I-Alto Amajac itholakala engxenyeni kamasipala wase-Atotonilco el Grande, onhloko yakhe, enegama elifanayo, ihlala ethafeni elide elizungeze izinhlangothi zombili ngezihosha ezimbili: iRio Grande de Tulancingo kanye ne-Amajac.
IHidalgo yisimo sokuqhathanisa. Lapho sisuka kwenye indawo siya kwenye sibona kulawa mazwe izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamathafa, isimo sezulu kanye nohlaza, olucebiswe yimifudlana, iziphethu nemifula. Leli bhizinisi, yize likhona maphakathi nezwe, isifunda esihlala abantu kakhulu nezindlela zokuxhumana ezihamba phambili, lisalondoloza izindawo ezifihliwe, ezingaziwa kangako, ezisondele kakhulu emadolobheni nakwezinye izindawo ezinabantu abaningi: Amapaki Kazwelonke.
Phakathi kwamawa amade e-El Chico National Park, phakathi kwamahlathi kaphayini nobulembu obumbozayo, umfudlana uqala ukugeleza. Ihlanganiswa nemingenela emincane engezansi kwemihosha, ebonakala ngokusobala ukusuka phezulu edwaleni lase-Escondida, elisendaweni engama-140 m ngenhla komfula iLos Cedros, owaziwa kule ndawo. Amanzi alo awela empophomeni enhle yaseBandola, eduzane nempambana mgwaqo womgwaqo oxhumene nomgwaqo omkhulu wesifundazwe odlula eTampico namadolobha aseCarboneras naseMineral del Chico. Kamuva umsinga uthatha inkambo yasenyakatho, manje umfula iBandola, oqala emhosheni ozoba umhosha kamuva, kodwa ngaphambi kokungena emgodini uthola igama lawo langempela: Amajac.
I-Alto Amajac itholakala engxenyeni kamasipala wase-Atotonilco el Grande, onhloko yakhe, enegama elifanayo, ihlala ethafeni elide elizungeze izinhlangothi zombili ngezihosha ezimbili: iRio Grande de Tulancingo kanye ne-Amajac. Ithafa lakhiwe ngamatshe angenalutho avela ezikhathini zemfundo ephakeme, ngokuvamile akhiwe nge-basalt, idwala elicijile elingahle livuleke futhi lingangeneki emanzini uma lihlaselwa imvula. Inhlabathi evumayo ikhona enyakatho ye-Atotonilco Plateau, lapho kukhona khona ipulazi i-El Zoquital. Yize kuvela izisekelo ezingangeneki ezinesileti sobumba ezikwaziyo ukuvela, inhlabathi evumayo iyinkinga yangempela kubalimi e-El Zoquital lapho bedinga ukugcina amanzi emadamini ukunisela amasimu abo.
Eminyakeni eminingi eyedlule, abanikazi baleli pulazi bakha idamu, kepha ngemuva kwezimvula naphezu kokuba khona kwesiteshi sokuphakela, inhlabathi yawamunca amanzi ngaphandle kokushiya nethonsi elilodwa echibini. Njengamanje kunomhlaba olinyiwe onemisele nemisele, yize iningi lomhlaba obekelwe lokho kusetshenziswa kungokwesikhashana. UHernán Cortés, encwadini yakhe ethi Letters of Relationship, wabhala umcimbi okwenzeka ngokusho kwezazi emathafeni ase-Atotonilco Plateau.
Ngo-1522, abantu base-Otomí baseMeztitlán, ngemuva kokuvumelana ngokuthula ukukhokha intela kwabaseSpain, “abagcinanga ngokuyeka ukulalela ababekwenzile phambilini, kepha nomonakalo omkhulu wenziwa ezweni labo ngama-comarcanos ayengaphansi kukaMbusi Wakho WamaKatolika , kushiswa imizi eminingi futhi kwabulawa abantu abaningi ...
