Ukuvalwa kweSanta Teresa # 1 amathumba opopayi. Phakathi kwaleso siphithiphithi nakubathengisi basemgwaqweni, kumemeza omemezayo: "Ukubulawa kukaCaptain Cootaaaa ..., indodana esabekayo eyabulala i-maadreeee yayo embi ..."
Ukuvalwa kweSanta Teresa # 1, kukuphi ukunyatheliswa kuka-Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, amathumba opopayi. Phakathi kwalesi siphithiphithi nakubathengisi basemgwaqweni, kuphuma ukumemeza komuntu omemezayo, ophuma ngejubane emnyango wendlu yokuphrinta ephethe iphephandaba ngesandla sakhe, ememezela ngezwi elinamandla: “ukudutshulwa kukaCaptain Cootaaaa…., indodana esabekayo eyabulala maadreeee wayo omubi ... "
Ngaphakathi kwalomsebenzi, uqhathanisa ukuthula kwengane eshiye izincwadi zayo phansi futhi ibuka umxhwele kusuka emgwaqeni ngenkungu yayo engilazini yefasitela lokunyathelisa, ukuqhutshwa komgqomo kupuleti elishile insimbi, i-mint enobuciko ephethwe ngesandla sikaJosé Guadalupe Posada. Umfana, uJosé Clemente Orozco, akacwayizi, futhi ngamehlo akhe alandela ngenkuthalo umugqa we-burin, futhi ubeka nekusasa lakhe engqondweni yakhe.
Ngaphandle bekukhona umqophi omangalisayo uPosada wobukhona obufana nobengane bukaJosé Clemente, nokuthi isibonelo sakhe sizofezani; Wabona kuphela isandla esincane, esashesha ngokunyenya, ecosha ukushefa okwakususwe umgqomo phansi.
UPosada ungumdali othonye kakhulu abaculi baseMexico engxenyeni yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka. Abadwebi uJosé Clemente Orozco, uGeorge Rivera, uDavid Alfaro Siqueiros, uFrancisco Gotilla noGuillermo Meza bathola ifa labo, kanye nabaqophi uFrancisco Díaz de León, Leopoldo Méndez, u-Alfredo Zalce, uFrancisco Moreno Capdevila, u-Arturo García Bustos, u-Adolfo Mexiacn no-Alberto . ITaller de grafica Popular, eyasungulwa ngo-1937, iyindlalifa yomlando kaPosada.
Kusukela ekubhekweni njengengcweti eyaziwayo, uJosé Guadalupe Posada wafinyelela kwesinye sezikhundla esivelele njengomculi, ngoba waqala futhi wagqugquzela inkathi enhle kakhulu yobuciko bezwe kuleli khulu leminyaka langoku: iSikole Sokudweba SaseMexico.
Ukungabunaki ubuciko baseYurophu, ngisho nobuciko bezwe lonke, kwamkhulula ngokuphelele ezibophweni; emidwebweni yakhe yasekuqaleni wayehlala ekhombisa inkululeko ephelele.
Angikaze ngifinyelele ubuhle obungenalutho: ukukhuluma ngokuqondile kwakuwukuphela kokukhathazeka kwakhe ngoba wayehlala egxile ezintweni zaseMexico.
UJosé Guadalupe Posada Aguilar wazalwa ngehora leshumi ebusuku ngoFebhuwari 2, 1852 emgwaqweni ongagagulwanga ngegama endaweni yaseSan Marcos edolobheni lase-Aguascalientes; Wayeyindodana kaPosada waseGerman, ubhaki ngomsebenzi, eshade noPetra Aguilar. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 wangena e-Aguascalientes Academy of Arts and Crafts ukuyofundela ukudweba kanti kwathi eneminyaka engu-18 wayesevele efundela umsebenzi wokusebenzela eTrinidad Pedrosa, lapho afunda khona ukusebenza nge-lithography, ngaphezu kokuqoshwa ngethusi nokhuni.
Eshushiswa ngokwezombusazwe yinkosi uJesús Gómez ngenxa yokubhuqa kwezincwadi zakhe nopopayi, ngo-1872 uPedroso noPosada bamasha baya edolobheni laseLeón lapho basungula khona umshini omusha wokunyathelisa.
Ngo-1875 uPosada washada noMaría de Jesús Vela kwathi ngo-1876 wathenga umshini wokunyathelisa kaPedrosa ngentengo engaphansi kwamakhulu ama-peso; Lapho wafanekisa izincwadi waphrinta izithombe nezingqwembe zenkolo, ngokuhambisana nothando lwangaleso sikhathi.
Uqale njengothisha we-lithography ngo-1883 ePreparatory School; Wahlala lapho kwaze kwaba nguJulayi 18, 1888, lapho ngenxa yesikhukhula esiyinhlekelele, wathuthela eMexico City. Elandelwa udumo olukhulu njengomqophi, waqashwa ngu-Irenio Paz ukukhombisa inani elikhulu lomagazini nezincwadi.
