Ekudalweni kwayo, imvelo ibonise iphupho elikhulu. Kungumphumela wenqubo emangalisayo yokumitha, ukuzalwa, izinsumpa nokwakheka komzimba kweBombyx mori, ukuphela komuntu emhlabeni okwazi ukukhiqiza imicu emihle kasilika.
Ekudalweni kwayo, imvelo ibonise iphupho elikhulu. Kungumphumela wenqubo emangalisayo yokumitha, ukuzalwa, izinsumpa nokwakheka komzimba kweBombyx mori, okuwukuphela komuntu emhlabeni okwazi ukukhiqiza imicu emihle kasilika.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi amaShayina ekwazi ukugcina imfihlo yokukhiqizwa kukasilika ngezinyathelo ezinqala ngokweqile, aze asebenzise isigwebo sentambo kunoma ngubani onesibindi sokususa amaqanda, izibungu noma izimvemvane zezinhlobo endaweni yazo.
I-Sericulture iyinhlanganisela yokunakekelwa komuntu nomsebenzi wesibungu onekhono eliyigugu lokukhiqiza, ngezindlala zalo ezinamathe, izinkulungwane zamamitha wentambo enhle kakhulu. Ngayo wenza umkhuhlane wakhe futhi uyakhosela phakathi nenqubo yokuguqulwa komzimba eholela ekubeni abe uvemvane oluhle.
I-Sericulture ayidingi utshalomali oluningi noma amandla omzimba, kepha idinga ukuzinikezela nokunakekela izinga lokushisa, umswakama, isikhathi kanye nokuhlanzeka kwezilwane kanye nemalibhele. Lesi sitshalo sibahlinzeka ngokudla phakathi nempilo yabo emfushane futhi sibanikeze isitashi abasiguqula sibe umucu, ongafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,500 ubude kukhukhunathi ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, intambo engamamitha ayi-500 ilinganisa ama-milligram ayi-130 kasilika; ngakho-ke imitha ngayinye, iguqulwe yaba yimiligram, kuvela ukuthi ibiza ngokweqile kunani lemali nomzamo.
Usilika ungumkhiqizo wemvelo onezici ezihlukile, futhi umuntu, ngeze, uzame ukuwuthola ngezindlela zokufakelwa nezimboni. AmaJapane athola indlela yokuyihlakaza ukuze enze kabusha le nsimbi, kodwa ukutholwa kwabo akuzange kusize. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi kukhiqizwe imicu ebucayi esekwe nge-gelatin, ethize imelane lapho ingafakwanga i-formaldehyde, kepha kutholakale ukuthi lapho ihlangana namanzi, ivuvukala futhi ilahlekelwe yikho konke ukuma komzimba.
EYurophu, ngemuva kokuzama kakhulu ingilazi, kwakwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale intambo yocingo oluhle kodwa olungahambelani. Ekugcineni, ngemuva kokucwaninga okuningi, kwatholakala imicu yezici ezincanyana nezicwebezelayo, ezazibizwa ngosilika bokuzenzela, njenge-artisela, usilika ne-rayon. Akekho kubo okwazile ukuthola ukumelana nentambo yeBombyx mori, eyi-8 gram, isisindo esingasisekela ngaphambi kokugqashuka, futhi ayilingani nokunwebeka kwayo, ngoba imitha elilodwa likwazi ukwelula ukufika kumasentimitha ayi-10 ngaphezulu, ngaphandle kokuphuka; futhi, kunjalo, abakudluli ukuvumelana kwawo, ubude besikhathi noma inhlawulo.
Usilika futhi unekhwalithi yokonga ukushisa kwemvelo, kanti ukulingisa, okuwumkhiqizo wokwenziwa, kubanda kakhulu. Phakathi kohlu lwayo olude lwezimpawu, kufanele sengeze umthamo omkhulu wokumunca amanzi, amagesi nodayi; Futhi ukuvala ngokuchuma, kwanele ukusho ukuthi kuyinto enhle kakhulu ukufaka izingcingo zensimbi.