UCortés uthumele ukaputeni "nabagibeli bamahhashi abangamashumi amathathu nezidladla eziyikhulu, abashayi besiphambano kanye nabashayasibhamu ...", kodwa isimo asifinyelelanga kwabalimala abambalwa, njengoba uCortés asho: "Futhi kujabulise iNkosi yethu ukuthi intando yabo izobuya ngokuthula futhi amakhosi angilethele, engangibaxolele ukuthi bengifikile bengakaboshiwe ”.
IZINDAWO EZIKHONA ZE-ATOTONILCO
Indawo yase-Atotonilco ithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo esinamazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka aphakathi kuka-14 no-16 ° C, kanti imvula inehluka kusuka ku-700 kuye ku-800 mm unyaka wonke. Lesi sifunda bekulokhu kuhlala abantu besizukulwane sakwa-Otomí kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, yize namuhla izici eziningi zamasiko alesi sizwe sezinyamalele. Igama elithi Atotonilco liyinhlanganisela yamagama amathathu esiNahua awanikeza incazelo "yendawo enamanzi ashisayo", okungenzeka ukuthi ihlobene nemithombo eshisayo ekhona endaweni eseduze nedolobha.
Ama-Otomies ayephethwe yiChichimecas ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, hhayi ngaphambi kokuhlasela isiGodi saseMexico ngenxa yokwehla kweTula. Ngemuva kwamakhulu amane eminyaka, ngamaChichimecas anqotshwa yiMexico ngaphansi komyalo kaMoctezuma Ilhuicamina, okwaholela ekubekweni kwentela engathandeki abathumeli abayithumele eTenochtitlan. Ekupheleni kokunqotshwa kwabaseSpain, abomdabu bakhululiwe emthelelweni wabo wakudala, kepha lapho uHernán Cortés edlulisela idolobha lase-Atotonilco kumzala wakhe uPedro de Paz, babuye baphoqeleka ukuthi banikele ngamabele nokudla entweni yabo entsha iziphathimandla.
Lapho uPedro de Paz eshona, ilungelo lokugcina selidluliselwe kuFrancisca Ferrer; lapho-ke kwakungekaPedro Gómez de Cáceres, owayinika indodana yakhe u-Andrés de Tapia y Ferrer. Abokugcina basungula iHacienda de San Nicolás Amajac, namuhla ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezaziwa ngokuthi iSan José ne-EL Zoquital. UTapia y Ferrer uthola izibonelelo ezithile ezinikezwe uViceroy Diego Fernández de Córdoba, ngendlela yokuthi ngo-1615 wayengumnikazi wamahektare angama-3 511 ayesetshenziselwa imfuyo; kuthiwa waqongelela ngaphezu kuka-10,000, phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo ezincane.
Phakathi kuka-1615 no-1620, uTapia y Ferrer wathengisa ingxenye enkulu yezimpahla zabo kuFrancisco Cortés, owaba ngumnikazi womhlaba obaluleke kunabo bonke esifundeni, ngokuthenga umhlaba owengeziwe eMiguel Castañeda, owawufinyelela cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-26. ISan Nicolás Amajac hacienda yadlula isuka kwesinye isandla yaze yafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, umnikazi wayo ngaleso sikhathi, uNkk. María de la Luz Padilla y Cervantes wanquma ukuhlukanisa amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-43 omhlaba abe ngamabili ukuze kwakheke amapulazi amabili, elinye libizwa ngokuthi iSan Nicolás Zoquital , nenye iSan José Zoquital. Ezinsukwini zethu owokuqala waziwa njengo-El Zoquital kanti owesibili waziwa njengoSan José.
Isimo senhlalo nezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho esabusa phakathi neminyaka ngaphambi kukahulumeni wasePorfirio Díaz silethe iziphetho ezihluke kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye. U-EL Zoquital uwela ngokuphelele futhi udlulela ezandleni zikahulumeni; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSan José igcina ubukhazikhazi bayo kuze kufike isikhathi sokusatshalaliswa kwezolimo, ngemuva kwenguquko, lapho umhlaba wayo wathengiswa ngesikweletu nangentengo engabizi. Bese kuthi abalimi basemadolobheni angomakhelwane bathenga lezi zimpahla. Manje, la mazwe angama-ranchi anikezelwe kwezamabhizinisi ezolimo, kuyilapho i-walnut ne-pine nut processor isebenza epulazini langaphambili le-El Zoquital.
