Ngokusho kukaGermán Arciniega, igama elithi pichilingue lisuselwa kwelesiNgisi elithi khuluma ngesiNgisi, nokuwumyalo owawunikezwe abomdabu ababethukile basogwini lwePacific, okwathi, ngaphezu kokuhlaselwa nokuthukuthela, okuthiwa kwakudingeka bazi ulimi lweShakespeare.
Incazelo yesibili yaleli gama yanikezwa yisazi-mlando esidumile saseSinaloan uPablo Lizárraga, oqinisekisa ukuthi livela eNahuatl futhi lisuselwa ku-pichihuila, inhlobonhlobo yedada eliyisifiki eliveza ukubukeka okucacile: amehlo alo nezimpaphe ezizungezile zinikeza umbono wokuthi iyinyoni enombala omhlophe.
Akulungile ukucabanga ukuthi izigebengu, ikakhulukazi amaNordics, nazo zingaba blond ngokulinganayo. Ukuvela kwama-pichilingue asogwini lolwandle, imvamisa ema-cove amancane anamanzi ajule ngokwanele ukuthi bakwazi ukubambelela kuwo nasezindaweni ezivikelekile, kuholele ekubeni khona kwamabhishi abizwa ngokuthi ama-pichilingues kwamanye amachibi aseNingizimu Melika futhi, kaningi , eMexico.
Umbono wesithathu usebenza ngokulinganayo. Inani elikhulu labaphangi livela - igama elejwayelekile lamadoda enza lolu hlobo lwemisebenzi - ikakhulukazi ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, kusukela ethekwini laseDutch laseVlissinghen. Ngamafuphi, imvelaphi yaleli gama iyaqhubeka nokungaqondakali njengabantu ebibhekise kubo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili.
Sebekwazile ukungena ePacific ngokuzungeza iStrait of Magellan, izingxabano zaqala ngokushesha ngabaseSpain, abanikazi balokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ichibi laseSpain", kanye nobugovu nobutha bamaNgisi nabakwaFlemings. I-pichilingue yokuqala yamaDashi yokuwela lolu lwandle kwakungu-Oliver van Noort ngonyaka we-1597. UVan Noort wayengumgcini we-tavern, owake wasebenza olwandle, owathi ngemikhumbi yakhe enemikhumbi emine kanye nabesilisa abangama-240 benza ukweba nokuphanga eSouth American Pacific. kodwa ayizange ifinyelele ogwini lwaseNew Spain. Ukuphela kwakhe kungenzeka ukuthi bekufanelekile: ushone ngokulenga eManila.
Ngo-1614 kwafika izindaba eNew Spain zokuthi ingozi yamaDashi yayisondela. Ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka, i-East India Company yathumela imikhumbi emikhulu emikhulu yangasese (okusho ukuthi, "babenamamaki" avela kohulumeni babo) kanye nama "jachts" amabili ku "mission mission" emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuthunywa okunokuthula kwaqiniswa yizikhali eziqinile ezazisemikhunjini eholwa yiGroote Sonne neGroote Mann.
Ohola lo msebenzi kwakungu-admiral ohlonishwayo- uhlobo lomuntu osebenza ngasese- uJoris van Spielbergen. Itilosi elicwengiwe, elazalwa ngo-1568, lalingusomaqhinga onekhono owayethanda ukuthi ifulegi lakhe linikezwe impahla enhle futhi ligcinwe ngamawayini amahle kakhulu. Lapho edla, wakwenza ne-orchestra egibele kanye nekwaya yamatilosi njengomlando womculo. Amadoda akhe ayegqoke umfaniswano omuhle. USpielbergen wayenekhomishini ekhethekile evela eMelika General nakuPrince Maurice Orange. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi phakathi kwama-oda ayimfihlo kwakungukuthwebula i-galleon. Itilosi elidumile le-pichilingue lafika kungazelelwe ogwini lwaseNew Spain ngasekupheleni kuka-1615.
Ngemuva kwezimpi ezinkulu ezilwa nemikhumbi yempi yaseSpain eSouth American Pacific, lapho imikhumbi yabo ibingathintwa nhlobo, ngokulahleka okumbalwa kwabantu kanye nemikhumbi yabo eyonakaliswe kanzima, ama-pichilingues alibangise enyakatho; nokho, iNew Spain yayikulungele ukulinda amaDashi. Ngo-June 1615, uViceroy Márques de Guadalcázar wayala umphathi-dolobha wase-Acapulco ukuba aqinise izivikelo zetheku ngemisele nangezinganono. Knights of Knights ngokuzithandela wajoyina amabutho ukulwa nesitha juqu.
