Ngo-Ephreli 11, 1989, imvula enkulu yaveza ukuqhekeka okukhulu kweCathhedral futhi kwaba yisehlakalo esashukumisa ukukhathazeka ngokulondolozwa kwalesi sikhumbuzo, okwenza imisebenzi yasitakula.
Njengoba sazi ngokubaluleka kwetshe lesikhumbuzo kanye nencazelo yalo, sizame ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni nasezimisweni zokubuyiselwa ezikhona ezweni lethu, umphakathi wezemfundo ozamukele futhi maqondana nalokhu ofuna ukuhambisana nazo. Iphrojekthi yokubuyiselwa kanye nokongiwa kweMetropolitan Cathedral, ngaphandle kokungabaza, yilona elethwe ngokukhululeka kakhulu emibonweni yomphakathi.
Ukuhlaselwa kwalomsebenzi kubeka esimweni sengqondo abanye ozakwabo. Ukubukwa kwezemfundo neziphakamiso zobuchwepheshe zosizo olukhulu emsebenzini wethu nakho kutholakele kochwepheshe bezinhlaka ezihlobene. Kokugcina, sibona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene kanye nochwepheshe bavumelana nale misebenzi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuSomqulu waseVenice; kuzoba ngenxa yalokhu ukuthi le phrojekthi izoba isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ezinkambisweni nasezinkambisweni zethu zokubuyiselwa.
Iqembu elisebenzayo eliphethe imisebenzi yeMetropolitan Cathedral lenze umzamo wokuphendula ekuqapheleni noma kwimibuzo ephathelene nomsebenzi kanye nokuhlaziya ngokucophelela okuqukethwe nakho nomphumela wenqubo yomsebenzi. Ngalesi sizathu, kudingeke ukuthi silungise futhi siqondise izinto eziningi, futhi sinikeze isikhathi nomzamo wokuziqinisekisa ngokungafanele kwezinye izixwayiso. Esimweni semfundo, lokhu kuye kwamukelwa njengosizo lwangempela, kude kakhulu nemikhuba yabanye abaningi abathi, bezishaya isifuba ngokuthi bangabavikeli abavuthayo begugu lamasiko, abangakushiyanga isithunzi nokungahloniphi. Esimeni sesimo esiphuthumayo, eyodwa isebenza ngezinqubo ezilandelanayo zokuhlaziya.
Iphrojekthi ebibizwa ngeGeometric Rectification of the Metropolitan Cathedral, iqale ngesidingo sokubhekana nenkinga enkulu maqondana nokuthi kwakungekho sisekelo esingakanani sobuchwepheshe nesipiliyoni. Ukuze kuqondiswe umsebenzi, le nkinga kwakudingeka ithathwe njengokwelapha okunamandla, okudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela - hhayi njalo - kwazo zonke izifo zesakhiwo nokubonisana neqembu elivelele kakhulu labachwepheshe. Izifundo zokuqala zalokho okwakwenzeka zithathe cishe iminyaka emibili futhi sezivele zishicilelwe. Kufanele senze isifinyezo lapha.
IMetropolitan Cathedral yakhiwa kusukela engxenyeni yesithathu yesithathu yekhulu le-16, emanxiweni omuzi wangaphambi kweSpanishi; Ukuthola umbono wenhlabathi lapho kwakhiwa khona itshe lesikhumbuzo elisha, umuntu kufanele acabange ukumiswa kwendawo ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokuhamba kwezinto endaweni. Futhi, kuyaziwa ukuthi, eminyakeni yayo yokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwedolobha laseTenochtitlan kwakudinga umsebenzi wokulungisa indawo kulezi ziqhingi futhi kwakudingeka iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yomhlaba yokwakhiwa kwezimbobo kanye nezakhiwo ezilandelanayo, konke kubumba lobumba , ezadalwa yinhlekelele eyenzeka kuleyo ndawo yaveza isithiyo esikhulu se-basalt esakha iSierra de Chichinahutzi futhi esivala ukudlula kwamanzi kuya emabhodini, eningizimu yendawo manje eyiFederal District.
Lokhu kukhulunywa okukodwa kukhumbuza izici zesiteji esiqondakalayo esingaphansi kwendawo; mhlawumbe, kunemihosha nemifula ekujuleni okungafani ngaphansi kwayo, okwenza ukuthi ukugcwaliswa kube nobukhulu obuhlukile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezingaphansi komhlaba. Odokotela uMarcos Mazari noRaúl Marsal babebhekane nalokhu ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene.
