Abantu baseMexico basendulo babefuya izinyosi zabomdabu bohlobo lweMelipona ukuthola uju ne-wax. Ukwenziwa kwamathinti, amakhandlela namakhandlela kusabalale ngokushesha, ezindaweni ezihlangana kanye nakubantu bomphakathi.
Kuwo wonke ama-Viceroyalty, kwakukhona izimiso eziningana zenhlangano yamakhandlela, lapho kwakucaciswa khona ubumsulwa be-wax nezindlela zokusebenza. Esokuqala sakhishwa uViceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza ngo-1574. Abanye ababebhekise emakhandleleni nasezikhondweni zamakhandlela banqunywa uViceroy Luis de Velasco Jr. kwathi kamuva, bakhishwa uGeorge Fernández de Córdoba, uMarqués de Guadalcázar, noFrancisco de Güemes y Horcasitas , Ukubalwa kokuqala kweRevillagigedo.
Kuze kube manje, amakhandlela wezinyosi ahlanganiswe ngezandla ngale ndlela elandelayo: imicu, okuyizintambo eziwugqinsi zikakotini ezinosayizi onqunyelwe kusengaphambili, imisiwe esondweni le-liana elenga ophahleni. I-wax, enombala wokuqala ophuzi, incibilika epanini; uma kudingeka amakhandlela amhlophe, i-wax ivezwa elangeni; uma kudingeka omunye umbala, i-aniline powder ingeziwe. I-casserole ibekwa phansi futhi ngegourd noma imbiza encane, kuthululwa i-wax yetshezi phezu kwentambo. Lapho ukukhipha okweqile kusukile, isondo liyasuswa ukugeza intambo elandelayo njalonjalo. Umsebenzi uphindwa kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ubukhulu obudingekayo. Enye indlela iqukethe ukutshekisa isondo ukugeza intambo ngqo emgodini ocibilikile.
Amathoshi asetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa eMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi ashintshwe ngamakhandlela. U-Elisa Vargas Lugo ulandisa "Imikhosi yokugcotshwa kukaRosa de Lima", eyenzeka eMexico ngo-1668, lapho kwakwakhelwa khona izigaba ezinkulu ezazikhulisa amasonto, izingadi namakamelo. Isakhiwo sakhanyiswa ngamaglasi kawoyela angamakhulu amathathu, amakesi amade ayikhulu, amakhandlela ayikhulu namazembe ayishumi nambili entambo. Lawa angaphambili angaphandle amakheli esiliva ayisihlanu anamakhandlela ayikhulu namashumi amabili (amakhandlela angamakhandlela amhlophe e-wax).
Kodwa-ke, indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke yamathayi namakhandlela itholakala kuhlaka lwenkolo: udwendwe alunakukhulelwa ngaphandle kokuba ngamunye wababambiqhaza aphathe ikhandlela elilodwa noma amaningi akhanyisiwe, kanjalo neposta kaKhisimusi - isiko elichazwe ngu-Antonio García Cubas e-Ia isigamu sokuqala sekhulu leminyaka - ngaphandle kwamakhandlela endabuko.
Ngesikhathi semikhosi yabantu abangasekho (ngoNovemba 1 no-2), izinkulungwane zamakhandlela zikhanyisa onkulunkulu ezweni lonke, emini noma ebusuku, ukwamukela ngesizotha imiphefumulo yomuntu oshonile ozovakasha, futhi ayikhanyise ukuze thola indlela yakho kalula. Ziyaziwa ebusuku zikhanyisiwe eJanitzio, Michoacán naseMízquic, eFederal District, kepha ziyasetshenziswa nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi.
E-Highlands of Chiapas, kwenziwa amakhandlela amancanyana, ayindilinga kanye nama-polychrome, lapho abantu baseChiapas benza izigaxa (eziqoqwe ngombala) okuthi, ukudayiswa, kulenga ophahleni lwezitolo. Phansi kwamasonto kungabonakala kukhanyisiwe futhi kuhlelwe ngemigqa, kukhanyise ubuso babantu bomdabu ababanikeza usanta wokuzinikela kwabo.