Ngokunaka ubuhle bokudalwa kwayo, singabambisana nayo futhi samukele isigwebo: "Akunakwenzeka ukuba nemvelo elinganayo."
KUSUKA ECHINA KUYA EMEXICAN HUASTECA
Umbungu wesibungu iBombyx morio, ungowokudabuka eChina. Izazi-mlando zaseChina zikhombisa usuku lokuqala kwe-sericulture eminyakeni engama-3 400 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. U-Empress Sihing-Chi, unkosikazi ka-Emperor Housan-Si, owabusa ngonyaka we-2650 BC, wasabalalisa le mboni phakathi kwesigaba esihle sombuso. Kwakuthathwa ngaleso sikhathi njengobuciko obungcwele nobungcwele, obugcinelwe kuphela izintokazi zasenkantolo kanye nezicukuthwane eziphakeme. Ekufeni kwakhe, kwakhiwa amathempeli nama-altare "njengengcweti yemisundu."
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yabo, amaShayina ayene-sericulture nosilika eluka njengomthombo oyinhloko wengcebo yabo. Ababusi bokuqala bayalela ukusakazwa kwalo msebenzi futhi, kaningi, babekhipha imiyalo nemiyalo yokuvikela nokukhumbuza inkantolo ngezibopho zayo nokunaka kwezolimo.
I-Sericulture yafika eJapane eminyakeni engama-600 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, futhi kamuva, yasakazekela naseNdiya nasePheresiya. Phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka, iNdlovukazi uSemiramis, ngemuva "kwempi enenjabulo", wathola zonke izinhlobo zezipho kumbusi waseChina, owamthumelela imikhumbi yakhe eyayilayishwe usilika, izibungu, nabantu besilisa abanekhono kwezobuciko. Kusukela lapho iJapane yasabalalisa i-sericulture kuyo yonke indawo yayo, kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuthi usilika wabhekwa njengonamandla amakhulu. Umlando uqopha isikhathi lapho uhulumeni angenelela, egameni lomnotho wezwe, ngoba bonke abalimi bebefuna ukuzinikela kulo msebenzi, bakhohlwe ngamanye amagatsha ezolimo.
Cishe ngo-550 AD, izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaGriki zeza zizoshumayela ubuKrestu ePheresiya, lapho zafunda khona ngezinqubo zokukhulisa isibungu nokukhiqiza usilika. Emgodini wezinduku, izindela zaletha imbewu namaqanda kamalibhele, ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukususa izinhlobo zezilwane endaweni yazo. Kusuka eGrisi, i-sericulture yasakazekela emazweni ase-Asia naseNyakatho Afrika; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yafika eYurophu, lapho i-Italy, iFrance neSpain, yathola imiphumela emihle kakhulu, futhi kuze kube manje, ngubani obonwa njengobucayi besilika labo.
Izinhlobo zokuqala zezikelemu nezihlahla zikamalibhele zafika ezwenikazi lethu ngesikhathi seKoloni. Emlandweni wangaleso sikhathi, kuthiwa umqhele waseSpain wanikeza imvume yokutshala izihlahla zikamalibhele eziyizi-100 000 eTepexi, e-Oaxaca, nokuthi izithunywa zevangeli zaseDominican zandise lo msebenzi esifundeni esifudumele sase-Oaxaca, eMichoacán naseHuasteca de San Luis Potosí.
Ngaphandle kokuthi abaseSpain bathola ukuthi umalibhele ukhula ngesivinini esiphindwe kahlanu kunase-Andalusia, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuzalwe iminyaka emibili ngonyaka, nokuthi kutholakala osilika abasezingeni eliphakeme, i-sericulture ayizange ihlanganiswe ezweni lethu, ngenxa Okuningi kwakho kungenxa yokuqhuma kwezimayini, iziyaluyalu zenhlalo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngoba kungumsebenzi obucayi kakhulu odinga inhlangano, ukuvikelwa kanye nokwenyuselwa kukahulumeni.