Imisebenzi eyenziwe eMetropolitan Cathedral nayo yenze ukuthi kwazeke ukuthi uhlaka lokuhlala kwabantu esikhunjeni semvelo selufinyelele ngaphezu kwe-15 mt abanazo izakhiwo zangaphambi kweSpanishi ngaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-11 (ubufakazi obudinga ukubuyekezwa kosuku luka-1325 njengesisekelo sesizinda sokuqala). Ukuba khona kokwakhiwa kobuchwepheshe obuthile kukhuluma ngentuthuko ende ngaphambi kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili okuthiwa idolobha langaphambi kweSpanishi.
Le nqubo yomlando igcizelela ukungahambi kahle kwenhlabathi. Umphumela walokhu kuguqulwa nokwakhiwa kunokubonakala ekuziphatheni kwesiteji esingezansi, hhayi nje ngoba umthwalo wabo ungeziwe kulowo wesakhiwo kepha ngoba babe nomlando wokukhubazeka nokuhlanganiswa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kweCathedral. Umphumela uba ukuthi imihlaba elayishiwe icindezelwe noma yahlanganiswa kuqala izingqimba zobumba, okwenza ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana noma zikhubazeke kancane kunalezo ezazingasekeli ukwakhiwa ngaphambi kweCathedral. Noma ngabe ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zadilizwa kamuva - njengoba sazi ukuthi kwenzeka - ukusebenzisa kabusha impahla yamatshe, inhlabathi eyayiyisekela yahlala icindezelekile futhi yaveza izindawo noma izindawo “ezinzima”.
Unjiniyela u-Enrique Tamez ukubeke ngokusobala (ivolumu yesikhumbuzo kuProfesa Raúl I. Marsal, Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Souelos, 1992) ukuthi le nkinga yehlukile emiqondweni yendabuko okwakucatshangwa ukuthi, emithwalweni elandelanayo, ukukhubazeka kufanele kuvele okukhulu kakhulu. Uma kunezikhawu zomlando phakathi kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ezikhathaza isimo sezwe, kunethuba lokuthi zihlanganise futhi zinikeze ukumelana okukhulu kunezindawo ezingazange zinikezwe le nqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke, emhlabathini othambile, izindawo obekungaphansi kokulayishwa okuncane zibe namuhla ezikhubazeka kakhulu futhi yilezo namuhla ezicwila ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi indawo eyakhelwe phezu kwayo iKhathedrali inika amandla ngobubanzi obukhulu bokuhlukahluka, ngakho-ke, iveza ukushiyana okuhlukahlukene ngemithwalo elinganayo. Ngalesi sizathu, iCathhedral yahlangabezana nokukhubazeka ngesikhathi sakhiwa nangayo yonke iminyaka. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube manje.
Ekuqaleni, umhlaba wawulungiswa ngesigxobo, ngendlela yangaphambi kweSpanishi, efinyelela kuma-3.50 m ubude cishe ngama-20 cm ububanzi, ngokuhlukaniswa kwama-50 kuye kuma-60 cm; kulokhu kwakukhona ukulungiswa okuqukethe ungqimba oluncane lwamalahle, inhloso yawo engaziwa (bekungaba nezizathu zomkhuba noma mhlawumbe bekuhloselwe ukunciphisa umswakama noma izimo ezinamanzi endaweni); Kule ungqimba futhi njengesifanekiso, kwenziwa ipulatifomu enkulu, esiyibiza ngokuthi yi- «pedraplen». Ukulayishwa kwale pulatifomu kudale ukukhubazeka futhi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ubukhulu bayo bunyukile, befuna ukulinganiswa ngendlela engajwayelekile. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhulunywa ngobukhulu buka-1.80 noma u-1.90 m, kepha izingxenye ezingaphansi kwe-1 m zitholakele futhi kungabonakala ukuthi ukwanda kuyanda, ngokujwayelekile, kusuka enyakatho noma enyakatho-mpumalanga kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga, njengoba ipulatifomu yayicwila kulokho umqondo. Lokhu kwakungukuqala kochungechunge olude lobunzima amadoda aseNew Spain okwakumele abunqobe ukuze aphethe itshe lesikhumbuzo elibaluleke kakhulu eMelika, lapho izizukulwane ezilandelanayo zenze khona umlando omude wokulungisa okwenziwe ngekhulu lamanje ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokulahleka kwamanzi emgodini waseMexico.
Sonke sizibuze ukuthi ngabe bekungukuphazamiseka okulula kwezenhlalo okwenza ukuthi iCathedral of Mexico ithathe sonke isikhathi seColony ukwakhiwa, lapho eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile - njengamabhishobhi amakhulu asePuebla noma eMorelia - yathatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukwakhiwa. kuqediwe. Namuhla singasho ukuthi ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe bebukhulu kakhulu futhi buvezwa kumthethosisekelo wesakhiwo uqobo: imibhoshongo inezilungiso eziningana, ngoba isakhiwo besincike ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha nangemva kweminyaka, ukuqhubeka nemibhoshongo namakholomu, bekufanele kufunwe futhi Mpo; Lapho izindonga nezinsika zifinyelela ekuphakameni kwephrojekthi, abakhi bathola ukuthi bewile futhi kwakudingeka ukuthi bandise usayizi wabo; amanye amakholomu eningizimu afinyelela kuma-90 cm ubude kunalawo amafushane, aseduze nenyakatho.
