Uma wena, mfundi, ungaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala, kungaba nzima kakhulu, noma kucishe kungenzeki, ukucabanga ukuthi babekhona kanjani abalingisi, abalingisi nabaculi abathi ngawo-1930 benza izethulo zabo esiteji ngaphandle kombhobho.
Futhi angibhekiseli kuphela ezakhiweni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngokwemvelo yazo ezinemisindo efundwe ngokuphelele ngezwi lomuntu, kepha ezikhaleni ezinkulu ezihlomele imisebenzi yaseshashalazini, njengenkunzi yenkomo noma inkundla yezemidlalo, efanayo nabalingisi, ngaphezu kokuyicindezela izilaleli, zigcwaliswe ngokuphelele ngezwi lazo ngaphandle kwesidingo se-electronic subterfuge. Lokhu kunamathiselwa kwabaculi kwakukhona kuze kube ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1950 futhi kwahlobisa imisebenzi eyayimelwe ezinkundleni zaseMexico.
Esinye sezimo ezinjalo, mhlawumbe sokuqala, kwakuyi-Esperanza Iris Theatre. Ngempela, kusukela ngosuku lokuvulwa kwalo ngoMeyi 25, 1918, kwaba yindawo yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu sobuhle nezenhlalo kubo bonke labo ababeseMexico City.
I-Esperanza Iris yavela ezinsaleleni zenye indawo yaseshashalazini: iXicoténcatl, eyabhidlizwa ngokuphelele ukushiya isiza silungele ukwakhiwa kwe-Iris.
IXicoténcatl yazalwa phakathi kuka-1914 no-1915 ngenkanyezi embi. Ngokuyiphakamisa, kwakumenyezelwe ukuthi ubukhona bayo babuzolungiswa; Iningi lezindonga lalakhiwe ngokhuni futhi umthamo wafinyelela kubabukeli abayi-1,500, izinto ezathi, ezingezwe ekusondeleni kwalo ne-Chamber of Deputies, zabangela lelo gatsha elihlangene lakhipha isinqumo: “… .uma kutholakala ukuthi kunemisindo ekhiqizwayo okucasula ukubanjwa kwamaseshini wangaphambili nokusebenza kwanoma imiphi iminyango yawo, ilayisense yemisebenzi nokuzilolonga ngeke inikezwe ngezikhathi lapho umsebenzi weChamber uphazamisekile.
Ngakho-ke, iXicoténcatl ayizange ichume. Kamuva, uNkk Esperanza Iris wathenga indawo. Lesi sakhiwo sadilizwa ngokuphelele futhi i-Esperanza Iris Theatre entsha yakhiwa kusukela phansi. Itshe lokuqala labekwa ngoMeyi 15, 1917 kanti imisebenzi yayiqondiswa ngabakhi bezakhiwo uFederico Mariscal no-Ignacio Capetillo Servín.
Khonamanjalo, uDoña Esperanza uqhubeke nohambo lwakhe phesheya. Wayeshade eneminyaka engu-15 nomqondisi weTeatro Principal, uCuban Miguel Gutiérrez, ngenkathi esebenza nenkampani yabodade baseMoriones. Lapho ebuya ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala eSpain, wathenga i-Ideal Theatre, waba ngumfelokazi, waphinde washada ne-baritone uJuan Palmer.
Ngenxa yokungaphathi kahle kwakhe, u-Esperanza Iris ulahlekelwe yi-Ideal, futhi ekhombisa izimpawu zokuqina okungahambisani nhlobo, waqala ukwakhiwa kwetiyetha eyayizothatha indawo yeXicoténcatl. Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa ngenqubekela phambili enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe okwamanje futhi sakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi, ngemuva kombukiso wangobusuku bokugcina, ifenisha yezinyanga zasuswa futhi indawo yaguqulwa yaba yikhabaret laseLas Mil y Una Nights.