Uthandaza ngokuzwakalayo futhi uvame ukusola isibalo esingcwele ngokungamniki umusa ocelwe isikhathi eside, yize emnikeze amakhandlela amaningi ezikhathini eziningi.
Emibonisweni yaminyaka yonke yamadolobha athile asogwini oluncane lwaseGuerrero nase-Oaxaca, izivakashi ziya esontweni ziphethe amakhandlela nezixha zezimbali, ezizibeka e-altare ngemva kokuthandaza. Ochwepheshe abazinikele ekuhlanzeni bonke abantu abayicelayo basebenzisa namakhandlela nezimbali.
Amakhandlela abalulekile cishe kukho konke ukuphulukiswa nemikhuba yokuhlawulela lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinto ezahlukahlukene, okunye ukusetshenziswa kwasendaweni, njengamanani obumba (eMetepec, State of Mexico, naseTlayacapan, Morelos, phakathi kwabanye) noma ukusika iphepha (eSan Pablito, ePuebla).
Izakhi ezijwayelekile kakhulu yi-brandy, i-cigars, amakhambi athile futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, nokudla, yize amakhandlela akhanyisiwe anikela ngesithunzi emvelweni engakaze alahleke.
Kanye nezinyosi ezintsha nokwenziwa kwamakhandlela, inqubo ye-wax evulekile yafika eMexico, okwenziwa ngayo izinto ezithandwa kakhulu kuze kube manje. Ngokuvamile, angamakhandlela noma amathebhu ahlotshiswe kakhulu ngezinombolo ezahlukahlukene - ikakhulukazi izimbali - ezisetshenziswa ngabazinikele njengeminikelo emasontweni.
Le nqubo iqukethe ukwakha (ngobumba noma isikhunta sokhuni) izingqimba ezincanyana kakhulu ze-wax, kwesinye isikhathi zinemibala egqamile. Ukwenza amamodeli avaliwe (njengezithelo, izinyoni nezingelosi), kusetshenziswa izikhunta ezimbili ezinamathiselwe, kuthi ohlangothini olungenalutho olwenziwe ngenhloso, zigcwaliswe nge-wax engamanzi, bese zishaywa ngokushesha emgodini ukuze i-wax isatshalaliswe ngokulingana kwakha ungqimba olulodwa olunamathele ezindongeni zesikhunta. Ngemuva kwalokho, icwiliswa emanzini abandayo futhi, lapho i-wax isibekiwe, izingxenye zayo ezimbili ziyahlukaniswa. Kumanani "alula", kusetshenziswa isikhunta esisodwa sosayizi nomumo ofanele.
Izimbali zenziwa ngesikhunta esinezibambo (eziyindilinga noma i-hemispherical), ezinemisele yokuhlukanisa amacembe. Zicwaswa kaningi emgodini oketshezi, zifakwa emanzini abandayo bese kuthi ukuma kubambeke, isithunzi esikhonjiswe nge-slot sinqunywa ngesikele bese senziwa ngesandla ukuze sinikeze isiphetho esifunekayo. Kwesinye isikhathi izingcezu zinamathelwa ngqo kukhandlela noma ikhandlela, kanti ezinye zilungiswa ngezintambo. Imihlobiso yokugcina iphepha elibenyezelayo, i-china neqabunga legolide.
Esifundeni saseSan Luis Potosí, kwenziwa imidwebo ye-wax yangempela, kusetshenziswa isikhunta esenziwe ngokhuni esicwecwe esifana kakhulu nalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqoshwa. Amamodeli ayahluka ngokuya ngabantu: eRío Verde kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezincane (amasonto, ama-altare, njll.) eSanta Maria deI Río kusetshenziswa i-wax emhlophe kuphela, kanti amapuleti amafiligree ahlanganiswa nezimbali zezimbali eziqhakanyiswe kuzimele ezisongwe ngephepha le-crepe, nelilodwa noma ngaphezulu amakhandlela phakathi; ngesiMezquitic ukwakheka kuyafana, kepha kusetshenziswa i-wax enemibala. Kuzo zonke izimo, ziyimisebenzi emikhulu ebekwa kumathileyi futhi iqhwa lihamba nodwendwe lwaya esontweni. Isiko lokunikela ngama-altare kanye nezihlenga esifundazweni saseSan Luis Potosí selindala impela, elivela okungenani ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19: ngo-1833, uMmeli weSantiago deI Río, uFray Clemente Luna, wahlela ukuhamba kwezihlenga zezimbali. , okubandakanya ukuvakashelwa kwemigwaqo okuphele ngokwenqatshelwa kwethempeli.