Umsebenzi omningi umenze wasungula indawo yakhe yokusebenzela e-namba 1 yeSanta Teresa evaliwe, manje ephethwe ngummeli uVerdad, lapho esebenza khona phambi kwabantu, bese kuba kunombolo 5 waseSanta Inés, namuhla uMoneda.
Ngo-1899, ngokushona kukaManuel Manilla Posada, wamfaka esikhundleni sakhe ngokusemthethweni ku-workshop kaDon Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, umhleli odume kakhulu wamagazethi asemgwaqweni, ama-corridos, amahlaya, nezimfumbe nezinye izincwadi eziningi.
Ndawonye noBlas, indodana kaDon Antonio; umqophi uManilla, owafundisa uPosada ukuthi andise i-zinc; imbongi uConstancio S. Suárez nababhali uRamón N. Franco, uFrancisco Ozácar, uRaimundo Díaz Guerrero noRaimundo Balandrano, basungula iqembu elikhulu elathi ngemuva konyaka lagcwala izwe ngezindaba zalo, amahlaya, izingoma, izindaba, amahlaya, ama-almanac namakhalenda.
Ngaphezu kwamaphephandaba i-La Gaceta Callejera noDon Chepito, baphinde bashicilela amapheshana amaphepha ansundu kuyo yonke imibala yothingo, abiza isenti elilodwa noma amabili, kanye nemidlalo efana neLa Oca, ebezijabulisa izingane futhi abantu abadala ngezizukulwane eziningi, okwenziwe amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu kuze kube manje.
Umthamo omkhulu womsebenzi uphoqe uPosada ukuthi afune amasu asheshayo. Le yindlela athola ngayo i-zincography, equkethe ukudweba ngoyinki okwebayo kushidi le-zinc, bese kukhishwa abamhlophe nge-acid bath.
“Ukuqoshwa okungaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-20 okwenziwe nguPosada, ngemibhalo namavesi athakazelisayo ahambisana nakho, kuchaza esinye sezikhathi ezithakazelisa kakhulu zedolobha elikhulu ebelilindelwe isikhathi eside, 'ngokuthula kwamaPorfirian' noma 'ukuthula okushisayo': iziyaluyalu zomgwaqo, imililo, ukundindizela komhlaba, izinkanyezi ezinomsila, izinsongo zokuphela komhlaba, ukuzalwa kwezilo, ukuzibulala, ukubulawa, izimangaliso, izinhlupho, uthando olukhulu nezinhlekelele ezinkulu; konke kwathathwa yilendoda, ngaleso sikhathi, eyayiyi-antenna ezwelayo kukho konke ukudlidliza nenaliti yokuqopha kuyo yonke imicimbi ”(Rodríguez, 1977).
Uthando lwakhe olukhulu ngezwe lakhe lumenze ukuthi athuthukise enye yezindikimba ebezikhathaza kakhulu abantu baseMexico kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi: ukufa, kepha hhayi ukufa okunesabekayo nokwesabekayo njengoba kwabonwa amakilasi aphezulu noma amaCatrino, kanye nabaseYurophu. zesikhathi sakhe. Akazange amele ukufa okubuhlungu nokuhloniphekile, kepha wanikela ngamakhanda abo ngemifanekiso eyinkulungwane noma ngezinto, enza izinto zaba namandla ezenzweni zokuziphatha; Ugebhezi oluhlekisayo abantu ababona ngalo ngokugcwele, ngoba babeyindlela yokukhululeka noma yokuziphindiselela kukho konke okubabangele ukungaphatheki kahle.
Akunankinga eyodwa uDon Lupe, njengoba uPosada abizwa kanjalo ngothando, ashiye ngaphandle kogebhezi, obemboze konke nawo wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kokushiya unodoli onekhanda, kusukela kubantu baseMexico abathobeke kakhulu kuya kosopolitiki ophakeme kunabo bonke besikhathi sakhe, amaqiniso alula kulawo we-resonance ngaphezulu.
Phakathi kwezinhlamvu eziningi ezakhiwe nguPosada, kukhona, ngaphezu kogebhezi bakhe abathandwayo, uDeveli noDon Chepito Marihuano; kepha ikakhulukazi abantu abalula ngenjabulo nokuhlupheka kwabo.
“Njengoba nje uGoya afake emidwebweni yakhe kaCaprichos, Izigcawu ezivela emhlabeni wabathakathi ukuze asebenzise ukugxeka kwakhe emphakathini, uPosada ubuyela kolunye uhlangothi lwempilo: ukufa, ukuze aqinise ukugxekwa kwakhe kwezenhlalo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngomqondo wokuhlekisa, okumvumela sebenzisa ukuhlekisa nokubukisa ngokweqile. Izigcawu nezibalo ezivela 'ngaphesheya' azilutho ngaphandle 'kokuqhubeka lapha', kepha ziguqulwe emhlabeni wezingebhezi namathambo anempilo ephelele… ”(ibit.).
