Ngezigqoko eziyishumi nambili ezesabekayo, uZempoala, uHidalgo, ubengabamba ngokuziqhenya okufanele isihloko sobukhosi "kamasipala we-pulque haciendas". Zimbalwa izindawo eMexico ezingaziqhayisa ngokuba nama-haciendas amahle kangaka endaweni encane kangako.
Ukulandisa okungokomlando kukhuluma ngama-haciendas angaphezu kwama-20 kulokho manje okuyiZempoala. Namuhla sekusele kweshumi nambili okuthe, naphezu kwakho konke, okuyinani elibonakalayo likamasipala ongama-31,000 ha. Ngamaphesenti amabili kuphela endawo ephelele yaseHidalgo, iZempoala igcina amaphesenti ayisithupha emapulazini angama-200 abalwa eHidalgo. Izibalo ezinjalo futhi zisho ukuthi uma sihamba kuleyo migwaqo sihlangana nedolobha elidala njalo ngamakhilomitha ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalombili, kwesinye isikhathi angaphansi. UZempoala, ngamafuphi, umasipala okufanele uvakashelwe uma sifuna ukucwilisa ama-haciendas aseMexico.
Into enhle ukuthi izinombolo azikho konke. Ubukhazikhazi be-Zempoala haciendas yakudala, yize bungajatshulelwa kakhulu, buba nokukhanya okukhethekile kuyo ngayinye yazo. Izici ezijwayelekile zingatholakala futhi ziqhathaniswe, kepha kuhlale kunomehluko omkhulu njalo.
Iziza zikamongameli
Uma kukhona umlingiswa ongokomfanekiso weziqephu zaseZempoala, lowo nguDon Manuel González, umphathi wenkululeko odumile kanye nomngani kaPorfirio Díaz, owayengumongameli waseMexico phakathi kuka-1880 no-1884. Wathola iziza ezimbili ezincomekayo empumalanga kamasipala. Leyo yaseSanta Rita, okwathi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kwakungeyeMarchioness yaseSelva Nevada, esalokhu igcina umoya wayo oyimpi. Kwelinye lamakhona alo kukhona umgodi omkhulu ongaba mkhulu kakhulu ezweni. Phakathi kwale hacienda naleyo yeZontecamate, umasipala waseSinguilucan, umi, ufihliwe, iTecajete hacienda enhle leyo, ngesizathu esihle, eyayithandwa kakhulu nguGonzález.
Ngokwama-akhawunti, lapho uGonzález eba ngumongameli wathuma umakhi osemusha u-Antonio Rivas Mercado ukuthi akhe kabusha i-hacienda, esanda kubuya ezifundweni zakhe eFrance (bheka i-Unknown Mexico Nos. 196 no-197). URivas Mercado, okhunjulwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngekholomu le-Independence ePaseo de la Reforma, washiya uhlobo lwenqaba lapho, olubabazekayo ngaphandle futhi lwahlinzekwa ngamaphalathi anokuthula ngaphakathi. Kwesinye sazo isibuko esibanzi se-jagüey siyanda futhi, kancane kancane, engadini yezithelo, kunamakhothamo angama-46 engxenye yokuqala yomsele odumile wasePadre Tembleque. Ukwenza konke lokhu, akumangazi ukuthi umengameli ukuthathe njengendawo ayithandayo yokuphumula.