Ukukhuphuka kobukhulu kwakudingeka ukwakha ama-vault, okwakudingeka ukuthi asuswe ngendiza enezingqimba. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukukhubazeka okusezingeni lamalungu esonto kukhulu kakhulu kunasemakamelweni futhi yingakho kusasekelwa. Ngakho-ke, ukusonteka phansi kwepherishi kungokuhleleka okungafika ku-2.40 m maqondana namaphoyinti e-apse, ngenkathi kuma-vaults, maqondana nezindiza eziqondile, lokhu kususelwa ku-1.50 kuya ku-1.60 m. Lesi sakhiwo sifundisiwe, sibheka ubukhulu baso obuhlukahlukene futhi sakha ukuhlangana maqondana nokukhubazeka okuthinteke emhlabathini.
Kuphinde kwahlaziywa ukuthi ezinye izinto zangaphandle zibe nomthelela muni nokuthi kanjani ezinye zazo, phakathi kwazo ukwakhiwa kweMetro, ukusebenza kwayo njengamanje, ukumbiwa kweMeya yaseTemplo kanye nomphumela obangelwe ngumqoqi ongajule kakhulu owethulwe phambi kweCathhedral kanye Ihamba emigwaqweni yaseMoneda ne-5 de Mayo, ingena endaweni yalowo ondumbu yakhe ingabonakala ngakolunye uhlangothi lweMeya yaseTemplo futhi ukwakhiwa kwayo kwavumela ukuthi kutholakale imininingwane yokuqala edolobheni langaphambi kweSpanishi.
Ukuhlanganisa lokhu kuphawula kanye nemibono, kusetshenziswe imininingwane yezinqolobane, phakathi kwayo okutholakale amazinga ahlukahlukene owasindiswa unjiniyela uManuel González Flores eKhathedrali, okwasivumela ukuthi sazi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, izinga lokushintshwa kwalo isakhiwo.
Elokuqala lalawa mazinga lihambisana nonyaka we-1907 futhi lenziwa ngunjiniyela uRoberto Gayol okwathi, esakhe iGrand Canal del Desagüe, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wasolwa ngokwenza kabi, ngoba amanzi amnyama awazange adonse ngejubane elidingekayo futhi yafaka engcupheni idolobha elikhulu. Ebhekene nale nselelo ekhathazayo, unjiniyela uGayol wenza izifundo ezingajwayelekile zohlelo kanye nomcengezi waseMexico futhi ungowokuqala ukukhomba ukuthi idolobha liyacwila.
Njengoba imisebenzi ihlobene nenkinga yakhe enkulu, unjiniyela uGayol ubuye wanakekela iMetropolitan Cathedral, washiyela - inhlanhla yethu- idokhumende esazi ngalo ukuthi, cishe ngo-1907, ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo kwafinyelela, phakathi kwe-apse nombhoshongo osentshonalanga , 1.60 m phansi. Kusho ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube manje, ukuguqulwa noma ukwehluka okuhlukile okuhambisana nalawa maphuzu amabili kukhuphuke cishe imitha elilodwa.
Olunye ucwaningo luye lwembula ukuthi, kuleli khulu leminyaka kuphela, ukuncipha kwesifunda endaweni lapho kutholakala khona iCathedral kungaphezu kuka-7.60 m. Lokhu kwacaciswa ukuthi kuthathwa njengendawo yokubhekisa i-Aztec Caiendario, ebibekwe emnyango wombhoshongo osentshonalanga weCathedral.
Iphuzu bonke ochwepheshe abaliphatha njengebaluleke kakhulu edolobheni iphuzu le-TICA (iLower Tangent yeKhalenda lama-Aztec) elihambisana nomugqa obhalwe ku-plaque osentshonalanga nombhishobhi omkhulu. Isimo kuleli phuzu besilokhu sibhekise ebhange i-Atzacoalco, elisenyakatho yedolobha, endaweni ephakeme yamadwala aphikisayo ahlala ngaphandle kokuthinteka ngokuhlanganiswa koluhlu lwachibi. Inqubo yokuguquguquka yayivele inokubonakaliswa ngaphambi kuka-1907, kepha ngokungangabazeki kusekhulu lethu leminyaka lapho lo mphumela ushesha.
