Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-cactus ezingasekho eMexico; ezinye sezizonyamalala.
Njengemindeni ehlukahlukene yezimbali zaseMexico, i-cacti nayo iyaphela ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi bayifunde futhi bathole izimfanelo zabo eziningi; izinhlobo eziningi zingasekho ngaphandle kwethu singazi ukuthi iyiphi ingcebo esilahlekelwe yiyo ngokunyamalala kwayo. Endabeni ye-cacti, lokhu kubi kakhulu, ngoba kusolwa ukuthi amandla abo kwezomnotho, angafundwanga kangako, makhulu.
Isibonelo, izinhlobo eziningi ziyaziwa ukuthi zicebile ngama-alkaloid. I-Peyote iqukethe ama-alkaloid angaphansi kwama-53 - i-mescaline ingenye yazo. Le yimiphumela yophenyo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguDkt Raquel Mata noDkt MacLaughling, abafunde cishe izitshalo eziyi-150 zalowo mndeni. Amandla okwenziwa kwale mithi ayabonakala.
I-NOPAL, ISITHA SESIFO SIKASHUKELA
Umuthi wethu wendabuko usebenzisa kaningi i-cacti. Isibonelo: kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, abelaphi besizakala ngezimpawu ze-hypoglycemic ze-nopal ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela; Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esifushane kakhulu esedlule, sibonga ukubekezela kwabaphenyi be-Imss Unit for the Development of New Medicines and Traditional Medicine, le mpahla ye-cactus yamukelwa ngokwesayensi. Kusukela lapho, ezokuPhepha Komphakathi zinomuthi omusha, ongenabungozi, oshibhile futhi osebenza kangcono wokulwa nesifo sikashukela: i-lyophilized nopal juice, i-powder encibilikayo. Esinye isibonelo: kukholakala ukuthi ezinye izitho ezingwadule zethu zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nomdlavuza; Impela, lolu hlobo lwe-cactus lucebe ngama-antibiotics kanye nama-triterpenes.
IZIMBANGELA Zomsakazo?
Emkhakheni ohluke ngokuphelele, uDkt.Leia Scheinvar, ovela e-UNAM Cactology Laboratory, ubheka ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-cacti njengama-bioindicators ezinsimbi enhlabathini engaphansi. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlolwa kobunjwa nemibala ye-cactus kungakhomba indawo enembile yokufakwa kwensimbi. Umsuka walolu cwaningo usafuna ukwazi. UDkt. Scheinvar wabona i-necrosis nokushintsha kombala okukhethekile kuma-cacti amaningi eZona del Silencio naseSan Luis Potosí, izindawo ezibonakala zicebile nge-uranium. Izingxoxo ezengeziwe nabacwaningi abavela eGerman Democratic Republic, ikakhulukazi abanesifiso sokufunda izitshalo ze-bioindicator, bambeka kulowo mzila.
Intshisekelo yezomnotho ye-nopal iyabonakala: ayikhawulelwanga ekusetshenzisweni kwayo njengokudla kwabantu (lencwadi yokupheka ifaka izindlela zokupheka ezingekho ngaphansi kwezingama-70) kepha futhi njengefoloji iyaziswa kakhulu; Sesivele sikhulume ngezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo kwezokwelapha; Futhi kuyisisekelo sama-shampoo, okhilimu nezinye izimonyo; kuyisitshalo sokubamba okubumbene kokubomvu, isinambuzane okukhishwa kuso udayi ongase wazi ngokushesha ukuqhuma okusha ...
Yonke le ngcebo, ikakhulukazi engaziwa, iyalahleka. Isimo siba sibi kakhulu uma sibheka ukuthi iMexico yisikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuhlukaniswa kwe-cacti emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlobo zayo eziningi zikhona lapha kuphela, ngoba izinhlobo ezi-1 000 ezahlukahlukene zihlala lapha (kulinganiselwa ukuthi umndeni wonke unabantu abayizi-2 000 kulo lonke izwekazi laseMelika).