ISIMANGALISO ESIBONWA ISO LOMUNTU NGOBUNZIMA
Ukufinyelela kumzuzu ojabulisayo womucu wokuqala, ongaba kusuka kwikhulu kuya kwayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu zemilimitha, kuye ngekhwalithi yayo, inqubo yonke yemvelo ibidingeka kungabi ngaphansi kokumnandi. Lesi sibungu, ngaphambi kokuba siguquke sibe uvemvane noma inundu, sizivalela emgodleni esizenza sizihlobise cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili, ngokwesilinganiso, isikhathi lapho siguquka khona kusuka esiswini kuya ku-chrysalis, isimo esiphakathi phakathi kwaso ne-chrysalis. inundu eligcina liphume emgodleni.
Lapho uvemvane lwesifazane luzalela amaqanda noma imbewu yesibungu, lifa ngokushesha futhi nakanjani. Eyesilisa kwesinye isikhathi iba nezinsuku ezimbalwa ezindala. Amaqanda angafinyelela usayizi wemilimitha elilodwa, ubuncane bawo bungukuthi igremu elilodwa liqukethe imbewu eyinkulungwane isuka enkulungwaneni kuye ku-1500. Igobolondo leqanda lakhiwa ulwelwesi lwento e-chitinous, eboshwe ebusweni bayo bonke ngemigudu emincane evumela umbungu ukuba uphefumule. Ngalesi sikhathi, esaziwa ngokuthi ukufukamela, iqanda ligcinwa kubushushu obungu-25ºC. Inqubo yokumitha ithatha cishe izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu. Ukusondela kwe-hatch kuboniswa ngokushintsha kombala wegobolondo, kusuka kwimpunga emnyama kuya kwempunga ekhanyayo.
Lapho izalwa, lesi sibungu sinobude obungamamilimitha amathathu, siwumamilimitha owodwa ukushuba, bese sikhipha umucu waso wokuqala kasilika ukuze sizimise bese sizihlukanisa negobolondo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi imvelo yakhe izomuholela ekutheni adle, ngakho-ke kufanele kuhlale kunenhlamvu ye-mulberry eyanele, okuzoba wukudla kwakhe phakathi kwezinto ezinhlanu zempilo yakhe. Kusukela lapho, baphathwa futhi ngamazinga okushisa, okumele azungeze ngo-20ºC, ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka, ukuze izibungu zivuthwe esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingama-25, kepha inqubo yokuvuthwa nayo ingasheshiswa ngokukhuphula izinga lokushisa, njengoba kunjalo abakhiqizi abakhulu, ngo-45ºC. Isibungu sihlala izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu kuphela ngaphambi kokuqala ukwenza umfece waso.
Impilo yesibungu iguqulwa ngokusebenzisa ama-metamorphoses ahlukahlukene noma ama-molts. Ngosuku lwesithupha lokuzalwa, uyeka ukudla, uvusa ikhanda futhi uhlala kuleso sikhundla amahora angama-24. Isikhumba sesibungu sidabukile sibheke phezulu ekhanda kuthi isibungu sivele kulesi siqeshana, sishiye isikhumba saso sangaphambilini. Le molt iphindaphindwa amahlandla amathathu futhi isibungu senza ukuvuselelwa kwazo zonke izitho zaso. Inqubo yenziwa kathathu.
Ezinsukwini ezingama-25, isibungu sesifinyelele kubude obungamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili, ngoba njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili siphindwe kabili ngevolumu nesisindo. Amasongo ayishumi nambili ayabonakala, angabalwa ekhanda, futhi amiswe okwe-cylinder evulekile ebonakala ngathi isizoqhuma. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yesihlanu, akubonakali ngathi kuyasanelisa isifiso sayo sokudla futhi kulapho-ke isusa khona isihlalo esikhulu samanzi, okukhombisa ukuthi kungekudala izoqala ukwenza umfece wayo.
