Lapho sicabanga ngezindela, kufanele sikwenze sicabanga ngendawo ehlala inkolo, ngaphansi kwemithetho ebekwe iSonto LamaKatolika kanye naleyo ye-Institute noma i-Order abakubo. Kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, lezo zindawo kwakuyisikole, indawo yokusebenzela, isibhedlela, ipulazi, ingadi nezinye izinto eziningi lapho ukufundisa nokufunda kwakuyizinto ezazikhona ngokuvumelana.
Igama elatholwa yisigodlo kwakungu “claustrum”. NgeNkathi Ephakathi yayaziwa ngegama elithi "clostrum" noma "monasterium". Kuzo kwakuhlala labo ababenze izifungo ezinqala ezazingakhishwa uPapa kuphela.
Ngokusobala, impilo yobukhokho isuselwa empilweni yokuzincisha kwabantu abavamile, abahlala esifubeni somndeni, bakhetha ukuzila nokugqoka ngaphandle kokunethezeka, futhi kamuva owathatha umhlalaphansi waya ezingwadule, ikakhulukazi eGibhithe futhi wahlala lapho ngobumsulwa nobuphofu.
Ukunyakaza kwezindela kwathola amandla ngekhulu lesithathu emva kukaKristu, kancane kancane bahlanganiswa baba ngabantu abakhulu, njengaleyo kaSanta Anthony. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube sekhulwini le-13, kwakukhona imindeni emithathu kuphela yenkolo eSontweni: owaseSan Basilio, owaseSan Agustín nowaseSan Benito. Ngemuva kwaleli khulu leminyaka, kwavela imiyalo eminingi eyathola ukwanda okukhulu ngeNkathi Ephakathi, into leyo iNew Spain engazange ihlangane nayo ngekhulu le-16.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa kwedolobha laseTenochtitlan, uMqhele WaseSpain wasibona isidingo sokuguqula abantu abahluliwe babe amaKristu. AbaseSpain babecacile ngenhloso yabo: ukunqoba abomdabu ukwandisa isibalo sabantu baseSpain, futhi bakholisa abantu bomdabu ukuthi babengabantwana bakaNkulunkulu abahlengwa nguJesu Kristu; imiyalo yenkolo yanikezwa umsebenzi obaluleke kangako.
AbaseFranciscans, abanesiko lomlando kanye ne-physiognomy yesikhungo echazwe ngokuphelele futhi ehlanganisiwe kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, basungula imiphakathi yokuqala yokushumayela ngo-1524 ezindaweni ezine zabomdabu ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezisenkabeni yedolobha laseMexico, ezanda eminyakeni edlule enyakatho naseningizimu yalesi sifunda, kanye naseMichoacán, Yucatán, Zacatecas, eDurango naseNew Mexico.
Ngemuva komyalelo kaFranciscan, Abashumayeli baseSanto Domingo bafika ngo-1526. Imisebenzi yokuhambisa ivangeli yamaDominican yaqala ngokuhleleka kwaze kwaba ngu-1528 futhi umsebenzi wabo wawufaka indawo enkulu ebandakanya izifundazwe zamanje zaseTlaxcala, Michoacán, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, IYucatán nesifunda saseTehuantepec.
Ekugcineni, izindaba ezingapheli ezivela eMelika nomsebenzi wokuvangela wamaFranciscans namaDominican, kwaholela ekutholeni ukuhleleka kukaSt. Augustine ngonyaka we-1533. Abaphathi ababili kamuva bazimisa ngokomthetho, bahlala endaweni enkulu eyayinezifunda ngaleso sikhathi namanje imingcele: Izifunda zase-Otomian, iPurépecha, iHuasteca neMatlatzinca. Izindawo zasendle nezimpofu ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kwakuyindawo yezwe neyomuntu okwakushunyayelwa kulo lo myalo.
Ngenkathi ukushunyayelwa kwevangeli kuqhubeka, kwakhiwa izifunda-bhishobhi: iTlaxcala (1525), i-Antequera (1535), iChiapas (1539), iGuadalajara (1548) neYucatán (1561). Ngalezi ziphathimandla, ukunakekelwa kwabefundisi kuyaqiniswa futhi umhlaba wezenkolo waseNew Spain uyachazwa, lapho igunya likaNkulunkulu: "Shumayela ivangeli kuzo zonke izidalwa", kwakuyisiqubulo sokuqala.