Kusuka kokungenhla, kulandela ukuthi inqubo yokukhubazeka yenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa futhi ihambelana nesimo se-geological, kepha muva nje lapho idolobha lidinga amanzi amaningi nezinsizakalo ezengeziwe, ukukhishwa kuketshezi emhlabathini ongaphansi kuyanda nenqubo yokwehla kwamanzi emzimbeni iyanda. ijubane lokuhlanganiswa kobumba.
Ngenxa yokushoda kweminye imithombo, amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa wamanzi asetshenziswa idolobha akhishwa enhlabathini engaphansi; Ngenhla komcengezi waseMexico asinawo amanzi futhi kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza ukuwenyusa nokuwahambisa kusuka emabhodini aseduze: sine-4 noma 5 m3 / sec kuphela. del Lerma futhi ngaphansi kancane kuka-20 m3 / sec. kusuka kwaCutzamala, i-recharge iku-oda elingu-8 kuya ku-10 m3 / sec kuphela. nokushoda kufinyelela, inetha, 40 m3 / sec., okuthi, liphindaphindwe ngama-84,600 sec. nsuku zonke, lilingana "nedamu" elilingana neZócalo kanye no-60 m ukujula (ukuphakama kwemibhoshongo yeCathedral). Leli wumthamo wamanzi okhishwa nsuku zonke phansi komhlaba futhi kuyethusa.
Umphumela eKhathedrali ukuthi, njengoba itafula lamanzi liwa, imicu engezansi ibona umthwalo wabo ukhuphuke ngaphezu kwe-1 t / m2 ngemitha ngalinye lokudilizwa. Njengamanje, ukuxhaswa kwesifunda kungokwe-7.4 cm ngonyaka, kukalwa eKhathedrali ngokuthembeka okuphelele, ngenxa yamabhentshi asezingeni afakiwe futhi alingana nejubane lokukhokha lika-6.3 mm / ngenyanga, 1.8mm / ngenyanga cishe ngonyaka we-1970, lapho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isimo sokucwila sehluliwe ngokwehlisa izinga lokumpompa futhi ukubekwa kwamaphayiphu kufakwe eKhathedrali ukulawula izinkinga zayo. Lokhu kwanda akukakafiki kusivinini esibi sama-1950s, lapho sifike kuma-33 mm / ngenyanga futhi sabangela i-alamu yothisha abaqavile, abanjengoNabor Carrillo noRaúl Marsal. Noma kunjalo, ijubane lokuzika umahluko selivele lingaphezu kuka-2 cm ngonyaka, phakathi kombhoshongo osentshonalanga ne-apse, oveza umehluko phakathi kwephoyinti elinzima kunawo wonke nephuzu elithambile kakhulu, okusho ukuthi, eminyakeni eyishumi ukungalingani i-current (2.50 m) izokwenyuka ngo-20 cm, no-2 m eminyakeni eyikhulu, obekuzofinyelela ku-4.50 m, okuyiphutha elingenakusekelwa isakhiwo seCathhedral. Eqinisweni, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngonyaka we-2010 kuzobe sekukhona ukuthambekela kwekholomu kanye nezinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuwa, okuyingozi enkulu ngaphansi kwemiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba.
Umlando wezinhloso zokuqinisa iKhathedrali ulandisa ngemisebenzi eminingi futhi eqhubekayo yomjovo wokuqhekeka.
Ngo-1940, abaklami bezakhiwo uManuel Ortiz Monasterio noManuel Cortina bagcwalisa isisekelo seCathhedral, ukuze bakhe izindlu zokufakwa kwezinsalela zomuntu, futhi yize bawuthula kakhulu umhlaba, isisekelo senziwa buthaka kakhulu ngokwephula ukuphikisana nazo zonke izinzwa; ama-girders nokuqiniswa kokhonkolo ababekusebenzisile kubuthakathaka kakhulu futhi benza okuncane ukunikeza uhlelo ukuqina.
Kamuva, uMnu. Manuel González Flores wasebenzisa izinqwaba zokulawula okwathi ngeshwa azange zisebenze ngokombono wephrojekthi, njengoba sekukhonjisiwe ezifundweni zeTamez naseSantoyo, ezanyatheliswa yiSEDESOL ngo-1992, (La Catedral Metropolítana y el Sagrario de Ia IMexico City, Ukulungiswa kokuziphatha kwezisekelo zayo, iSEDESOL, 1992, amakhasi 23 no-24).