ETlacolula, eTeotitlán nakwamanye amadolobha asesigodini sase-Oaxaca, amakhandlela ahlotshiswe ngokucebile ngezimbali, izithelo, izinyoni nengelosi ihlobisa ingaphakathi lamasonto. Kuze kube muva nje, ukucela isandla sentombazane, umkhwenyana nezihlobo zakhe bebejwayele ukulethela umndeni womakoti isinkwa, izimbali, nekhandlela elihlotshisiwe.
IMichoacán ngesinye isimo lapho kuchuma khona isiko le-wax evulekile, emasontweni abo, phakathi nemikhosi, ungancoma amakhandlela anamagatsha amakhulu ezimbali ze-wax. E-Ocumicho, imengamo ye-wax ekaliwe ifaka izithombe zabangcwele ezithwalwa ngodwendwe zizungeze inkosi yesonto, kanye namathebhu ahlobiswe ngokucebile. Emkhosini wePatamban, umgwaqo omkhulu uhlotshiswe ngokhuni olude kakhulu lwe-sawdust: kusuka esigabeni kuya emaceleni okwenziwe ngezimbiza ezincane - iPatamban yidolobha lobumba -, izimbali, ummbila, noma, ezimweni eziningi, kubekwa amanani we-wax ekaliwe. . Abantu basebenza kusukela entathakusa ukuhlobisa umgwaqo wabo, okuzodlula kuwo udwendwe olonakalisa bonke ubukhazikhazi besikhashana.
Kubantu baseTotonac naseNahua baseSierra de Puebla, oseyili bathola ukuhlobana okukhethekile. Umhlobiso wayo uqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-wax disc namasondo abekwe phezulu emakhandleleni, ahlotshiswe ngokulandelana ngama-premieres, izimbali nezinye izibalo. Ohlangothini ngalunye kukhona umphathi wezinduna ophethe ukunikela ngabo esontweni, futhi kusendlini yakhe lapho amadoda endawo ahlangana khona: abaculi abaningana badlala izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo bese umuntu ngamunye ohambele khona anikezwa isiphuzo, ngemuva kwalokho ngamunye athathe ikhandlela. (ezibekwe emigqeni) kuya, zihambisana nawo wonke amaqembu abadansi abenza emcimbini, baya odwendweni oluya esontweni, bethwele uPatron Saint wale ndawo emahlombe abo. Udwendwe luyema njalo lapho abaqashi bendlu benikela ngokudla nezimbali kuSanta. Lapho befika esontweni, wonke umuntu uyathandaza bese kubekwa amakhandlela e-altare.
Kunezinye izindawo eziningi eMexico lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-wax evulekile, isibonelo iSan Cristóbal de Ias Casas, iChiapas; ISan Martín Texmelucan, ePuebla; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; Ixtlán deI Río, Nayarit, nabanye abaningi. Ama-taper amakhulu, avame ukuhlotshiswa ngamanani asikwe ephepheni elicwebezelayo noma ama-motifs apendiwe, ngokuvamile enziwa ezitolo ezikhethekile zamakhandlela eziwasabalalisa ezweni lonke.
Ikhandlela ne-wax evulekile, izakhi zesikhashana ezisetshenziswe ngomlilo, zinikeza umoya wokukhanya nokukhanya emikhosini yenkolo yomphakathi neyomndeni, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ziyizinto zemikhosi ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yabaseMexico, bobabili bomdabu nabomdabu. njengesimangaliso.
