Emkhakheni womlando wezwe lamakholoni aseSpain eMelika, indima ehamba phambili, kusukela ekuqaleni, izindawo zaseMexico zaseNew Spain ezazithola maqondana ne-Asia ziyaziwa.
Emkhakheni womlando wezwe lamakholoni aseSpain eMelika, indima ehamba phambili, kusukela ekuqaleni, izindawo zaseMexico zaseNew Spain ezazithola maqondana ne-Asia ziyaziwa.
Ukukhuluma kuleli cala le-Acapulco njengendlunkulu yaseMelika yezimoto zase-Asia akulona ihaba, yize umkhumbi osuka ePhilippines uwele ngokungemthetho kwamanye amachweba ngesikhathi uhambela ngasogwini usuka e-Alta California.
Ngokuqinisekile, i-Acapulco yayiyitheku lesibili elibaluleke kakhulu lokuhlonishwa kweMexico futhi njengendawo ehlelekile yafeza umsebenzi ophindwe kabili, ngokuba ichweba lendawo yokugcina yokuhweba ngeTrans-Pacific eMelika kanye nokuxhumana ngqo nePhilippines, ngoba i-galleon eyayihamba ngomkhumbi ibheke eziqhingini yayiyi i-nexus yazo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana phakathi kwe-Europe-New Spain-Asia. Ngakho-ke, okunye ukucaciswa kuyadingeka ukucacisa ubukhulu bomlando we-Acapulco.
Esokuqala sazo siphathelene nokuchazwa okusemthethweni kwechweba njengendawo okuyiyo kuphela egunyaziwe eMelika ohambweni lokugcina lweManila Galleon, ngoba ngo-Okthoba 1565 u-Andrés de Urdaneta wafika e-Acapulco ngemuva kokuthi ekugcineni ethole imimoya ekahle eyasiza uhambo lwe ukubuya kusuka eManila kuya eNew Spain, yize kunelukuluku lokuthi kuze kube ngu-1573 kuphela lapho kwaqokwa khona njengendawo okuyiyo kuphela egunyaziwe ku-viceroyalty ukuhweba ne-Asia, okuhambisana nokubamba iqhaza okuvamile kwabathengisi baseNew-Hispanic kwezentengiselwano ye-Trans-Pacific, ababesaba ukuthi izindatshana Abase-Asiya bebengeke bafuneke kakhulu emakoloni.
UKUBALULEKA KWE-ACAPULCO
Phambilini, amathuba ebenikezwa ngamanye amachweba aseNew Spain abheke iPacific, afana neHuatulco, iLa Navidad, iTehuantepec neLas Salinas, abekaliwe. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu kungqubuzana kwetheku i-Acapulco yakhethwa ngezizathu eziningi.
Ukusuka lapho umzila wokuzulazula wawumfishane, wenziwa futhi waziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kokunqotshwa kwePhilippines nokuseshwa kohambo olubuyela eNew Spain; ngenxa yokusondela kwayo eMexico City, ngoba yomibili imikhiqizo evela e-Asia kanye nemishini yokuphatha izohamba ngokushesha okukhulu, ikwenza kube lula ukuxhumana neVeracruz; ukuphepha kwechweba, amandla alo amakhulu kanye namandla okuhweba namanye amachweba aseCentral naseNingizimu Melika afana neRealejo, Sonsonate neCallao; Ngokunjalo, itheku lafakwa ohlelweni olunothile lwezemvelo, olunikezela ngemikhiqizo evela ezindaweni ezikude nayo (iMexico, iPuebla neVeracruz) ukuze kutholakale umkhumbi, kulungiswe i-galleon, ukuthunyelwa kwetheku nokuthi yini ecelwe ngu-Governor General wasePhilippines ukuthi gcina ubukhona baseSpain e-Asia; ekugcineni, mhlawumbe esinye isizathu sasixhunyaniswa nomqondo wokuthi i-Acapulco "yayihamba phambili futhi iphephe kunazo zonke emhlabeni"; Kodwa-ke, bekuyi "port enkulu yokuhweba" kuphela lapho i-galleon evela e-Asia ingena kuyo, futhi ukuvulwa kwe-Acapulco Fair edumile kwaqala kungekudala.
Ngaleyo ndlela, ukuze ungangeni ezindimeni ezihlekisayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Acapulco kwakungeyona indawo yokulungisa imikhumbi, kunalokho izikebhe zabuyiselwa lapho, eManzanillo Beach, kwezinye izikhathi imikhumbi yathunyelwa e-El Realejo (Nicaragua) kanye nekhulu leminyaka I-XVIII nayo idluliselwe eSan Blas.
Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi enamandla ye-trans-Pacific yathuthukiswa ePhilippines, kusetshenziswa amahlathi amelana nawomsuka ofanayo, ahudulwa esuka ngaphakathi emahlathini aya ethekwini laseCavite, lapho abantu bomdabu baseMalaysia abakhuthele babesebenza khona ngokuhweba okuyisisekelo ngobubanzi beplanethi. Imikhiqizo ethunyelwa eManila ivela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia yafika kuye; Ngasikhathi sinye, imikhiqizo yaseYurophu, ngokwesikhathi, eyayivela eSeville naseCádiz, lapho kwanezelwa khona umgubho waminyaka yonke we-Acapulco Fair okwase kuyisikhathi eside ilindelwe, lapho abathengisi benza khona ukuthenga. kokuthengiswayo okuningi kwase-Asia. Ngaleso sizathu, kwakuyindawo eyisibopho yokuhlaselwa "yizitha" zomqhele, njengoba abaphangi babebizwa kanjalo ngezikhathi zobukoloni; ngalokho-ke, unogada unomphela ophethe ukuvikela itheku wayedingeka.
Kwakunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Owokuqala kwakuwumkhumbi obizwa ngokuthi "umkhumbi wokuxwayisa", ovalelwe (othunyelwe) okokuqala ngqa kusuka e-Acapulco ngo-1594 kususelwa ku-Consulate of Mexico City, ngenxa yokuthunjwa kweGalleon Santa Ana ngo-1587 eCabo San Lucas ngu nguThomas Cavendish. Inhloso yalesi sikebhe esincane kwakuwukuxwayisa umkhumbi ovela ePhilippines ngokusondela “kwezitha”, ukuze umkhumbi ugweme ukuhlaselwa okungenzeka; bekufanele futhi inakekele ukunyakaza kwetheku. Indlela yesibili yokuzivikela kwakuyinqaba yaseSan Diego, okwakhiwa kwayo kwakungasuki ngokushesha, futhi phakathi kwezizathu ezingachaza ukubambezeleka kokwakhiwa kwayo ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 le nqaba yayingeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ePacific Ocean.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela zokuzivikela, ukunqotshwa kwamasosha ukuvikela amakhumbi kunqoba, njengoba bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukude, ukungazi kanye nohambo olwesabekayo olusuka eYurophu luye olwandle iPacific kungenza ukuthi itheku lase-Acapulco lihlukaniswe nokuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe.
Okwamanje lapho izindlela zokuzivikela ze-Acapulco zazingezesikhashana, zazinemisele nje eyenziwe ngcono kanye nokuqina okufana nenqaba yangenkathi ephakathi.
ISIKHUMBUZO SASAN DIEGO NAMAPHIREYITHI
Kepha iqiniso ladlula kakhulu ukucabanga kweziphathimandla zaseSpain ezintsha, ngoba ngo-Okthoba 1615 uVoris van Spielbergen wangena eBay of Acapulco, enobudlelwano obungajwayelekile, ngoba umDashi, eswele ukudla, wakwazi ukushintshanisa iziboshwa ezithile zaseSpain ayeziphethe Ngithola ukudla okusha. Okwamanje lapho izindlela zokuzivikela ze-Acapulco zazingezesikhashana, zazinemisele nje eyenziwe ngcono kanye ne-redoubt efana nenqaba yangenkathi ephakathi.
Ngempela, ukuxokozela okukhulu okubangelwe ukufika "kwezitha" zamaProthestani kanye nokuthwebula okungenzeka komunye umkhumbi wemikhumbi kwaphawula imvelaphi esheshayo yokubaluleka okubalulekile kwenqaba yaseSan Diego, ngakho-ke, umphathi weNew Spain, uMarqués de Guadalcázar , wathuma ukwakhiwa kokunye ukukholwa konjiniyela u-Adrián Boot, owayephethe ngaleso sikhathi amapayipi asebenza eMexico City. Kodwa-ke, uBoot usenqabile lesi siphakamiso ngenxa yokweneleki nokuba mncane, ngenxa yalesi sizathu wathumela iphrojekthi yokuqinisa eyayihlanganisa ama-knighted knights amahlanu, okungukuthi, imibhoshongo emihlanu ehlanganiswe nokuqagela okuholele ekubunjweni kwepentagon.
Ngeshwa lo mbono bekusaboniswana ngawo emhlanganweni obubanjwe ngoDisemba 4, 1615 ukuzama ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni, kugcizelelwa ukusebenza kwawo. Isabelomali sokwakhiwa kwale nqaba sasilinganiselwa kuma-peso ayi-100 000, okwakudingeka ukuthi kutshalwe amaphesenti awo ekuyekeni nasekulinganiseni i-El Morro, igquma lapho kwakhiwa khona inqaba.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1616 imisebenzi yokwakha le nqaba yayingakaqali, okwamanje izindaba ezintsha ezalethwa eNew Spain zaziswa ngokuba khona kwemikhumbi emihlanu eyayizama ukuwela iStrait of Magellan. Nakulokhu futhi, ukuphepha kwetheku kwahunyushelwa endaweni yokuqala, ngoba izinkinga ezatholwa eminyakeni eyedlule akufanele zibe yimicimbi ephindaphindekayo. Konke lokhu kukhathazeka kukhuthaze ukuthi isiphakamiso sikaBoot ekugcineni samukelwe ngesinqumo sasebukhosini sangoMeyi 25, 1616.
Ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo saseSan Diego kwaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-1616 kwaze kwaba ngu-Ephreli 15, 1617. Le nqaba entsha yayinomsebenzi owodwa, ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwabaphangi ethekwini. Isakhiwo, ekuqaleni, sasiphawuleka ngokuba “yisakhiwo sokuqala esingajwayelekile esaphakanyiswa ngokungalingani okukhulu emhlabathini, futhi saphawulwa ngamasosha kunama-bastions. Ubephethe amabhonethi ayisihlanu futhi nesibalo sakhe bekungeyona eyejwayelekile ”. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-1776 kulimaze kakhulu i-fortification, ngakho-ke uhlelo lwaphinde lwaqanjwa futhi lwaqedwa ngo-1783.
Ngempela, ukungena kwesitha kudale izindleko ezinkulu zempi, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuhamba kukaSpielbergen e-Acapulco, induna yaseNew Spain yakhipha iminyaka eyisithupha intela ekhethekile engu-2% kuyo yonke impahla engena ethekwini, ngakho-ke Ngenkathi "kusungulwa umsebenzi wamandla e-Acapulco, kwabekwa iphesenti elilodwa ngokwakhiwa kwalo kwezentengiselwano zasePhilippines hhayi okwesikhashana ngenkathi umsebenzi usaqhubeka."
Kuyacaca ukuthi ubukhosi baseMexico, no-Acapulco, babuphakathi nendawo yesehlakalo. Imikhumbi yahamba ngomkhumbi yaya ePhilippines ngasekupheleni kukaMashi ukuze ifike eManila ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva uma ukuhamba okuphephile kwenziwa, kunomoya omuhle, ngaphandle kokuhlangana nomkhumbi wesitha, ngaphandle kokucwila noma ukuwela phansi ngaphandle kokulahleka. Ukubuyela eNew Spain kwakunzima kakhulu futhi kwathatha isikhathi eside, phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-7 kuya kweziyi-8, ngoba umkhumbi wawugcwele izimpahla ezigunyaziwe kanye nempahla ejwayelekile, eyayivimba ukuthi ihambe ngokushesha. NgoMashi, amahange nawo aphakanyiswa esuka eManila ukuze agudle ama-prows aye eMelika, futhi esebenzisa imimoya eyayikhona eSoutheast Asia, iziphepho, umkhumbi kwathatha izinsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwangama-60 njengoba weqa uLwandle lwasePhilippines Inland wafinyelela eStrait of San UBernardino (phakathi kweLuzón neSamar), ukuze afinyelele ukufana kweJapan, ethatha uhambo olubheke eNew Spain, waze wafika e-Alta California, lapho afike wagudla ugu lwasePacific khona ukuze angene e-Acapulco.
Imithwalo, ABANTU NAMASIKO
Ngamafuphi, kuyaziwa ukuthi imikhumbi evela ePhilippines yathutha lelo qembu lezimpahla ebelifunwa kakhulu eMelika: usilika, izinto zobuciko nokuhlobisa, ifenisha, imishado, ubumba, ubumba, izindwangu zikakotini, izitora, i-wax, igolide, njll. njll. Labo ababizwa ngokuthi "amaNdiya aseShayina", izigqila nezinceku ezivela e-Asia nabo bafika ePort of Acapulco; kanye nokubonakaliswa kwamasiko, amanye awo njengamanje ayingxenye yenganekwane yaseMexico kungukulwa kweqhude laseMalay, igama leziphuzo ezinjengeTuba, odabuka ePhilippines, ogama lakhe lisekhona e-Acapulco naseColima, namagama afana noParián, kwakuyindawo emiselwe ePhilippines ukuba umphakathi waseChina uhlale futhi uhwebe ngayo.
Izinto zokubhala, ukuhola, isiliva, amajerikete, iwayini, uviniga, njll. Kwalayishwa emikhunjini yase-Acapulco ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu baseSpain, abakholwayo nabezempi abahlala e-Asia; Amasosha nawo ahambela, phakathi kwawo alahlwa ngamacala futhi asolwa ngamacala ahlukene afana nobungqingili, isithembu nobuthakathi, ababevikela leli koloni lase-Asia ekuhlaselweni amaDashi, amaNgisi, amaJapane kanye namaSulumane eziqhingini zaseMindanao naseJoló; Ngokunjalo, le mikhumbi yayiphethe ukuxhumana phakathi kwenhlonipho, iNew Spain neziphathimandla zasePhilippines.
Eqinisweni, ubudlelwano obuthandekayo, obunelukuluku futhi obunezithelo e-Europe-New Spain-Asia babungenzeka ngenxa yemikhumbi eyalima olwandle olubanzi phakathi komunye umkhawulo wePacific Ocean, i-Acapulco neManila behamba phambili njengezindawo zokugcina zesifunda. izixhumanisi zokuxhumana zomhlaba eziqondile nezicacile zombuso waseSpain owawunamandla ngaleso sikhathi.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi # 25 Julayi / Agasti 1998
