Ngiphethe umchele esandleni sami; Ngibona eduze kakhulu ucezu olukhulu lomdwebo wangaphambi kweSpanishi ovela eLas Higueras, eVeracruz, embozwe ngama-conglomerate amhlophe (angosawoti, njengoba bengichazile kakhulu).
Ngigcina insingo imile ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukusuka ebusweni obungokomfanekiso. Umbono wami uhlanganisa kuphela imininingwane yombala, ama-crust aphuzi kancane; isibambo sensimbi engisiphethe singanyakazi kanye nesigaxa sejazi elimhlophe. Ngayedwa ngidlula imiyalo eningiliziwe yokuthi ungaqhubeka kanjani "ekuhlukaniseni" upende. Wayenomdlandla kangangokuthi into ebaluleke kakhulu isipiliyoni ayesiphila: ukulamula ngqo ngensimbi yamagugu esizwe esizwe; Kubonakale kimi engangifunda nabo, uthisha, umsizi bengekho.
Wayezindla ngamabomu ngesinyathelo asezosithatha. Ngimiswe yiqhwa isikhashana (base bengitshela ukuthi bebengibuka bethule). Nginqume ukuqala, ngehlise isandla, ngaklwebha ngaphandle kokwesaba kepha ngokungaqiniseki okuthile; bengingafuni ukuklwebha upende nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala lapho, njengomfundi womsebenzi wokubuyisela, enza inqubo yokulondolozwa nokwazisa kangcono umsebenzi wokuqala, wempahla yamasiko. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kushiye uphawu empilweni yami nasekuboneni kwami amagugu amasiko.
Phakathi neminyaka yami njengomfundi eManuel deI Castillo Negrete National Conservation, Restoration and Museography School of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), usuku nosuku ngathola izimfundiso zethiyori nezisebenzisekayo ezaziguqula indlela yami yokuba nokuqhubeka : bangiqeqesha njengombuyisi ngokungivulela indawo enkulu yamagugu amasiko futhi bangenza ngazi ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwalo, ngendima efezwa yifa lokhokho ekwakheni ubunikazi bethu. Ngiphume kulesi sikole ngilungele ukubhekana nezinkinga zomonakalo nezinguquko, zombili umqondo kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo, zokubuyiselwa.
Umbuyisi waseMexico unezisekelo zokunikeza izixazululo zokonga cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi, amasu noma okokusebenza (izinto zobumba, ukudweba okwendonga, ukudweba i-easel, iphepha nezithombe, izinsimbi, itshe, ukhuni nesithombe se-polychrome, izinto zemivubukulo, izindwangu kanye izinsimbi zomculo), ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ithiyori iyefana ngohlobo ngalunye lwendalo, noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwayo, izindlela zokwelashwa nezinqubo kuhlukile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenziwa okubaluleke kakhulu kozakwethu abavela kwamanye amazwe kukude nathi.
Ukwenza lo msebenzi bekungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi; Futhi akusikho ukuthi eMexico kunezimpahla ezimbalwa okufanele zibuyiselwe; kunalokho, okuphambene nalokho. Eqinisweni, zimbalwa izikhungo ezibandakanya ukubuyiselwa phakathi kwezinhloso zazo. Lesi simo sibucayi kakhulu esifundazweni (esikhuluma ngomsebenzi omkhulu kulo mkhakha).
Kuyafaneleka ukubheka umlando ukukhumbula ukuthi iSikole sasungulwa kanjani nokuthi saba namuphi umthelela emkhakheni wamagugu amasiko. Singamadoda siyavikela, siyonga futhi sifuna ukuqhubekisela phambili lokho esikubalulekayo. Izimpahla zithola ukubaluleka lapho sizibona zinencazelo ekhethekile, ehlobene kakhulu nolwazi. Isibonelo, uma sazi ukuthi imisebenzi yokhokho bethu yakhiqizwa futhi yasetshenziswa kanjani, izoba nenani lomlando ngamasiko ethu. Ngendlela efanayo, sizokugwema ukubhujiswa futhi sizokhulula emonakalweni lezo zinto esizithokozayo ngakho-ke esazi ngazo.
Ukubuyiselwa kuye kwavela kuxhumene nobuciko nomlando. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka isisusa kwakuyisifiso sokugcina ubuhle; umsebenzi ukwazisa kwawo ngobuhle hhayi ubuqiniso bawo kwakudlula. Ngenxa yobuhle, kwenziwa izinto eziningi esizozihlukanisa njengolaka noma "amaqhinga".