Mayelana nendawo lapho behlala khona futhi beqhuba khona umsebenzi wabo, ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo sama-oda amathathu ngokuvamile kwalungiswa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umkhondo olinganiselayo". Izikhungo zalo zakhiwa yizikhala nezinto ezilandelayo: izikhala zomphakathi, ezinikezelwe ukukhonza kanye nokufundisa, njengethempeli elinezingxenye zalo ezihlukene: ikwaya, igumbi elingaphansi, i-nave, i-presbytery, i-altare, i-sacristy kanye nokuvuma izono, i-atrium, isonto elivulekile ama-posas chapels, iziphambano ze-atrial, isikole kanye nesibhedlela. Eyimfihlo, enesigodlo kanye nokuncika kwaso okuhlukile: i-cloister, amaseli, izindlu zangasese, i-refectory, ikhishi, isiqandisi, amasela nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla, igumbi lokujula nelabhulali. Ngaphezu kwalokho bekukhona insimu yezithelo, umgodi wamanzi kanye nezigayo. Kuzo zonke lezi zikhala impilo yansuku zonke yama-friar yathuthukiswa, eyayingaphansi koMthetho, okuyigunya lokuqala elilawula ukuhleleka futhi lapho konke ukubonisana okungenzeka kuqondiswe khona futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthethosisekelo, umqulu owenza inkomba ebanzi ngempilo yansuku zonke yesigodlo.
Yomibili le mibhalo iqukethe izimiso zokuphila ngokufana, ekhomba ngokusobala ukuthi impahla yomuntu siqu ayikho, ukuthi ngaphezu kwakho konke umthandazo kanye nokwenziwa kwenyama ibe yinyama kumele kusetshenziswe ngokuzila ukudla nangesizotha. Lezi zinsimbi zomthetho zikhombisa uhulumeni wemiphakathi, izinto ezibonakalayo, ezomoya nezenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigodlo ngasinye sahlinzekwa ngomkhosi: ibhukwana lokuziphatha kwansuku zonke, kokubili komuntu ngamunye nokuhlanganyela, lapho ukuhleleka okuphezulu kanye nemisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye emphakathini wenkolo yahlonishwa kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nokholo lwabo, imiyalo yayihlala ngokwenkolo ezigodlweni zabo ngaphansi kwegunya lesiFundazwe sabo nangomthandazo wansuku zonke. Babephoqelekile ukuthi bathobele imithetho yoMthetho-sisekelo, isikhundla saphezulu, nokulalela.
Unogada wayeyisikhungo sokuphathwa kwezigwegwe. Impilo yabo yansuku zonke yayingaphansi kokuqondiswa okuqinile, ngaphandle kwezinsuku ezingcwele, njengeMeya yeSemana, ngoLwesihlanu wokuqala lwenyanga ngayinye nangeSonto, lapho kwakudingeka ukuthi amashejuli nemisebenzi ihluke ngenxa yemikhosi, Yebo, uma kunodwendwe nsuku zonke, ngalezo zinsuku babephindaphinda. Ukuphindaphindwa kwamahora we-canonical, okuyizingxenye ezahlukahlukene zehhovisi iSonto elisebenzisa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku, kulawulwa impilo yokuhlangana. Lokhu kufanele kushiwo njalo emphakathini nasekhwayeni lasethempelini. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamabili kwakushiwo uMatins, kulandelwe ihora lomkhuleko wengqondo bese kwenziwa imithandazo yasekuseni. Kwabe sekugubha uMthendeleko futhi, ngokulandelana, usuku lonke, kwaqhubeka amahhovisi ahlukene, kubo bonke umphakathi kwakudingeka ube ndawonye ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bangaki abantu benkolo ababehlala esigodlweni, ngoba kwakungahluka phakathi kwama-friar amabili kuya kwamashumi amane noma amashumi amahlanu, akuxhomekile ohlotsheni lwendlu kuphela, okungukuthi, ubukhosi bayo nobunzima bokwakhiwa, kepha endaweni yayo, ngoba konke bekuncike ekutheni bekuyisigodlo esikhulu noma esincane, iVicarage noma ukuvakashelwa.
Impilo yasemini yaphela ngemuva kwalokho okubizwa ngamahora agcwele, cishe ngehora lesishiyagalombili ebusuku futhi kusukela lapho ukuthula kufanele kube ngokuphelele, kepha kusetshenziselwa ukuzindla nokutadisha, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yezindela, ngoba akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi Izizinda zazibonakala futhi zazivelele ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha njengezikhungo ezibalulekile zokufunda ngemfundiso yenkolo, ezobuciko, izilimi zomdabu, umlando nohlelo lolimi. Kuzo izincwadi zokuqala izinhlamvu zazinomsuka wazo, lapho izingane, ezazithathwa ngaphansi kokufundiswa kwama-friars, kwakuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuguqulwa kwabomdabu; ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwezikole ezifundela inkolo ethile, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphethwe amaFranciscans, nazo ezizinikele ekufundiseni ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla, okwenza amaqembu abe khona.
Ubulukhuni besikhathi bekusho ukuthi yonke into ibikalwa futhi ibalwa: amakhandlela, amashidi ephepha, uyinki, imikhuba nezicathulo.