Ukungabi namandla kwezimfanelo zakho zomzimba kuqala lapho udla futhi uguqula ukudla kwakho kube usilika. Ngaphansi nje komlomo ophansi, isiqu sikasilika noma umugqa utholakala, okuyimbobo okuphuma ngayo intambo kasilika. Lapho kugwinywa, ukudla kudlula ngasesimweni somzimba bese kuthola uketshezi olukhishwe yizinhlungu zamathe. Kamuva, lona lolu ketshezi olubabazekayo luguqula isitashi samaqabunga kamalibhele sibe yi-dextrin futhi uketshezi lwe-alikhali olukhishwe yisisu luyaqhubeka nokugaywa nokufana. Izindlala ezinosilika, lapho kunqwabelana khona usilika, zimiswe njengamashubhu amabili amade, acwebezelayo, atholakala ngaphansi komgudu wokugaya ukudla, futhi ahlanganiswe ukuze kuvele intambo encane kasilika emgqeni.
Inani lamaqabunga kamalibhele adliwa yisibungu ngasinye alimele inkinga enkulu, ngaphandle konyaka wesihlanu, lapho isifiso sesibungu singeneliseki. Ukuze uthole izigaxa zamagremu angama-25 amaqanda, inani elanele lokuchamisela amazinyane asezindaweni zasemakhaya, inani lamaqabunga angama-786 weqabunga liyadingeka kukho konke ukufutheka. Ngokwesiko, i-sericulture ibhekwe njengengumsebenzi wasekhaya ngokuphelele, ngoba ukunakekelwa kwayo akudingi amandla amakhulu futhi kungenziwa yizingane, abesifazane kanye nabantu abadala. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuzalisa yilezo ezitholakala ezifundeni ezifudumele ezishisayo, ezinokuphakama okungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100, yize ezindaweni ezibandayo kungatholakala, kodwa hhayi ngekhwalithi efanayo.
ICOCOON IS A EMVELOPE EQAPHA UMlingo OYIMVELO
Intambo kasilika iphuma ku-spinner embozwe nge-stoneware, uhlobo oluthile lwenjoloba ephuzi okuthi, kamuva, ithambe ngamanzi ashisayo lapho izama ukuvuselela imifece.
Lapho isibungu sesikhulile noma sesifikile ekupheleni kweminyaka yesihlanu, sibheka indawo eyomile nefanelekayo yokwenza umfece waso. Labo abazikhulisayo babeka izicubu zamagatsha omile ane-disinfected kahle lapho bangafinyelela khona, ngoba ukuhlanza kubalulekile ukuze izibungu zingaguli. Izikelemu zikhuphuka ikhebuli zakha inethiwekhi engajwayelekile enamathiselwe kumahlumela, bese ziqala ukweluka ijele lazo, zenze imvilophu eyisiyingi ukuyizungeza, ziyinike isimo esingu- “8” ngokuhamba kwekhanda. Ngosuku lwesine, isibungu sesiqedile ukukhipha izindlala zaso ezi-silky bese singena esigabeni sokulala okujulile.
I-chrysalis iphenduka inundu ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili. Lapho ushiya, hlaba umfece, uphule imicu kasilika. Indoda-ke ibheka umaqondana. Lapho ethola insikazi yakhe, ulungisa izingwegwe zakhe zokulingisa kuye futhi ukuhlangana kuqhubeka amahora amaningi ukufeza ukuvundiswa kwawo wonke amaqanda. Kungekudala ngemuva kokufaka umkhiqizo wakho, uyafa.
Kusukela ngosuku lweshumi, abalimi bangaqaqa amahlamvu bahlukanise umfece ngamunye, basuse okusele nokungcola. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, i-chrysalis isaphila futhi isenqubo ye-metamorphosis, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuyiphazamisa "ngokuminza", nge-steam noma ngomoya oshisayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, kwenziwa "ukomiswa", okubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukugwema noma yimuphi umswakama osalayo, ngoba ungangcolisa imicu emihle, ulahlekelwe unomphela unomphela. Uma ukomisa sekuqediwe, umfece ubuyela esimweni somzimba wawo, unenhlawulo efanayo kodwa ngaphandle kokuphila.