"ABAVAKASHELI", BABI NGEZIMBUZI
UDkt. Leia Scheinvar uveza izimbangela ezintathu zokuqothulwa kwe-cacti: amadlelo, ikakhulukazi izimbuzi, ngokusho kwakhe, "okufanele aqothulwe eMexico; ezinye izilwane zize zisize ukwanda kwemifino ye-cacti: zisusa ameva, zidle okuncane kwe-pith bese zishiya sonke isitshalo sinjalo. Kuhluma ihlumela elisha kusuka kuleso silonda. AmaJapane asebenzisa indlela efanayo yokusabalalisa i-globose cacti: bahlukanisa ingxenye ephezulu bese beyixhunyelela, kuyilapho ingxenye engezansi iphindaphindeka ngendlela engamanzi. Izimbuzi zona zidla isitshalo kusuka empandeni ”.
Enye imbangela ebalulekile yimikhuba yezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukugawulwa nokushiswa komhlaba wezintombi. Ukwehlisa imiphumela yale mithombo emibili yokubhujiswa, uDkt.Scheinvar wakhulelwa iphrojekthi yokwakha izinqolobane ze-cactus. Uphakamisa ukuthi kunikezwe umhlaba ukuze kulondolozwe i-cacti ezindaweni ezinamasu futhi ngasikhathi sinye “kwenziwe umkhankaso phakathi kwabalimi ukuze ngaphambi kokuthi baqale ukusula umhlaba wabo bazise abaphathi bezindawo ezigcinwayo futhi bakwazi ukuqoqa izibonelo. usongelwe ”.
Icala lesithathu elishiwo nguDkt. Scheinvar alinacala kangako ngakho-ke lihlazo kakhulu: ukuphanga.
"Abaphangi beCactus bayisilokazane sangempela." Okulimaza kakhulu “amaqembu athile ezivakashi aqhamuka eSwitzerland, eJalimane, eJapane, eCalifornia. , ngenhloso echazwe kahle: ukuqoqa i-cacti. Lawa maqembu aholwa ngabantu abaletha uhlu lwezindawo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobo abazokuthola kuleyo naleyo ndawo. Iqembu lezivakashi lifika esizeni futhi lithatha izinkulungwane ze-cacti; iyasuka ifike kwenye indawo, lapho iphinda ukusebenza kwayo njalonjalo. Yinhlekelele le ".
UManuel Rivas, umqoqi wama-cactus, usitshela ukuthi “kungakabiphi babopha iqembu lodokotela bama-cactologists baseJapan ababevele beze namamephu ezindawo ezithandwa kakhulu yi-cactological. Bebevele baqoqe inani elikhulu lama-succulent ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezweni lonke. Baboshwa kwathi lezi zitshalo ezithathiwe zanikezwa izikhungo ezahlukahlukene zaseMexico ”. Lezi zivakashi zihlelwe emiphakathini eyahlukahlukene "yama-cactus abangane" ejwayelekile eYurophu.
INDLELA YESIKHOMBISA, “ABALIMI BETHU”
Abanye abaphangi bangabathengisi bezimbali: baya ezindaweni lapho i-cacti enenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhweba likhula futhi lisuse lonke inani labantu. “Ngesinye isikhathi,” kusho uDkt. Scheinvar, “sathola eduze kwaseTolimán, eQuerétaro, isitshalo sohlobo oluthile olungandile okwakukholakala ukuthi asisekho ezweni. Sijabule ngokutholile kwethu, sakuxoxa nabanye abantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umfundi wami ohlala esifundeni wangitshela ukuthi iloli lafika ngelinye ilanga lathatha zonke izitshalo. Ngenze uhambo olukhethekile ukuzoqinisekisa iqiniso futhi bekuyiqiniso: asitholanga nesampuli eyodwa ”.
Ukuphela kwento okwamanje egcina izinhlobo eziningi ze-cactus ukwahlukaniswa lapho kunezindawo ezinkulu zezwe ezisekhona. Kumele sazi ukuthi lesi simo futhi sibangelwe, ikakhulukazi, ukungabi nasithakazelo kwethu ku-cacti. Izinhlobo ezithile zaseMexico zibiza ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayikhulu phesheya; abatshali bezimbali bavame ukukhokha u- $ 10 ngenqwaba yezimbewu eziyishumi zase-cactus zaseMexico. Kepha lapha, mhlawumbe ngoba sijwayele ukuwabona, sikhetha, njengoba uMnu. Rivas esho, "i-violet yase-Afrika, ngoba ingeyase-Afrika, ukukhulisa i-cactus".