Izikhathi zokuphakelwa zazinzima futhi umphakathi kwakufanele ube ndawonye ukuze udle, futhi uphuze ushokoledi. Ngokuvamile, ama-friar anikezwa ukhokho noshukela ngesidlo sasekuseni, isinkwa nesobho ngesidlo sasemini, kwathi ntambama baba namanzi nekhekhe lesiponji. Ukudla kwabo kwakususelwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zenyama (inyama yenkomo, inkukhu nenhlanzi) nezithelo, imifino nemidumba etshalwe engadini, okwakuyindawo yokusebenza abazuze kuyo. Baphinde badla ummbila, ukolweni nobhontshisi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulungiswa kokudla bekuxubene nokufakwa kwemikhiqizo ejwayelekile yaseMexico. Izitshulu ezahlukahlukene zazilungiswa ekhishini ngezitsha zobumba noma zethusi, amabhodwe nemikhombe, imimese yensimbi, izinkezo zamapulangwe, kanye nama-sieve nama-sieve wezinto ezahlukahlukene nako kwasetshenziswa, kwasetshenziswa ama-molcajetes nosimende. Ukudla bekuphakwa endaweni yokuphekela izitsha ezifana nezitsha, izitsha kanye nezimbiza zobumba.
Ifenisha yasesigodlweni ibinamatafula aphezulu naphansi, izihlalo nezihlalo ezingamabhokisi, amabhokisi, izifuba, iziqu namakhabethe, konke kukhiye nezikhiye. Ezitokisini kwakukhona umbhede owawunomatilasi bamatilasi notshani nezingubo zokulala zoboya ezimangelengele ngaphandle komcamelo netafula elincane.
Izindonga ziveze imidwebo ethile esihlokweni senkolo noma esiphambanweni sokhuni, ngoba izimpawu ezibhekise ekukholweni zazimelwe emfanekisweni odongeni wamaphaseji e-cloister, egumbini lokujula nasendaweni yokugcina iziphathimandla. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu bekuyimitapo yolwazi eyakhiwa ngaphakathi ezindlini zezindela, zombili njengezokuxhasa ukutadisha inkolo, kanye nokwenza kwabo umsebenzi wokwelusa. Ama-oda amathathu enza imizamo emikhulu yokunikeza lezi zigodlo izincwadi ezibalulekile zempilo yokwalusa nokufundisa. Izihloko ezinconyiwe bekuyi-Holy Bible, umthetho wezincwadi ezisohlwini lwezincwadi kanye nezincwadi zokushumayela, ukubala ezimbalwa.
Ngokuqondene nempilo yama-friars, kufanele ukuthi bekulungile. Imininingwane evela ezincwadini zemibhalo ekhombisa ukuthi baphila iminyaka engama-60 noma engama-70 ubudala, ngaphandle kwezimo zokungahlanzeki zesikhathi. Inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu ibilinganiselwe, indlu yangasese ibingasetshenziswa njalo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, bebehlala zixhumana nabantu abaphethwe yizifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana nengxibongo kanye ne-typhus, yingakho kube khona izibhedlela nezibhedlela zama-friar. Kwakunama-apothecaries ngamakhambi asuselwa kumakhambi okwelapha, amaningi awo ayelinywa yiwo engadini.
Ukufa kwakuyisenzo sokugcina senkolo eyayizinikele impilo yayo yonke kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu bekumele umcimbi, owomuntu siqu nowomphakathi. Indawo yokugcina yokuphumula yama-friars imvamisa kwakuyisigodlo lapho babehlala khona. Bangcwatshwa endaweni ekhethwe yibo esigodlweni sezindela noma kuleyo ehambisana nabefundisi babo benkolo.
Imisebenzi yezindela zaseNew Spain nezithunywa zevangeli zazihluke kakhulu kulezo zabaseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke zazisebenza njengezindawo zokufundisa nokufundisa ngekhathekhethi. Ngekhulu le-16 babeyizikhungo zamasiko ngoba ama-friar anikela ngengxenye enkulu yezinsuku zawo ekushumayeleni nasekufundiseni. Babengabakhi bezakhiwo futhi bengamaciko emisebenzini eminingi yobuciko nakwezobuciko futhi babephethe ukudweba amadolobha, imigwaqo, imisebenzi ye-hydraulic nokulima umhlaba ngezindlela ezintsha. Kuyo yonke le misebenzi basebenzise usizo lomphakathi.
Ama-friars abambe iqhaza okhethweni lweziphathimandla zomphakathi futhi ahlela, ngezinga elikhulu, impilo yabantu. Ngokufingqa, umsebenzi wakhe nokuphila kwakhe kwansuku zonke kukhuluma ngokukholwa okungaphakathi, okulula nokuhlangene, okugxile kokusemqoka kunasekutheni, ngoba yize impilo yansuku zonke ibiphawulwa yisijeziso sensimbi, inceku ngayinye ibiphila futhi ixhumana nayo futhi inani labantu njenganoma yimuphi umuntu.