Kulesi simo, izifundo neziphakamiso zichaze ukuthi ukungenelela obekuzobuyisela emuva inqubo bekungeke kuhlehliswe. Kuze kube manje, kubhekwe ezinye izindlela eziningana: ukubeka ezinye izinqwaba eziyi-1,500 ezingaphatha isisindo samathani ayi-130,000 eKhathedrali; beka amabhethri (asekelwa emadanyini ajulile angama-60 m) bese uvuselela i-aquifer; Sebezilahlile lezi zifundo, onjiniyela u-Enrique Tamez no-Enrique Santoyo baphakamisa ukuthi kumbiwa phansi ukuze babhekane nenkinga.
Ngokwesikimu, lo mqondo uqukethe ukuphikisana nokuncipha kokuhlukana, ukumba ngezansi kwalawo maphuzu ehla okungenani, okungukuthi, amaphuzu noma izingxenye ezihlala ziphakeme. Endabeni yeKhathedrali, le ndlela inikeze okulindelwe okukhuthazayo, kepha yinkimbinkimbi enkulu. Uma ubheka amanethiwekhi wokumiswa komhlaba, aveza ukungahleleki kobujamo, ungaqonda ukuthi ukuguqula leyo ndawo ibe yinto efana nendiza noma indawo evundlile bekuyinselele.
Kuthathe cishe iminyaka emibili ukwakha izakhi zohlelo, obekuqukethe ukwakhiwa kwemithombo engama-30 ka-2.6 m ububanzi, eminye ingezansi neminye ezungeze iCathedral kanye neTabernakele; Ukujula kwale mithombo kufanele kufinyelele ngaphansi kwakho konke ukugcwaliswa kanye nezinsalela zokwakha futhi kufinyelele kubumba olungaphansi koqweqwe lwemvelo, lokhu ekujuleni okuphakathi kuka-18 no-22 m. Le mithombo yayifakwe ukhonkolo namathebhu wombhobho, amasentimitha ayi-15 ububanzi, ngenombolo engama-50, 60 mm futhi njalo ngamadigri ayisithupha omjikelezo abekwa ezansi kwawo. Ngezansi, umshini womoya nowokujikeleza, ohlinzekwe nge-plunger, yithuluzi lokuqinisa ukwenza ukumba okungaphansi. Umshini ungena engxenyeni yeshubhu elinganisa u-1.20 m nge-10 cm ububanzi ngombhobho ngamunye, i-plunger iyahlehliswa bese kufakwa enye ingxenye yethubhu edonswa yi-plunger, okuthi ekusebenzeni okulandelanayo kuvumele la mashubhu ukuthi angene aze afike ku-6 o 7 m ukujula; lapho-ke ziyenziwa zibuye futhi zinqanyuliwe ukuhlehla, ngenxa yezingxenye okusobala ukuthi zigcwele udaka. Umphumela uba ukuthi umgodi noma umhubhe omncane wenziwa u-6 kuye ku-7 m ubude nge-10 cm ububanzi. Kulokho kujula, ingcindezi esemhubheni injalo ukuthi ukuhlangana kobumba kuphukile futhi umhubhe uwele ngesikhathi esifushane, okukhombisa ukudluliswa kwempahla kusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Imisebenzi elandelanayo emibhobho engu-40 noma engu-50 emthonjeni ngamunye, ivumela ukwenza umgodi ongaphansi embuthanweni oyizungezile, okufanayo nokuthi lapho uchotshozwa kubangela ukuncipha ebusweni. Uhlelo olulula luhumusha, ekusebenzeni kwalo, lube yinkimbinkimbi enkulu ukulilawula: luchaza ukuchazwa kwezindawo nemibhobho, ubude bemigudu nezikhathi zokumba ukunciphisa ukungalingani kobuso nohlelo lwesakhiwo. Kungacatshangwa kuphela namuhla ngosizo lohlelo lwekhompiyutha, oluvumela ukucubungula izinqubo futhi kunqume amavolumu wokumba afiselekayo.
Ngasikhathi sinye futhi ukuze kudaleke ukunyakaza esakhiweni, kwakudingeka ukuthuthukisa isimo sokuzinza nokumelana nokwakhiwa, kuphakanyiswe ama-naves asezindleleni, imengamo esekela inkaba enkulu nedome, ngaphezu kokubopha amakholomu ayisikhombisa, aletha amaphutha amile kuyingozi kakhulu, ngokusebenzisa izikhali zempi nokuqiniswa okuvundlile. I-shoring iphelela kuma-joists amancane asekelwa ngamashubhu amabili kuphela, inikezwe ama-jacks avumela ukuthi ama-joists aphakanyiswe noma ehliswe ukuze, lapho unyakaza, i-arch ishintshe ukwakheka futhi ivumelanise naleyo ye-shoring, ngaphandle kokugxila imithwalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi okunye ukuqhekeka nokuqhekeka, kwenani elikhulu ukuthi izindonga nezindawo zokugcina impahla kunakho, kufanele kushiywe kungagadiwe okwamanje, ngoba ukugcwaliswa kwabo kungavimbela ukuthambekela kwabo kokuvala ngesikhathi senqubo yokuma mpo.