Lokhu kungabi nentshisekelo kubonakala ngokusobala emazwini abanye babavakashi beqoqo likaMnu. Rivas: “Kaningi abantu abangivakashelayo bamangazwa inani elikhulu le-cacti abalibona lapha futhi bangibuza ukuthi kungani ngigcina ama-nopales amaningi kangaka. Ngaphendula ngathi, "Azizona izigaxa, ziyizitshalo zezinhlobo eziningi." "Cha cha," bangitshela, "kimi bonke bangama-nopales."
MANUEL RIVAS, UMVIKELI WESIBANGELE
UMnu Manuel Rivas unama-cacti angaphezu kuka-4 000 ophahleni lwendlu yakhe. endaweni yaseSan Ángel Inn. Umlando weqoqo lakho. Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ezweni yilolo lothando oludonse cishe iminyaka engama-20. Ukuqoqwa kwayo akumangazi ngobuningi bayo kuphela - kufaka, ngokwesibonelo, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinhlobo zohlobo lweMammillaria, ezihlanganisa, ngokuphelele, cishe ezingama-300 - kodwa futhi nokuhleleka okuphelele nesimo lapho kutholakala khona isitshalo ngasinye, kuze kufike isifanekiso esincane kakhulu. Abanye abaqoqi kanye nezifundiswa bamnikeza ukunakekelwa kwezinhlobo zabo. EBotanical Garden ye-UNAM, Mnu. Rivas uchitha emalanga lamabili noma lamatsatfu ngeliviki abheka indlu yethunzi ye-Cactology Laboratory.
Yena uqobo usitshela indaba yeqoqo lakhe: “ESpain ngangine-cacti ethile njengezitshalo ezingandile. Ngibe sengifika eMexico ngabathola bebaningi. Ngathenga ezimbalwa. Lapho ngithatha umhlalaphansi, ngakhulisa ukuqoqwa kwempahla futhi ngakha ne-greenhouse: Ngabeka izitshalo eziningi lapho futhi ngazinikela ekutshaleni. Isifanekiso sokuqala eqoqweni lami kwakungu-Opuntia sp., Okwazalelwa ngengozi engadini yami. Ngisenayo, ngaphezulu kwezizathu zomzwelo kunanoma yini enye. Cishe amaphesenti angama-40 aqoqwe yimina; Ngikuthengile okusele noma abanye abaqoqi banginike khona.
“Okungikhanga kwi-cacti wukuma kwawo, indlela akhula ngayo. Ngiyakujabulela ukuya ensimini ngiyozibheka nokuthola ezinye engingenazo. Leyo yinto ngabo bonke abaqoqi: uhlala efuna okuningi, noma ngabe akusenayo indawo. Ngilethe i-cacti evela eQuerétaro, eZacatecas, eSan Luis Potosí, eVeracruz, ePuebla, e-Oaxaca… Kulula ukusho ukuthi ayiveli kuphi; Angizange ngiye eTamaulipas, noma eSonora, noma eBaja California. Ngicabanga ukuthi lezo yizona zodwa izifunda engingazivakashele.
“Ngibheke izitshalo eHaiti, lapho ngathola khona kuphela uhlobo olulodwa, iMammillaria prolifera, nasePeru, lapho ngabuya khona nohlobo lweLobivia olusogwini lweLake Titicaca. Ngibalule kumaMammillarias, ngoba yilolo hlobo oluningi kakhulu eMexico. Ngiphinde ngiqoqe kusuka kwesinye isigaba, njengeCoryphanta, Ferocactus, Echinocactus; cishe yonke into ngaphandle kwe-Opuntia. Ngiyethemba ukuqoqa izinhlobo ezingama-300 ezahlukahlukene zeMammillaria, okusho ukuthi cishe lonke uhlobo (lezo ezivela eBaja California zizokhishwa, ngoba ngenxa yokuphakama kweMexico City kunzima kakhulu ukuzilima).
