Kufanele sivakashele elinye lamahlathi ophayini amaningi ezweni, ngesikhathi semvula, ukuze sibabaze izinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe ezikhula kuwo. Ngempela, kunezinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta eMexico, kusuka ezincane kakhulu ezingafinyeleli kumamilimitha ambalwa, kuya emidondosheni engaphezu kwemitha ububanzi.
Imibala yazo nayo yehluka kakhulu, kusuka kokumhlophe okulula kuya kumibala ehlukahlukene kakhulu, ngokungafani nobumnyama obuncane lapho lezi zidalwa zikhula khona kula mahlathi.
IMexico mhlawumbe ingelinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zamakhowe, kanye nasemasikweni awo ngabantu bomdabu. Amakhowe adumile e-hallucinogenic manje aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, atholakala eMexico ngawo-1950, futhi kwakubonga abantu bomdabu ukuthi lolu lwazi lwafinyelela ezandleni zososayensi.
Abantu baseMexico bomdabu bangongoti abakhulu bamakhowe; zazi kahle kakhulu ukuthi zingahlukanisa kanjani izinhlobo ezidliwayo kunalezo ezinobuthi futhi, yiqiniso, nama-hallucinogens. Umbhali, ngeminyaka yakhe engama-23 yocwaningo lwe-mycological, ufunde kubantu bomdabu ukuthi babheke futhi babone isikhunta emvelweni.
Ukuthengiswa kwamakhowe adliwayo ezimakethe ezidumile kuvame kakhulu ngesikhathi semvula. Isikhunta esishiwoyo siqoqwa ngabantu bomdabu emahlathini futhi sikhethwe ezandleni eziningi ngaphambi kokufika emakethe, ngendlela yokuthi akufanele sikuthembe ukukhonjwa okuyikho kwalezi fungi. Umdabu waseMexico kusukela eseyingane, ujwayele ukuhamba emahlathini enkampanini yabazali bakhe noma ogogo nomkhulu futhi ufunde ukuhlukanisa isikhunta, ngoba lolo lwazi lokhokho olusuka ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi seludluliselwe kuye. Umlimi ufaka igama elithile kwikhowe ngalinye ukuze alikhombe futhi alihlukanise namanye. Ngakho-ke singathola inani elikhulu lamagama omdabu, omdabu noma amaCastilian, asetshenziselwa isikhunta. Isibonelo, sinamagama we: "amacilongo", "imilenze emincane", "izintokazi ezisencane", "buttery", "yemitas", "joletes", "izindlebe", "izintokazi ezisencane", njll.
YINI I-FUNGUS?
Isikhunta yisidalwa esakhiwa iqoqo lemicu ecishe ibe mincane kakhulu, eyakha ubumba omhlophe wekotoni. Kulesi sisindo ama-primordia azalwa ukuthi lapho evuthwa abe yi-fructization ye-fungus. Lezi zinguquko zikhiqiza izinhlamvu, okuyizimbewu zesikhunta, futhi eziphethe ukuqhubekisela phambili ukhunta, ngokusatshalaliswa kwalo ngokuvamile emoyeni nangokuhluma kwalo okufanele. Imicu eshiwo ngenhla yalesi sikhunta ibizwa ngokuthi i-hyphae kanye ne-cottony mass eyakha i-mycelium, ngendlela yokuthi isikhunta siyiqoqo le-hyphae, okungamaseli ayindilinga.
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu okukhulunywe ngenhla, isikhunta esikubonayo noma esikuqoqayo ensimini asilutho ngaphandle kokuthwebula nje; Sishiya ukhunta langempela likhula phansi noma esiqwini emuva ehlathini. Kubalulekile ukukugcizelela lokhu, ngoba kunomqondo ongelona iqiniso wokuthi ama-fructization esiwaqoqayo ehlathini, lapho sifuna amakhowe adliwayo, amakhowe eqiniso. Njengasesihlahleni samawolintshi siqoqa amawolintshi kuphela, kodwa hhayi izihlahla zamawolintshi, ngakho-ke ehlathini, siqoqa kuphela ukutholwa kwesikhunta hhayi lezi, okuyi-mycelium esala phansi.