Imidlalo yamakhadi
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomasipala kukhona ama-haciendas ayengawomndeni wakwa-Enciso. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka - ukubalwa kwenzalo yakhe - uCesario Enciso ulahlekelwe yiHacienda de Venta de Cruz, eSifundazweni SaseMexico (amamitha ambalwa ukusuka emngceleni neHidalgo) emdlalweni wamakhadi. UDon Cesario wakha kabusha umcebo wakhe futhi wakha okwaziwa ngokuthi yiCasa Grande edolobheni, okungenye yezindawo ezimbalwa esifundeni ezingazange zikhiqize i-pulque. Kwakufana nokuhlala komndeni kanye nefa lokuhweba. Abantu basendaweni basayibiza nge- "Big Shop". Igcina amakamelo amahle we-anthology naphansi phansi, ngemuva kwengosi ende, ifenisha yoqobo yesitolo esikhulu sama-Porfirian, kanye nebhikawozi elinamahhavini amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngesikhathi se-pulquero boom, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abakwa-Encisos bagxila ekukhiqizeni lesi siphuzo eLos Olivos, eduzane nedolobha. Babiza igama elithi "i-ranch" ngokweqile ngokuthi babenobukhulu be-hacienda yangempela; lapho kwakuhlala umphathi, ondlu yakhe ngokuqinisekile yayingumona wabaninimhlaba abangaphezu koyedwa. Kukhona nezindawo zokuqala iCasa Grande eyayinazo kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nekhulu le-19, lapho yakhiwa kabusha.
Budebuduze nalokhu kunamanye ama-haciendas amabili amangalisayo. ITepa El Chico inebhilidi lalo elikhulu kunawo wonke ku-longitudinal axis lapho kunemibhoshongo, i-tinacal, indlu enkulu, isonto kanye nomunye umbhoshongo. Ngaphambi kwalomugqa usengabona ithrekhi endala emincane lapho “amapulatifomu” anemiphongolo ye-pulque egijimela khona esiteshini sesitimela. Konke kuyi-nostalgic.
ISan José Tetecuinta incane, kepha isezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. I-driveway iholela kuthrekhi ezungeze umthombo phambi kompheme omude omuhle wekhoneni. Amathafa asemaphandleni - mhlawumbe amafresco kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye - ahlobisa izindonga eziningi zangaphakathi nangaphandle zendlu.
ISan Antonio neMontecillos
Ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga yalo masipala kunamapulazi amabili abonakala njengamadala kunawo wonke. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iSan Antonio Tochatlaco yakhiwa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. IMontecillos inesici se-viceregal ngaphezulu. Laba bobabili banikeza umehluko omkhulu wokwakha. Ngenkathi eyokuqala yakhiwe yakha unxande owodwa omkhulu, elinye iqoqo lezakhiwo elihlakazekile: indlu, i-tinacal, izitebele, i-calpanería, njalonjalo.
Kukhona amanye ama-haciendas ngeshwa angenakuvakashelwa, kepha angajatshulelwa ngaphandle. Enye yi-Arcos, ebonakala kusuka emgwaqeni omkhulu oya eTulancingo. Ibizwa ngalelo gama mhlawumbe ngoba iseduze kwesinye sezingxenye ze-arched zomsele wamanzi wase-Otumba, budebuduze neTecajete. Elinye iPueblilla, phakathi kweSanta Rita nedolobha laseZempoala. Le hacienda, enenye yezinkundla ezingaphambili ze-haciendas ezitholakala eHidalgo, iphinda ngokukhethekile idrama-kanye nengcebo- kamasipala: phakathi kokukhohlwa nokushiya ubukhazikhazi obudala be-Porfirian busakhanya.
Ungafika kanjani eZempoala
Ukushiya iMexico City emgwaqweni omkhulu wasePirámides-Tulancingo (inombolo kahulumeni 132). Ekuchezukeleni kokuqala uye eCiudad Sahagún-Pachuca, jikela ngasenyakatho ubheke ePachuca; IZempoala itholakala ngamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka lapho (namakhilomitha angama-25 eningizimu yePachuca).
Izindawo ezivakashelwe umasipala (ezibalulwe embhalweni) ziphethwe ngabanikazi abaqoqwe kwiZempoala Landowners Association. Lo mzimba ugunyaza futhi ulawule ukuvakashelwa kwamaqembu, ikakhulukazi amakhulu (abantu abayishumi nambili).
Intatheli nesazi-mlando. Unguprofesa weGeography and History and Historical Journalism e-Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, lapho azama khona ukusabalalisa i-delirium yakhe emakhoneni angavamile akha leli lizwe.