IDemocrat, "Iphephandaba lasekuseni lamahhala", libhekisa ekuvulweni kweTheatre okwenzeka ngoMeyi 25, 1918: "Lokhu kudlalwiswa kwe-Esperanza Iris Theatre kwakungukufakazelwa kwephupho lomculi waseMexico ongesilo nje izwe lakubo, kepha emazweni akude, ukwazile ukunqoba ama-rose amasha wokunqoba ngomqhele wakhe we-divette enhle nenhle ... Ngemizuzu eyisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisihlanu savuka esihlalweni sethu, silalele amanothi anjengempi eNgoma Yengoma, abulawa ekufikeni kwe UMnu. UMongameli weRiphabhulikhi, uDon Venustiano Carranza ... Esecishiwe, u-Esperanza Iris omnene weqa iphaseji eliphakathi lalelo gumbi futhi, lapho engena esiteji, wavula amaphiko amakhulu amakhethini athi, phakathi kwenhlokomo enkulu ngazwi linye, wathola iqembu Abasebenzi, ababemelwe ngunjiniyela uFederico Mariscal, abakhokhe udumo lwabo kumuntu wasemakhaya ... Kubonakala sengathi ushukunyisiwe, u-Esperanza Iris ubusise uDi Wena ngokupheleliswa kwesifiso sakhe esihle, ubiza imishwana yothando emphakathini waseMexico futhi uzwakalise ukubonga kwakhe okuhloniphekile kumongameli ngezipho zakhe nangenhlonipho yokuba khona kwakhe ...
Cishe ngezinyembezi ezazigcwele amehlo akhe, lo mculi omnene waphetha ngokugona okufudumele kumlingani wakhe emzabalazweni wobuciko, uJosefina Peral, nangokuphakanyiswa okunobungane kubabambisene nabo uJuan Palmer no-maestro u-Mario Sánchez ... Bekungeke kwenzeke ukunikeza amagama ubuntu ezombusazwe nezenhlalo ebezihambele ukwethulwa kwe-coliseum enhle… Siyayivala le ntatheli ngokuhalalisela kwethu okufudumele ku-divette yethu, ngokunqoba kwakhe okuzuzile nokucacile… "
Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, kwaqubuka umbango omuhle phakathi kwethempeli elikhulu le-operetta "(i-Iris) kanye" nethempeli elikhulu lama-tandas "(omagazini bakwa-Principal). Kwesinye isigaba, u-Iris, uPalmer, uZuffoli noPertini, uTitta Schippa, uHipólito Lázaro no-Enrico Caruso; kokunye, uMaría Conesa, uLupe Rivas Cacho, uCelia Montalván, uCuatezón Beristáin, uPolo Ortín no “Panzón” uRoberto Soto.
Futhi ongakusho ngezingoma nezingoma izilaleli ezihayiza ngazo endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye: I-Fru-frú del travarán, i-Divine Nymph, i-Duo yezambulela, ngiyidada wena ungumlenze; Ubusisiwe lowo onendlu egcwele nabanye, phambi kwa: Ukaputeni wami othandekayo, u-Ana, ikati elimhlophe, u-El morrongo. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi singadala ukuthi izinkanyezi ezilwa nezimbangi zihlangane izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, njengoba kwenzekile ngenkathi kaNovemba 1937, e-Abreu Theatre, lapho kwethulwe khona Ubusuku obukhulu benkazimulo, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Iris Theatre yaqhubeka. Phakathi kuka-1918 no-1940, ubuningi babaculi bangena esigabeni sayo, bonke ubukhulu bokuqala. Kungashiwo ukuthi lesi sigaba somlando sifaka izikhathi ezimbili zezimpi zangemva kwamazwe ezonikeza iMexico izinto ezinqala ukuba zibe yisizwe sanamuhla.