Akuzona zonke izakhiwo zokuzala zesikhunta ezinama-macroscopic; kukhona nemicroscopic, njengalapho okubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta esincanyana noma isikhunta. Isibonelo, isikhunta esikhula esinkweni, kuma-tortilla, kuma-oranges.
Zonke izikhunta yizinto eziphilayo eziphila ezintweni eziphilayo esezakhiwe, ezibola bese ngaleyo ndlela zithola ukudla kwazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo eziphila kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezizikhubaza.Ngale ndlela, isikhunta sehlukaniswe ngokuphelele nemifino, eyakha ukudla kwayo ngomoya ngamandla elanga kanye nombala oluhlaza oqukethe: i-chlorophyll (ngaphandle kwamacala ezitshalo ezinamagciwane).
Ngenxa yokondleka kwabo okwehlukile, ukwakheka kwabo okukhethekile nokukhiqizwa kwabo yizinhlamvu, isikhunta sithathwa njengezinto eziphilayo ezingafani nezitshalo nezilwane, ngakho izazi zesayensi yanamuhla ziyavuma ukuthi isikhunta singumbuso ozimele ngaphandle kwezitshalo. kunalokho kufana nezilwane.
Ukubaluleka kwesikhunta emvelweni kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ngenxa yazo izinto eziphilayo ziyabola futhi ziphinde zahlanganiswa nenhlabathi. Isikhunta, kanye namagciwane asemhlabathini, sidiliza udoti siwenze unyamalale. Ngokwalokhu kubuka, ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwesikhunta akunakuphikwa.
Ungahlukanisa kanjani ikhowe elidliwayo kunelinobuthi?
Amakhowe adliwayo abonakala ngokwazi kuwo ukwakheka, umbala nokuthungwa kwazo zonke izingxenye zomzimba othelayo. Kumele sibheke ukuthi banezinyawo yini, uma kukhona indandatho kuyo, uma beletha izikali, njll. Kwanele, kumakhowe athile adliwayo esiwaziyo futhi esiwachazayo ngokuba nendandatho onyaweni manje ayinayo, ukuze ingafani futhi sikungabaze ukukhonjwa kwayo.
Njengoba nje sikhomba izithelo nemifino emakethe, sihlaziya ukwakheka kwaso, umbala nokuthungwa kwaso, futhi ngokuya ngesipiliyoni sethu, yingale ndlela okumele sihlonze ngayo amakhowe adliwayo, kepha kungashiwo ukuthi sinjani isipiliyoni? Singahlala kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabomdabu noma abalimi abasidayisela lawa makhowe futhi abasiqinisekisayo ukuthi ayadliwa. Uma namuhla sithenga ikhowe elidliwayo emakethe, ngokwesibonelo, i- "yemitas", ebonakala ngokuba nokhiye we-yolk o-orenji, ngaphandle kwezikali, onqenqemeni olushaywayo, nendandatho onyaweni, i-lamina ewolintshi nangaphansi konyawo ingilazi (uma inenye, ngoba imvamisa bayayisika), futhi uma siqopha lesi sithombe, asisoze sakhohlwa amakhowe ashiwo futhi sizophinde siwukhombe kalula. Kepha, uma sithola isikhunta esifanayo ehlathini, sinombala opholile noma onamandla, noma ngaphandle kwendandatho noma esinye isakhiwo esijwayelekile, ngokuqinisekile kungenye yezinhlobo, mhlawumbe inobuthi.
Lapho ukhetha amakhowe adliwayo ozowasebenzisela ukupheka, kufanele kube nesiqiniseko esiphelele sokuhlonza izinhlobo. Uma kukhona ukungabaza, kungcono ukulahla lawa makhowe. Iphutha lingaba likhulu.