Ngizozama ukuchaza ukunyakaza okuhloselwe ukunikeza isakhiwo ngokumbiwa okungaphansi. Okokuqala, ukuma mpo, ngokwengxenye, kwamakholomu nezindonga; imibhoshongo kanye ne-façade, okuwa kwayo sekuvele kubalulekile, kufanele futhi kujikeleze ngale ndlela; i-vault emaphakathi kufanele ivalwe lapho kulungiswa ukuwa ohlangothini oluhlukile lwezisekelo - khumbula ukuthi ziye zaphumela ngaphandle, lapho umhlabathi uthambile. Ngale njongo, izinhloso ezijwayelekile esezibhekiwe yilezi: ukubuyisa i-geometry, ngama-40% okhubazeko iKhathedrali elinalo namuhla; okungukuthi, cishe i-deformation okuthi, ngokusho kokulinganiswa, yayineminyaka engama-60 edlule. Khumbula ukuthi ekulinganisweni kuka-1907 yayinemitha engaphezudlwana kuka-1.60 m phakathi kwe-apse nombhoshongo, ingaphansi kwamagumbi, ngoba zazakhiwe endizeni enezingqimba lapho izisekelo zase zikhubazekile ngamamitha angaphezu kwelilodwa. Lokhu okungenhla kuzosho ukuthi kumbiwa phakathi kwe-3,000 kanye ne-4,000 m3 ngaphansi kweCathedral futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukujika kabili esakhiweni, enye iye empumalanga enye enyakatho, okuholele ekunyakazeni kwe-SW-NE, okuphambene nokuguquguquka okujwayelekile. Itabernakele ledolobha elikhulu kumele liphathwe ngendlela ehambisanayo futhi okunye ukunyakaza kwasendaweni kufanele kufezekiswe, okuvumela ukulungiswa kwamaphoyinti athile, ahlukile kunenkambiso ejwayelekile.
Konke lokhu, okuchazwe kalula, bekungeke kucatshangelwe ngaphandle kwendlela eyeqisayo yokulawula zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo ngesikhathi senqubo. Cabanga ngezinyathelo zokuqapha lapho kuhamba iTower of Pisa. Lapha, njengoba phansi kuthambile futhi nesakhiwo siguquguquka kalula, ukulawula ukunyakaza kuba yinto esemqoka yomsebenzi. Lokhu kuqapha kuqukethe izilinganiso zokunemba, amazinga, njll., Okwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo nokuqinisekiswa ngosizo lwamakhompyutha.
Ngakho-ke, kulinganiswa nyangazonke ukuthambekela kwezindonga nezinsika, ngamaphuzu amathathu omphetho wayo, amaphuzu angama-351 nokufundwa okungama-702; okokusebenza okusetshenzisiwe kungolayini we-elekthronikhi obhalisa kuze kufike ku-8 ”we-arc (imitha yokutshekisa). Kusetshenziswa amabholubhu evamile, afakwe amarcheche ngokunemba okukhulu, ukuhluka kobubanzi kubhalwa ngamaphoyinti ayi-184 njalo ngenyanga. Ukuma nkqo kwemibhoshongo kufundwa ngemitha yebanga elifanele, ngamaphuzu angama-20 njalo ngekota.
Ama-inclinometers anikelwe yi-Institute du Globe ne-olecole Polytechnique de Paris, ahlinzeka ngokufundwa okuqhubekayo, nawo ayasebenza. Ezingeni le-plinths, ukulinganiswa ngokunemba kwenziwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi nane futhi kwelinye ezingeni lama-vaults; kowokuqala, amaphuzu angama-210 kuthi kowesibili kube ngamakhulu ayisithupha namashumi amane. Ubukhulu bemifantu ezindongeni, ezingaphambili nasemakamelweni kugcinwa njalo ngenyanga, ngokufundwa okungama-954 okwenziwe nge-vernier. Nge-extensometer enembayo, kukalwa okwenziwe ngama-intrados nama-extrados ama-vault, ama-arches nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu, okuphakathi nokwehla kwamakholomu, ekufundweni okungu-138 njalo ngenyanga.
Ukuxhumana okulungile kwe-shoring nemengamo kwenziwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi nane, kulungiswa amajack angama-320 kusetshenziswa isikrufu se-torque. Ingcindezi endaweni ngayinye akumele yeqe noma yehlise amandla amisiwe weprop ukuze ithathe ukwakheka kwencazelo eyenzelwe i-arch. Isakhiwo esingaphansi kwemithwalo emile futhi eshukumisayo sahlaziywa yindlela ye-elementi enomkhawulo, ukuguqulwa ngokunyakaza okwenziwe futhi, ekugcineni, izifundo ze-endoscopy zenziwa ngaphakathi kwamakholomu.