Ngakho-ke, kanye nemibukiso yezitayela zaseYurophu - njengama-opera, ama-comedies nama-opereta - imisebenzi yokwenziwa kweMexico yokugxekwa noma ukuphakanyiswa kobuzwe yaboniswa, ukukhanya ezimweni eziningi. Lawa omagazini bezomculo esikhathini esizayo abazoba "yizinhlobonhlobo" ezisetshenziselwa umsakazo, i-cinematograph futhi, kuze kube namuhla, njengezinhlelo zezinhlelo ezithile zethelevishini. Ngenxa yalesi simo, izinhlamvu ezimaphakathi, izinhlobo zomdabu nezimo lapho izimpikiswano zithuthukiswa khona, zizohunyushwa kabusha eminyakeni edlule.
Kusuka kolunye uhlangothi, i-zarzuela uhlobo oluthile olwazalelwa abasebukhosini, kepha yamukelwa ngabantu futhi iba yisisho sezingoma zomdabu zaseSpain, imidanso nemidlalo. Le yindlela umbukiso owawunezinganekwane zamaGrikhi njengendikimba yawo (maphakathi nekhulu le-18) owawuzoguqulwa ube yisigaba sesifunda (kusukela ngekhulu le-19). EBuenos Aires, i-zarzuela yaba yi-porteño sainete, eCuba, kumagazini womculo wesiCreole noma we-bufos yaseHavana nasezweni lethu, e-zarzuela yaseMexico eyayizotholakala kamuva kumagazini wezomculo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo.
Ngempela, i-zarzuela La verbena de la Paloma yaseSpain engenakuqhathaniswa imele iqembu eMadrid kuleyo minyaka, futhi uma umcabango uqala ukusebenza, akunzima ukuphetha ngokuthi ngesikhathi kudlalwa okokuqala ngoFebhuwari 17, 1894, akunjalo Bekuzokwazi ukwehlukanisa ukuthi izethameli zazikuphi nokuthi abadlali babekuphi ukube imingcele ebabazekayo ibingahanjiswanga. Futhi kwenzeka kanjalo nge-zarzuela yaseMexico nangamagazini womculo. Wayenobudlelwano obukhulu namakholwa eMexico City kangangokuba wasetshenziswa futhi wasetshenziselwa ukuqondisa imisinga yombono eminyakeni edlule. amashumi amabili. Njalo ngesonto kwakukhonjiswa okusha ngomculo ohlukile: ubuzwe, "bataclanesque", ngendlela yemibukiso yaseParis - yonke imilenze isemoyeni; -Hey, Celia Montalván wami! -, "Psicalíptica" -ngokuhamba phambili kwesikole samabanga aphakeme kanye namajaqamba futhi ngaphandle kwamaleperadas-, noma izindaba zothando ezigcina ngomzwelo wothando luka-Agustín Lara noGuty Cárdenas ePoliteama Theatre eyanyamalala. Lo mbukiso odumile kuzo zonke izilinganiso zawo uzoba yinto eluhlaza yokuzalwa komsakazo wezentengiso kanye nezinyathelo zokuqala zomcwaningi wesinema kuzwelonke.
Isakhiwo somsakazo, wetiyetha, wesinema kanye nesethelevishini sinezikweletu ezifana nezibalo ezifana no-Esperanza Iris, Virginia Fábregas, María Conesa, Lupe Rivas Cacho, Cuatezón Beristáin, Muro Soto Rangel, Roberto “Panzón” Soto, Mario Esteves, Manolo Noriega , UVíctor Torres, u-Alberto Catalá nabalingisi abaningi nabadlali abaningi abaya esikoleni. Kungumthombo wenjabulo yangempela ukuthi nanamuhla kukhona ubuntu emhlabeni waseshashalazini ozimisele ukugqoka ama-zarzuelas neminye imibukiso yale nkantolo, ngesitayela sangaphambilini nokuthi bazinikele ekusindiseni amagama nezindinganiso zobuntu obushiye uphawu lwazo emlandweni Umculo waseMexico nobuciko bokwenza. Ngiyabonga Iran Eory futhi ngiyabonga uthisha u-Enrique Alonso!
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-23 Mashi-Ephreli 1998
U-Antonio Zedillo Castillo
