisa ukwethula umfundi emhlabeni wangempela nowokucatshangwayo okwenziwe yincwadi nokufundwa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi inyakatho yeNew Spain.