Njengesici esithile ekuqeqeshweni kwami, ngikhumbula ukugcizelela okwabekwa othisha, begcizelela isikhangiso esithi nauseam, ekuhlonipheni okwakuqala njengesimo esibalulekile sombuyisi.
Imizi yase-Italy iPompeii neHerculaneum ekhubazeke ngesikhathi ngumlotha wokuqhuma kweVesuvius yatholakala ngekhulu le-18. Ukwehlukahlukana kwemisebenzi nezinto ezitholwe kulokho okwembiwe kwenze ukuqina kwezindlela zobuhle ezilawula ukubuyiswa kuzanyazanyiswe, kusale eceleni izimpahla ezingathathwa njenge "misebenzi yobuciko", ngoba bekubonakala kuphuthuma kakhulu ukutadisha nokuvikela lobu bufakazi obusanda kutholakala bomlando. .
Ekhulwini lethu leminyaka kunokuphakama kwesayensi yemivubukulo kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo, futhi ukutadisha nokuchazwa kokutholwa kwemivubukulo, kwemisebenzi yezandla neyezimboni yezinye izikhathi kuholela kumbono obanzi wezidumbu okufanele zivikelwe. Okunye futhi okuqhuba ukuthuthuka kwesiyalo inqubekela phambili ebheke phezulu kwezobuchwepheshe nezesayensi nokwamukelwa, ngohulumeni, ngenhloso yabo yokudlulisa ubufakazi obuphathekayo bolwazi lomlando ukuthi kanye nezimpahla ezingabambeki namagugu akha ubuyena babantu.
Umbono wobunye ungishiyele ngokuchazwa nguprofesa wezinto ezimbili ebezifike endaweni yokusebenzela yama-ethnographic uhlala enkumbulweni yami: ubhasikidi wangaphambi kweSpanishi owawungahlakazeki, ovela ekumbeni, lapho kwakukhona uhlobo lwezingcezu ezincane zephepha. eligoqiwe futhi ngaphakathi kwalezi, imbewu utamatisi: babengama-teso waseMesoamerican. Enye into kwakuyisinkwa samanzi esasimile ukwenziwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-40 eyedlule futhi manje sakhonjiswa eMnyuziyamu Wezandla ePátzcuaro; ubhasikidi, ama-tacos nesinkwa kwakudingeka kulondolozelwe ukubaluleka kwawo kwamasiko.
Ukukhiqizwa kweMesoamerican kukude kakhulu nezilinganiso zamaGellenistic ezithathwe njengezimiso zobuhle zaseYurophu. Izwe lethu lihlanganisa ifa lalo elicebile langaphambi kweSpanishi ngohlaka olubanzi lwe-anthropological futhi lukhomba ngalo nomqondo "wamagugu amasiko".
Selokhu yasungulwa ngo-1939, i-INAH ibilokhu iyinhlangano esebenza kahle kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokubuyiselwa kwamagugu esizwe. Lapho sekusunguliwe, ukubuyiselwa eMexico sekuhlelwe ngokusemthethweni.
Inhlangano Yezizwe Yezemfundo Yezemfundo, Isayensi Namasiko (i-UNESCO) (eyakhiwe ngo-1946) yenza isimemezelo sosizo esivuna izikhumbuzo ezisongelwe e-Upper Egypt naseSudan. Impendulo enhle kakhulu iholele ekutheni iNhlangano ibhale uhlu olunezinto ezifanele kakhulu zomuntu kanye nezindawo ezigcina imvelo ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezingaguquki. Ngakho-ke, umbono wahlanganiswa kuze kube yileso sikhathi kuqondwa kuphela: kunesibopho esihlangene sawo wonke amazwe maqondana nezikhumbuzo ezakha ukubonakaliswa kwempucuko okubaluleka kwayo ukuthi kungokomlando wabo bonke ubuntu.
Umqondo wamanje "wamagugu omhlaba" uvikela zombili izikhumbuzo, izinqolobane, izakhiwo zamasiko kanye nemvelo ezungezile, kanye nezindawo ezethusayo zase-Auchwitz-Birkenau kanye nesiqhingi saseGorée -ibanga labo elivela ekubukisweni kobuciko liphikisayo-, elingasungulwa njenge "antimonument".