Eminye yale misebenzi yenziwa ngokungajwayelekile ngemuva kwanoma yikuphi ukuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kuka-3.5 esikalini sikaRichter. Izingxenye ezimaphakathi, i-nave ne-transept, zivikelwe ngemeshi nangamanethi ekulweni nokudilika komhlaba kanye nohlaka olunezinhlangothi ezintathu oluvumela ukubeka ngokushesha isafula nokufinyelela noma iliphi iphuzu lendawo, ukuze lilungiswe uma kwenzeka kuba nezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngemuva kokufunda okungaphezu kweminyaka emibili nokuphothulwa kokulungiswa, imithombo kanye nemisebenzi eshisayo, ukumbiwa kwemishini kusebenza kahle kwaqala ngoSepthemba 1993.
Lezi ziqale engxenyeni emaphakathi, eningizimu ye-apse, futhi zenziwe zabhekiswa ngasenyakatho zaze zafika kutranssept; Ngo-Ephreli, kwavulwa ama-lurnbreras eningizimu ye-transept futhi imiphumela iyakhuthaza ikakhulukazi, ngokwesibonelo, umbhoshongo osentshonalanga uzungezile .072%, umbhoshongo osempumalanga u-0.1%, phakathi kuka-4 cm owokuqala no-6 cm owesibili (iPisa ijikeleze u-1.5 cm) ; amakholomu we-transept avale i-arch yawo ngaphezu kuka-2 cm, umkhuba ojwayelekile wesakhiwo ukhombisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokumbiwa okumbalwa nokunyakaza kwawo. Eminye imifantu engxenyeni eseningizimu isavulekile, ngoba ngaphandle kokunyakaza okujwayelekile, i-inertia yemibhoshongo inciphisa ukuhamba kwayo. Kunezinkinga ezindaweni ezifana nokuhlangana kweTabernakele nobumbano obalulekile lwendawo ye-apse, engavali imigudu ngejubane elifanayo nezinye izindawo, okwenza kube nzima ukukhipha okokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, sisezigabeni zokuqala zenqubo, esilinganisela ukuthi izohlala phakathi kwezinsuku zokusebenza eziyinkulungwane nezingu-1 200, 3 noma 4 m3 wokumba ngosuku. Ngaleso sikhathi, ikona elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeKhathedrali kufanele ngabe sehle lafika ku-1.35 m maqondana nombhoshongo osentshonalanga, nombhoshongo osempumalanga, maqondana nalokho, imitha elilodwa.
ICathhedral ngeke “iqonde” - ngoba ayikaze ibe khona-, kepha ukuma kwayo kuzothathwa kube sezingeni elihle, ukumelana nemicimbi yokuzamazama komhlaba njengaleyo enamandla kunazo zonke eyenzeka emgodini waseMexico; ukungalingani kubuyela emuva cishe ku-35% womlando wayo. Uhlelo lungavuselelwa ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20 noma engama-30, uma ukubonwa kuseluleka kanjalo, futhi kuzodingeka - kusukela namuhla nasesikhathini esizayo - sisebenze kakhulu ekubuyiseleni izinto zokuhlobisa, iminyango, amasango, izithombe ezibaziweyo, ngaphakathi, kuma-altare , imidwebo, njll., yeqoqo elicebe kakhulu laleli dolobha.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi le misebenzi ihambelana nomsebenzi oyingqayizivele, okuvela kuwo iminikelo ephawulekayo neyingqayizivele yezobuchwepheshe nezesayensi.
Omunye angaveza ukuthi akunasizotha kimi ukudumisa imisebenzi engibandakanyeka kuyo. Impela, ukuzincoma kungaba yize futhi kungathandeki kahle, kepha akunjalo ngoba akusimina othuthukisa iphrojekthi; Yimi, yebo, lowo, ngokwesikhundla sami obhekele itshe lesikhumbuzo futhi oboshwe ngumzamo nokuzinikela kwalabo abenze le misebenzi yenzeka, kumele afune ukuthi zamukelwe.
Lokhu akuyona iphrojekthi efuna, okokuqala futhi ngenxa yalokho, isifiso esimsulwa - esivumelekile ngokwaso- ukwenza ngcono ifa lethu, kungumsebenzi othuthukiswe ngaphambili lapho kunezimo ezinkulu zokwehluleka kwesakhiwo ukuthi, ukugwema inhlekelele yesikhashana , ifuna kungenelele okuphuthumayo.