UMHLANGANO WOKUVAMELANA WESAN AGUSTÍN
Abadlali bokuqala baka-Augustinian abafika e-Atotonilco el Grande ngo-1536 kwakungu-Alonso de Borja, uGregorio de Salazar noJuan de San Martín. Lezi zenkolo ezintathu zinakekele ukutadisha ulimi lwabomdabu ukuze zikwazi ukuxhumana nazo futhi zikwazi ukubafundisa ngale nkolo entsha. U-Alonso de Borja ushone ngemuva nje kokufika e-Atotonilco, kwathi u-Augustinian owayeshumayela eMetztitlán, uFray Juan de Sevilla, wangena esikhundleni sakhe. Uqale ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu lethempeli nge-vault yalo futhi waqoshwa ingosi yasePlateresque enkwalini, lapho ashiya khona isibalo esimele imvelaphi yegama le-Atotonilco; ibhodwe phezu komlilo eliphuma umusi.
Kulesi sikhathi sokuqala sokwakha, esenzeka phakathi kuka-1540 no-1550, kwakhiwa izitezi ezingenhla nezingezansi zesigodlo, ezindongeni zazo ezazipendwe ngezindikimba zenkolo nezefilosofi, njengalezo ezikhona ezitebhisini, lapho isithombe USanta Augustine ubonakala ezungezwe yizazi zefilosofi u-Aristotle, uPlato, uSocrates, uCicero, uPythagoras noSeneca. Ngeshwa eminye imidwebo isivele ikhombisa ukuwohloka okungathi sína. Isigaba sesibili sokwakha siphela ngo-1586, usuku olubonakala lubhalwe egumbini lekhwaya. UFray Juan Pérez nguyena ophethe ukuphothulwa kwesonto lonke, okwamanje elisohlangothini olulodwa lwesikwele esikhulu.
I-Atotonilco Plateau iyisandulela sesifunda sama-panorama asezintabeni, lapho izinguquko eziphakemeyo nezimila sezivele zizwakala ngemuva kokudlula eduze kweMineral del Monte. Kusuka kupayini nemithi ye-oki siya kuma-mezauites, ama-huizaches ne-cacti endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-30 noma angama-40 kuphela.
Kusuka ku-2,080 m wobude be-mesa lapho kuhlala khona i-Atotonilco, imisinga yamanzi iwela ingaphakathi lomhlaba ukuze ivele kamuva emithonjeni yamanzi acwilayo, emihosheni eyomile, leyo eya ngasentshonalanga ekugcineni emfuleni i-Amajac, e 1 700, 1 500, 1 300 m ukuphakama, phansi nangaphansi. Lapho, lapho izintaba zinquma ukuhlangana ndawonye zenze amabhuloho emvelo agwazwa yimifula; lapho ukushisa kudlula khona kanye nohlaza ngaphambi kwemvula, kuyaqabula.
UMA UYA KU-ATOTONILCO OMKHULU
Thatha umgwaqo omkhulu cha. 130 kuya kuPachuca. Ukudlula leli dolobha ngamakhilomitha angama-34 kunedolobha lase-Atotonilco.
Epulazini laseSan José: kufinyelelwa ngomgwaqo omkhulu no. I-105 ibheke eHuejutla, amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ngaphambili, jikela ngakwesokudla emgwaqweni owubhuqu oya edolobheni laseSan José Zoquital, lapho kukhona khona ipulazi. Ukuyivakashela akulula, njengoba kuhlala abantu njengamanje.
I-Exhacienda de El Zoquital: Ngendlela efanayo, thatha isiqondiso seHuejutla namakhilomitha ayi-10 ngaphambili, thatha ngakwesokunxele ngomgwaqo owubhuqu ukuze ufike edolobheni i-El Zoquital, lapho kutholakala khona iHacienda San Nicolás Zoquital.