“Ngikhetha ukuqoqa imbewu, ngoba ngikholelwa ukuthi izitshalo ezitshalwe endlini engishisa kakhulu kunamandla kunalezo esezitshalwe ensimini. Lapho lesi sitshalo sikhulu, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ngaso ukuhlala kwenye indawo. Ezikhathini eziningi ngiqoqa imbewu; kwesinye isikhathi isitezi esisodwa noma ezimbili. Ngithanda ukuphuma ngiye ensimini ukuze ngiyithande, ngoba ngiqoqa kuphela uma ngingenanhlobo, ngoba anginayo indawo yokuyibeka. Ngigcina isitshalo esisodwa noma ezimbili zohlobo ngalunye ”.
Iqoqo lezitshalo elikhulu njengoMnu. Rivas lidinga ukunakekelwa okuningi: isitshalo ngasinye kufanele sithole, ngokwesibonelo, inani elithile lamanzi; ezinye zivela ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu, ezinye zivela ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophakeme. Ukubanisela, umqokeleli uthatha usuku lonke ngesonto, isikhathi esifanayo nokufaka umanyolo, yize kwenziwa kancane, kabili kuphela ngonyaka. Ukulungisa umhlaba kuyinqubo ephelele eqala ngokufuna umhlaba endaweni yentaba-mlilo iPopocatépetl naseDamini i-Iturbide, amakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka eMexico City. Okunye, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kabusha, sekuvele kuthinta ubuciko bomqoqi.
IZINDABA EZIMBILI ZOKUVIKELA
Phakathi kwezitshalo eziphangiwe kakhulu namuhla kukhona iSolicia pectinata neTurinicarpas lophophoroides, kepha ake sibheke amacala amabili lapho umkhuba ojwayelekile uhlehliswa khona. ILaMammillaria sanangelensisera iningi kakhulu emasimini odaka lwaseningizimu yeMexico City, yingakho igama lalo. Ngeshwa, lesi sitshalo sikhiqiza umqhele omuhle wezimbali ngoDisemba (okwakunguMammillaria elegans). Abasebenza efemini yamaphepha nezinye izifiki kule ndawo bayiqoqa ukuhlobisa izigcawu zabo zokuzalwa kukaKhisimusi. Lapho kuphela amaholide, isitshalo saphonswa kude. Lokho kwaba ngesinye sezimbangela zokunyamalala kwakhe. Okunye kwakuwukuqalwa kwedolobha iPedregal; Kwaqedwa iMammillaria sanangelensis; Kodwa-ke, uDkt Rublo, ovela e-Unam Cactology Laboratory, uzinikele ekukhiqizeni lesi sitshalo ngohlelo lokufuna ukwazi lwesiko lezicubu, lapho amangqamuzana ambalwa aveza umuntu omusha, onezici ezifana nalezo kusuka kusifanekiso lapho amaseli akhishwa khona. Okwamanje kunezingaphezu kwe-1,200 Mammillaria sanangelensis, ezizobuyiselwa endaweni yazo yemvelo.
Sekuyisikhathi eside uMammillaria herrera efunwa ngenxa yenani lalo lomhlobiso, kangangoba kubhekwe ukuthi lisengozini yokuqothulwa, kwazise belingakatholakali selokhu kwachazwa. Kwakwaziwa ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zazigcinwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zaseYurophu - futhi mhlawumbe emaqoqweni ambalwa aseMexico - kepha indawo yazo yokuhlala yayingaziwa. UDkt Meyrán, uchwepheshe we-cacti esengozini kanye nomhleli we-Revista Mexicana de Cactología, ubeseyifunile iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Iqembu labafundi be-UNAM bakuthola entwasahlobo ka-1986. “Izakhamizi zakuleyo ndawo zazisitshelile ngalesi sitshalo; bayibiza ngokuthi "ibhola lentambo." Sikhomba ezithombeni. Abanye bacela ukuhamba nathi siye lapho engakhulela khona. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili zokucinga besesizonikela lapho ingane isiholela endaweni efanele. Sahamba amahora ayisithupha. Ngaphambi kokuthi sidlule eduze kwale ndawo, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwegquma ”. Izibonelo eziningana zalesi sitshalo sokubukisa zingaphansi kokulawulwa yiCactology Laboratory yaseyunivesithi futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ziphinde zifakwe maduzane.
Umthombo: Engaziwa iMexico No. 130 / Disemba 1987