Uhulumeni waseMexico kanye ne-UNESCO basungula isivumelwano sokwakhiwa kweSikole Sokulondolozwa Kwezinto kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwefa Lobuciko esigodlweni sangaphambili saseChurubusco, eCoyoacán. Izifundo zokuqala ezinqala ngokushesha zaba (1968) izifundo ezisemthethweni (1968) zeminyaka emihlanu, futhi zamukelwa kusuka ku-1977 yi-Directorate General of Professions (SEP). Ngalowo nyaka sabizwa nge “Manuel deI Castillo Negrete” National Conservation, Restoration and Museography School, ukukhumbula umsunguli waso.
Isikole sathola ukuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe, njengoba sasiyiphayona emhlabeni ngokunikela ngeBachelor's Degree in Restoration of Movable Property. Ngenxa yokusungulwa kwayo muva nje, ingxenye enhle yomphakathi ayiwazi ngokuphelele umsebenzi wethu.
Iziqu ze-master ku-Architectural Restoration ezifundiswe eSikoleni zingezesibili ezindala ezweni futhi kungokokuqala ukuba nezakhamizi ezifundile nabokufika ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ngokufanayo, kuyisandulela ekuqeqeshweni kwabasunguli bemnyuziyamu, futhi okwesikhashana banikezwa iziqu ze-master in Museology.
Ngaphandle kwesidingo esikhulu iMexico esinaso kubantu abanekhono ezindaweni esisebenza kuzo, yisona kuphela isikhungo ezweni esizinikezele ekuqeqeshweni okuphezulu kwabasebenzi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa nokusatshalaliswa okukhethekile kwamagugu amasiko aseMexico. .
Kulezi zinsuku, izicelo zitholwa ngabafakizicelo bakwamanye amazwe, kepha isidingo sokwamukelwa kwabaseMexico ngeshwa singaphezulu kwamandla endawo esinayo. Lezi zikhungo zakhiwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960 okwesikhashana futhi azikashintshwa, azithuthukisiwe noma zanwetshwa. Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, iSikole kanye neCultural Heritage Restoration Directorate (manje eyiNational Coordination) behlukaniswe ngokomthetho. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izikhala okwabelwana ngazo zihlukanisiwe futhi izindawo zesikole zincishiswe kakhulu.
Imali etholwe iSikole isivumele ukuthi iqhubeke nokusebenza, kodwa hhayi ukuthi ikhule noma ithuthuke ngokwezindawo zayo, esezonakele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. IMexico iyaziqhenya ngokufanele ngamagugu ayo amakhulu futhi acebile amasiko, ephinde iwathuthukise nenkampani yezokuvakasha eholayo; Kodwa-ke, iSikole lapho siqeqesha ochwepheshe ngokubuyiselwa kwaso okukhethekile, ucwaningo nokusabalalisa sinamaphutha amakhulu.
Kuyiqiniso ukusho ukuthi, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, ithimba lezemfundo nelokuphatha alikayeki ukufeza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokufundisa. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqinisa nokwandisa ikhwalithi yokufundisa nokuvula izinketho ezintsha zokwenza ubuchwepheshe nokuvuselelwa kothisha nabaqedile. Isikole Sikazwelonke Sokugcinwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo, Ukubuyiselwa kanye Nemyuziyamu sigcwalisa umthwalo ophakeme nokuzibophezela eMexico. Impela, ukwenziwa ngcono kwezinsizakusebenza zayo kanye nemishini kuzoholela ezingeni lokuqeqeshwa nasemsebenzini wokuphakamisa izindlela zawo zokwenza kahle.
Ngiphethe umqhele esandleni sami, ngangiphupha ngomsebenzi engingawenza empilweni yami yobungcweti, ngaleso sikhathi lapho ngangizongenelela okokuqala esiqeshini sezithombe zamagugu esizwe. Manje, ne-Directorate engiphethe, ngiyethemba ukuthi iSikole singathola bonke abafakizicelo abafanelekile, ukuthi izakhiwo zaso zingezaso, zihloniphekile futhi zivulekile, ukuthi lesi sikhungo sixazulule isidingo iMexico esinaso sabahlengikazi abaqeqeshiwe nabadwebi bamamyuziyamu.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-4 Disemba 1994-Januwari 1995