PHAMBI KWE-ACAPULCO
Ekuseni ngo-Okthoba 11, imikhumbi yaseDashi yafika phambi komnyango we-bay. Njengoba yayingena ngaphakathi ngosizi, imikhumbi yabambelela ngaphambi kwenqaba yesikhashana ngemuva kwemini. Babingelelwe nge-salvo ye-cannon shots engenamthelela omncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpielbergen yayizimisele ngokucekela phansi lo muzi uma kunesidingo, ngoba wawudinga ukudla namanzi. Ekugcineni kwamenyezelwa isivumelwano futhi uPedro Álvarez noFrancisco Méndez, ababekade besebenza eFlanders, bangena ukuze bazi ulimi lwesiDashi.
USpielbergen unikele ngokushintshana ngezinto ezidingeka kakhulu, ukukhulula iziboshwa ababezithathe zisuka ogwini lwasePeru. Kwafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni futhi, okumangazayo ukuthi, isonto lonke, i-Acapulco yaba yindawo yokuhlangana enempilo phakathi kwama-pichilingue namaSpain. Umkhuzi wamukelwa emkhunjini ngehlonipho kanye nombukiso wamatilosi afake umfaniswano ophelele, kuyilapho indodana encane kaSpielbergen ichitha usuku imeya yetheku. Ukuhlangana okuphucukile obekungaphambana nokuzidela okwalandela komDashi ogwini olusenyakatho ne-Acapulco. ISpielbergen yayinohlelo lwetheku olwenziwe ngaphambili.
Induna, yesaba ukuthi iManila Galleon eyayizofika izoboshwa, yathumela okungaphansi kukaSebastián Vizcaíno enamadoda angama-400 ukuvikela amachweba aseNavidad naseSalagua, futhi umbusi waseNueva-Vizcaya wathumela elinye iqembu ogwini lwaseSinaloa ngaphansi kokuyalelwa nguVillalba, owayeneziyalezo eziqondile zokugwema ukuhlala phansi kwesitha.
Endleleni, uSpielbergen wabamba umkhumbi wamaparele iSan Francisco, wabe eseshintsha igama lomkhumbi laba nguPerel (iparele). Ekufikeni okulandelayo eSaragua, iVizcaíno yalinda ama-pichilingues nangemva kwempi eyayingavuni abaseSpain, uSpielbergen wabuyela eBarra de Navidad, noma ngaphezulu kweTenancatita, lapho achitha khona izinsuku ezinhlanu ehamba namadoda akhe endaweni enhle itheku. UVizcaíno, embikweni wakhe enduneni, ukhuluma ngokulahleka okukhulu kwezitha futhi njengobufakazi buthumela kuye izindlebe zokuthi unqamule i-pichilingue. UVizcaíno uchaze amanye "ama-pichilingas" awathathe njengesiboshwa "njengamadoda amancane futhi aqotho, amanye awo angama-Irish, anama-curls amakhulu namacici." Abase-Ireland babedonswe ebuthweni likaSpielbergen, bekholelwa ukuthi basemkhankasweni wokuthula.
ECape Corrientes, uSpielbergen uthathe isinqumo sokuthi angabe esachitha sikhathi emanzini eNew Spain wabhekisa amabombo eningizimu. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, iManila Galleon yadlula eKapa. USpielbergen washona ebumpofu ngo-1620. Ukwakhiwa okwakudingeka kakhulu kweFort San Diego e-Acapulco kuzoqala kungekudala ngemuva kokuvikela ichweba ekuhlaselweni yizigebengu.
BELWA Nombuso WaseSpain
Ngo-1621, isivumelwano esasicatshangelwa phakathi kweHolland neSpain saphela. AmaDashi ayezimisele ukuthumela imikhumbi enamandla kunazo zonke ezovela ePacific, eyaziwa ngeNassau Fleet - "Nasao" - yinkosana, umxhasi wayo. Inhloso yayo yangempela kwakuwukuqothula ukungabibikho kwesipani kolwandle. Futhi bekuzothatha nemikhumbi ecebile futhi kuphange amadolobha. Le mikhumbi yasuka eHolland ngo-1623 ilayishe ama-pichilingue ayi-1626 ayalwe umphathi wamasosha odumile uJacobo L. Hermite, owashona ogwini lwasePeru. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Vice Admiral Hugo Schapenham uthathe umyalo, owedlula i-Fort of Acapulco, ngoba amaCastilian awazamukelanga izicelo zomphathi wempi owayentula amanzi nokuhlinzekwa, ngakho-ke le mikhumbi emikhulu kwadingeka ihambele olwandle, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi iPichilingue, ukuyibeka esitokisini.