Kuyinkinga yezobuchwepheshe engenakuqhathaniswa ezincwadini zobunjiniyela nokubuyiselwa. Empeleni, kuyinkinga uqobo futhi ekhethekile esimweni senhlabathi yeMexico City, engatholi kalula ukufaniswa kwezinye izindawo. Kuyinkinga, ekugcineni, ehambelana nendawo ye-geotechnics nemishini yenhlabathi.
Bangonjiniyela u-Enrique Tamez, u-Enrique Santoyo kanye nabanye ababhali, abathi, ngokususelwa olwazini lwabo oluthile lobungcweti, bahlaziye le nkinga futhi bakha isisombululo sayo, okwakudingeka ukuthi benze ngokwesayensi inqubo ephelele yokubandakanya imishini, izakhiwo kanye ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kwezenzo, njengomkhuba ofanayo nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela, ngoba lo mkhuba uyasebenza: ICathhedral iyaqhubeka nokuqhekeka. Kanye nabo kukhona uDkt Roberto Meli, iNational Engineering Award, uDkt Fernando López Carmona nabanye abangani abavela e-Engineering Institute ye-UNAM, abaqapha izimo zokuzinza kwetshe lesikhumbuzo, uhlobo lokwehluleka kwalo nezindlela zokuvikela ukuze, ngokuheha ukunyakaza esakhiweni, inqubo ayiphazanyiswa ezimweni ezandisa ingozi. Ngokwakhe, unjiniyela uHilario Prieto uphethe ukwenza izindlela ezinamandla nezingaguquguquki zokuqinisa ukuqinisa ukuhlinzeka ukuphepha kunqubo. Zonke lezi zenzo zenziwa ngetshe lesikhumbuzo livulekele ukukhonzwa futhi ngaphandle kokuthi livalwe ngumphakathi kuyo yonke le minyaka.
Nabanye ochwepheshe, leli thimba lomsebenzi lihlangana masonto onke, hhayi ukuxoxa ngemininingwane yobuhle bendalo yokwakha kepha ukuhlaziya isivinini sokumosheka, isimilo se-vault, ukuma kwezinto kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokulawulwa kwenhlangano eyenzelwe iCathedral: ngaphezu kuka-1.35 m wobuzwe obheke engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga futhi ujike cishe u-40 cm emibhoshongweni yawo, ama-25 cm ezihlokweni zamakholomu athile. Lokhu kungenxa yezikhathi ezinde, lapho ungavumelani kweminye imibono.
Njengomphelelisi futhi ojwayele ukwenziwa, siye sabonisana nochwepheshe bakazwelonke abadumile izexwayiso zabo, izeluleko neziphakamiso zabo ezibe nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni imizamo yethu; Ukubheka kwabo kuhlaziyiwe futhi ezikhathini eziningi baqondise kakhulu izixazululo eziphakanyisiwe. Phakathi kwabo, kufanele ngikhulume ngoDkt.Raúl Marsal no-Emilio Rosenblueth, abasilahlekele muva nje.
Ezigabeni zokuqala zenqubo, iqembu le-IECA, elivela eJapan, kwaboniswana nalo lathunyelwa eMexico iqembu lochwepheshe elakhiwa onjiniyela uMikitake Ishisuka, uTatsuo Kawagoe, u-Akira Ishido noSatoshi Nakamura, abaphothula ukubaluleka kwensindiso ehlongozwayo yezobuchwepheshe, ukuze leyo ababecabanga ukuthi ayinalutho abangalunikela. Kodwa-ke, ngokubheka imininingwane abayinikiwe, baveze ubungozi obukhulu besimo sokuziphatha kanye noshintsho olwenzeka emhlabeni waseMexico City, futhi bamema umsebenzi wokuqapha nokucwaninga ukuthi wandiselwe nakwezinye izindawo. ukuqinisekisa ikusasa ledolobha lethu. Le yinkinga eyeqile kithi.
Iphrojekthi nayo yathunyelwa ekwazini elinye iqembu lochwepheshe abaqavile abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene omhlaba okuthi, noma bengasebenzisi umkhuba wabo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile njengalezo zenhlabathi yeMexico City, amakhono abo okuhlaziya kanye nokuqonda kwabo inkinga eyenziwe Kungenzeka ukuthi isixazululo sicebiswe kakhulu; Phakathi kwabo, sizokhuluma ngalokhu okulandelayo: UDkt Michele Jamilkowski, umongameli weKomidi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Lokutakula Umbhoshongo WasePisa; UDkt. John E. Eurland, wase-Imperial College, eLondon; unjiniyela uGiorgio Macchi, wase-University of Pavia; UDkt. Gholamreza Mesri, wase-University of Illinois noDkt. Pietro de Porcellinis, iPhini Lomqondisi Wezisekelo Ezikhethekile, uRodio, waseSpain.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-1 Juni-Julayi 1994