Isiko lokhakhayi laseMexico, elaqalwa nguGabriel Vicente Gahona, elibizwa ngokuthi "iPicheta", laqhutshwa ngokumangalisayo futhi ladlulwa nguPosada, owahlanganisa, ngendlela yaseMexico, umqondo wasendulo waseYurophu "womdanso we-macabre", osuselwa kubuciko bokufa kahle. ukusebenzisana ngale ndlela ekunciphiseni imizwa nobuciko babantu okuholele, ngokwesidingo, ekuqiniseni imikhosi ebekelwe abafileyo babo.
Umqophi uManuel Manilla ukweleta, ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kogebhezi abamnandi abacebisa isiko loSuku Lwabafileyo nokuthi manje, elenziwe ngoshukela, ushokoledi noma injabulo, ngamehlo abo akheniwe futhi acwebezelayo Igama lomuntu oshonile ebunzini, limele olunye lwezimpawu zalo eziyinhloko.
Ngenkathi umdwebi waseJalisco uGerardo Murillo, obizwa nge- “Doctor Atl”, ebhala incwadi yakhe ethi Las artes popular en México emibhalweni emibili ngo-1921, wazishaya indiva izinkulumo zobuciko zomgubho we-Day of the Dead, kanye nomsebenzi kaPosada.
Umdwebi waseFrance uJean Charlot, owajoyina iMexico School of Painting, waziwa ngokuthola umqophi uPosada ngo-1925. Kusukela lapho kuya phambili, umqondo wokufa kwabantu ozibonakalisa ngesandla, ugqugquzelwa umsebenzi wakhe, uyasebenza ngokusekelwa ngabadwebi u-Diego Rivera noPablo O'Higgins. Ngawo-1930 kwavela umqondo wokwedelela ukufa ngenxa yemikhosi, mhlawumbe ngokususelwa kuzingebhezi ezihlekisayo, ezihlekisayo nezingahlonipheki kakhulu zikaPosada.
Phakathi kokuqoshwa kogebhezi kwakhe okubaluleke kakhulu kukhona: UDon Quixote de la Mancha, ezama ukuqondisa iso lakhe elilodwa, egibele ukugxadazela okungahambi kahle ehhashini lakhe eliyi-rocinante, edala ubuhlungu nokufa ekuvukeni kwakhe. Izingebhezi zamabhayisikili, ukulingisa okuphelele ekuqhubekeni kwemishini okusakazwa yisiko. Nge-Adelita Skull, Maderista Skull noHuertista Skull, umele izikhulu ezahlukahlukene zezepolitiki zangaleso sikhathi, njengokugxekwa okunzima ngenguquko yegazi yango-1910.
Ukhakhayi olukhazimulayo nolumnandi lukaDoña Tomasa noSimón el Aguador, lumelela inhlebo yendawo. Uchungechunge oluncane lwamaSkulls of Cupid lukhombisa eminye yemibhalo enolwazi oluningi kaConstancio S. Suárez.
ILa Calavera Catrina, kanye neCalavera del Catrín ne-Espolón contra navaja ziphakathi kwemisebenzi esatshalaliswa kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba ingabamele kakhulu iPosada.
Phakathi kokunye ukuqoshwa, kukhona uGran fandango no-francachela de todos las calaveras noRebumbio de calaveras, ahambisana nenkondlo elandelayo, ehambisana kakhulu nemikhosi yoSuku Lwabafileyo:
Ithuba elihle lokuzijabulisa ngempela selifikile, izingebhezi zizoba yiphathi yabo kokhokho.
Imikhosi ye-sepulchral izohlala amahora amaningi; abangasekho bazohambela nezingubo ezikhethekile.
Ngokulangazela okukhulu izingebhezi namathambo enziwe izembatho eziphelele ezizogqokwa emhlanganweni.
Ngo-9 ekuseni ebusika ngoJanuwari 20, 1913, endlini no. 6, esitezi esiphansi se-Avenida de la Paz (njengamanje onguNombolo 47 eCalle del Carmen), eneminyaka engama-66 uJosé Guadalupe Posada washona. Ngenxa yobumpofu bakhe, wangcwatshwa ethuneni lesigaba sesithupha seCivil Pantheon of Dolores.
"... futhi esikhundleni sokuba abe yiKhakhayi lenqwaba njengoba abonile ngaphambili, uvuka ethuneni (elijwayelekile) aye ekungafini, abuye ahambe ezinkingeni zomhlaba: kwesinye isikhathi afake ijazi le-frock nesigqoko se-bowler, nabanye nge-burin esandleni silinde imicimbi emisha ”(ibid.).
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa No. 261 / Novemba 1998