Lapha umsebenzi womlimi uyaphela, bese kuqala umsebenzi wemboni yendwangu. Ukwembula umfece, ongafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,500 wentambo, afakwa emanzini ashisayo, ekushiseni okungama-80 kuye ku-100ºC, ukuze ithambe futhi ihlanze injoloba noma itshe elihambisana nayo. Ukugoqa ngasikhathi sinye kwemifece eminingana kubizwa ngosilika ongavuthiwe noma obumbelwe futhi, ukuze kufezeke ukufana, imicu eminingana eluhlaza kufanele ihlanganiswe futhi ifuthwe ngendlela yokuthi "ingaphanjaniswa" ukuyinika ukwakheka nokuhamba kalula. Ngemuva kwalokho, imicu iyaxoshwa ngamanzi ensipho, ukuze ilahle ngokuphelele i-stoneware ebazungezile. Ngemuva kwale nqubo, ekugcineni kuvela usilika ophekiwe, uthambe uma uthinta, uguquguquka, umhlophe futhi uyacwebezela.
ISIKHUNGO SIKAZWELONKE SENKONZO
Ukweqa iTropic of Cancer, iMexico inendawo enhle yezindawo ze-sericulture futhi maqondana namanye amazwe aseMelika. Njengoba itholakala ebangeni elifanayo nabakhiqizi abakhulu bakasilika emhlabeni, ingaba omunye wabo. Kodwa-ke, ayikwazanga ukwanelisa imakethe yayo yasekhaya.
Ukukhuthaza lo msebenzi emiphakathini esemaphandleni esengozini enkulu, uMnyango Wezolimo, Imfuyo Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya, waklama iNational Sericulture Project futhi wasungula, kusukela ngo-1991, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokulima Amasimu, esifundeni saseHuasteca eSan Luis Potosí.
Njengamanje umsebenzi omkhulu weSikhungo wukugcina iqanda ukuze lithole izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlamvu ezixutshiwe; ukwenziwa ngcono kofuzo kwezinhlobo ze-worm ne-mulberry nokuba ngumkhiqizi ohlinzeka ezinye izikhungo zombuso zokulima amasimu njengo-Oaxaca, Veracruz, Guanajuato, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero kanye neTabasco asebekwenzile. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-FAO kanye ne-Japan International Coperation Agency (JICA) nazo zibamba iqhaza kulesi Sikhungo, ezifaka isandla, kulokho okungabizwa ngokuthi inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ochwepheshe abakhethekile, ubuchwepheshe obunqenqemeni, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nolwazi lwabo kulolu daba.
Lesi sikhungo sitholakala ekhilomitha eli-12.5 lomgwaqo omkhulu ophakathi neSan Luis Potosí-Matehuala, kumasipala waseGraciano Sánchez. Ngokusho kukadokotela wezilwane uRomualdo Fudizawa Endo, umqondisi wayo, kulo lonke elaseHuasteca kunemibandela efanelekile yokuthola, ngendlela eyisisekelo, izibungu nosilika wekhwalithi efanayo naleyo etholwe eNational Center ngobuchwepheshe nezindlela zabachwepheshe baseJapan. Ungathola kusuka kathathu kuya kwesine crianza ngonyaka, okuzoba nomthelela omkhulu emholweni wabakhiqizi. Kuze kube manje, indawo yaseLa Cañada, iLos Remedios neSanta Anita, kumasipala wase-Aquismón, kanye nomphakathi waseChupaderos eSan Martín Chalchicuautla. Amathebula aseTampacán naseLópez Mateos, eCiudad Valles, yimiphakathi lapho kwethulwe khona i-sericulture, enemiphumela emihle kakhulu. ISierra Juárez neMixteca Alta yizifunda zase-Oaxacan lapho nohlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwezamasiko luye lwethulwa khona futhi kufunwa ukuthi ludluliselwe ezifundeni zaseTuxtepec, ogwini nasezigodini eziphakathi. Ngokusho kwephrojekthi ye-SAGAR, kuhlelwe ukuthi kuhlwanyeke amahektha angama-600 kamalibhele bese kuthola amathani ayi-900 kasilika omuhle ngonyaka wawo wesishiyagalolunye.
Umthombo: Engaziwa iMexico No. 237 / Novemba 1996