Njengoba kwakukhona iqembu labaseSpain elalibalindile, amaDashi kwakudingeka aphakamise ihange elibhekise eZihuatanejo lapho ayelinda khona ngokungenamsebenzi "inyamazane okwase kuyisikhathi eside ilindelwe": umkhumbi ongafinyeleleki kalula. Kodwa-ke, iNassau Fleet eyayingenakunqotshwa yehlulekile ngokuhlazisayo, yayinamathemba angenamkhawulo futhi yabeka izigidi zezimbali. Isikhathi sama-pichilingue okuthiwa saphela ngo-Peace of Westphalia ngo-1649, kodwa-ke, igama elithi pichilingue lahlanganiswa unomphela emlandweni wobugebengu kanye nolwazimagama lwaseSpain.
IPacific ayisekho, ngokusho kombhali wezindaba u-Antonio de Robles (1654-172).
1685: ”Novemba, 1. Lolu suku lusha luqhamuke ekuboneni izitha ezinemikhumbi eyisikhombisa "" NgoMsombuluko 19. Kwafika okusha ngokubona oseyili ngasogwini lwaseColima lezitha kwase kudlalwa umthandazo "" Disemba 1. Iposi belivela e-Acapulco linezindaba zokuthi izitha zaya kanjani eCape Corrientes nokuthi bazama ukungena ethekwini kabili banqatshwa ”.
1686: "February 12. Iwayini elisha elivela eCompostela likhiphe abantu lenza inyama namanzi, lathatha imindeni emine noma eyisithupha: bacela isihlengo."
1688: "Novemba 26. Iwayini elisha ngesikhathi isitha singena e-Acaponeta sathatha abesifazane abangamashumi amane, imali eningi nabantu kanye nobaba weNkampani nomunye waseLa Merced."
1689: “Kwangathi. ISonto 8. Kwavela izindaba ezintsha zokuthi amaNgisi azinquma kanjani izindlebe namakhala kaFata Fray Diego de Aguilar, enxusa ukutakulwa kwabantu bakithi ababengafa ”.
Umlobi wezindaba ubhekise kuleli cala kumaNgisi ama-pichilinque-buccaneers uSwan noTownley, abacekela phansi ugu olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNew Spain balindela ize.
Amabhishi asePacific, amachweba awo kanye nemizana yokudoba yayihlala ivinjezelwe amaPichilingue, kepha ayizange ifinyelele enhlosweni yokufisa ukubamba iManila Galleon kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka elilandelayo. Noma bathole impango, baphinde bathola ukuphoxeka okukhulu. Lapho bebamba umkhumbi weSanto Rosario owawunezindawo zokugcina ezazigcwele imigoqo yesiliva, amaNgisi akholelwa ukuthi kwakuyithini futhi awaphosa olwandle. Omunye wabo wagcina ingot njengesikhumbuzo. Ebuyela eNgilandi, wathola ukuthi kwakuyisiliva eliqinile. Babephonsa ngaphezu kolwandle amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-150!
UCromwell, "Coromuel" odumile, owasungula ikomkhulu lakhe phakathi kweLa Paz neLos Cabos, eBaja California, ugqame phakathi kwabashayeli bezimoto abashiya uphawu olukhulu engxenyeni ethile yeNew Spain. Igama lakhe lihleli emoyeni omkhumbulayo, "i-coromuel", ayisebenzisa ukuhamba ngomkhumbi nokuzingela umkhumbi othile ocebile noma umkhumbi wamaparele. Isiphephelo sakhe kwakuwulwandle olunegama laseCoromuel, ngaseLa Paz.
UCromwell ushiye elinye lamafulege akhe noma i- "joli roger" kule ndawo ekude nemilingo. Namuhla kuseMnyuziyamu waseFort San Diego. UCoromuel, indoda, wanyamalala ngokumangazayo, hhayi inkumbulo yakhe.