Ekuhlonzweni kwesikhunta, okuhlangenwe nakho okudumile okuncoma ukwazi isikhunta kufanele kulahlwe, ukubuka kuphela uma kubiliswe ngohlamvu lwesiliva noma ugalikhi noma bekumnyama. Lezi zinkambiso zivame ukuphikisana ngamanga futhi ziyingozi. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kukhona amakhowe azodliwa kuphela uma ephekiwe, njengoba kwenzeka nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izindlebe zegundane" noma "ama-gachupines", kepha iningi lamakhowe adliwayo Zinezinto zokupheka noma ziluhlaza noma zibilisiwe.
Amakhowe anobuthi ayingozi kumuntu uma nje efakwe. Kungamanga ngokuphelele ukuthi isikhunta sidakisa umuntu ngokumane asibambe ezandleni noma asinuke.
Singahlukanisa amakhowe anobuthi ezigabeni ezine ezilandelayo:
1. Lokho okubanga ukugaya, ngokuhlanza nohudo, ihora elingu-1/2 ngemuva kokungeniswa. Uma umthamo owudlile ungazange wenze ihaba futhi umuntu ahlanze yonke into, uyalulama kungekudala. Lapha sithola iningi lamakhowe anobuthi. Isibonelo salokhu yiRussula emetica, ejwayelekile kakhulu emahlathini ephayini.
2. Lezo ezibanga ukudakwa okufana nokwedlule, ngesimo esithile sezinzwa, kepha inqobo nje uma utshwala buphuziwe. Uma utshwala bungaphuzwa, lawa makhowe ayadliwa. Kukhona ukhunta munye kuphela owaziwa eMexico, okuthiwa yiCoprinus atramentarius, okhula ezingadini. Kunombono oyiphutha wokuthi wonke amakhowe adliwayo awalungile ngotshwala.
3. Amakhowe abanga uhudo oluhlanzayo, kepha zombili ngegazi. Lezi zimpawu zivela kuze kube ngemuva kwamahora ayi-8 noma ayi-12 ngemuva kokungeniswa; umuntu udakwe ngokuphelele esibindini futhi amaseli abo esibindi ayabhujiswa (yingakho igazi). Lezi zisulu ziwela ebuhlungwini obungadonsa kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-8 futhi ekugcineni zife. Isikhunta esidala lezi zimpawu asivamile eMexico; Zintathu kuphela izinhlobo ezaziwayo okuyizinto zohlobo lwe-Amaníta futhi ezimhlophe ngokuphelele, yingakho umbono ongelona iqiniso wokuthi wonke amakhowe amhlophe anobuthi, kepha amakhowe aziwayo, amnandi futhi aphekiwe, amhlophe. Izinhlobo ezinobuthi zikaManita zinamakhasi amhlophe, kanti ikhowe, elibizwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-Agaricus bisporus (elinyiwe) noma i-Agaricus campestris (elasendle), linamakhasi ansundu kuya kwamnyama.
4. Amakhowe okuthi uma ufakwa abangele imibono engemihle. Angamakhowe angcwele aziwayo kakhulu omdabu, ajwayelekile esifundeni saseHuautla de Jiménez, e-Oaxaca. Lawa makhowe adliwa ngamaqembu ahlukene abantu bomdabu emicimbini ekhetheke kakhulu yasebusuku, efana naleyo eyayisetshenziswa ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi. Ngabo bakhulume nonkulunkulu babo, futhi manje badla amakhowe ukukhuluma noNkulunkulu. Amakhowe aseHallucinogenic angawohlobo lwePsi1ocybey futhi akhula kahle ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwe, njengamahlathi ashisayo, izintaba ezishisayo zase-Oaxaca, ePuebla naseVeracruz, nezintaba eziphakeme njengalezo zePopocatépetl naseNevado de Toluca. Zitholakala eNingizimu Melika, e-U.S., EYurophu, e-Afrika, eJapane nase-Australia.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-48 / Novemba 1980
