Idolobha laseMarfil, elasungulwa ngo-1556 (eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kokutholakala ngephutha komthambo wezimayini waseSan Bernabé), lisendaweni ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ayisithupha ukusuka edolobheni laseGuanajuato, lamenyezelwa njengeCultural Heritage of Humanity yi-UNESCO eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule.
Idolobha laseMarfil, elasungulwa ngo-1556 (eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kokutholakala ngephutha komthambo wezimayini waseSan Bernabé), lisendaweni ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ayisithupha ukusuka edolobheni laseGuanajuato, lamenyezelwa njengeCultural Heritage of Humanity yi-UNESCO eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule.
Ukusungulwa kukaMarfil kwaba kanyekanye nokwedolobha laseGuanajuato, futhi ezomnotho, ezepolitiki nezenhlalo yabantu bobabili zixhumene ngokusondele kuwo wonke umlando wabo; ngo-1554 kwafakwa amakamu noma izinqaba ezine, enye yazo kwakunguReal de Minas de Santiago Marfil; Abanye abathathu kwakunguSanta Ana, iTepetapa neSanta Fe, njengamanje bonke bengomakhelwane noma amadolobha akhelene nedolobha laseGuanajuato.
Iqiniso lokuthi idolobha laseMarfil lisondelene kakhulu nedolobha liholele eqinisweni lokuthi ukubaluleka komlando wesiza kanye nezikhumbuzo zaso zokwakhiwa kwesinye isikhathi kuyazitshwa, noma kungabaluleki kahle, isimo kwesinye isikhathi esacatshangwa njenge enjalo ngabakhileyo bayo. Ukuntuleka kwenkumbulo yomlando womphakathi, mhlawumbe, kuyisici esimaphakathi esinquma ukongiwa noma ukunganakwa kwezikhala zokwakha zokusetshenziswa komphakathi.
Ithempeli laseSan José nelikaSeñor Santiago, elisengxenyeni engezansi, noma iMarfil de "engezansi", liyisibonelo sokukhohlwa kodwa futhi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, lokuthola inkumbulo yomlando womphakathi, lapho okwakukhona khona i-axis emaphakathi yemisebenzi.
IMarfil, indawo yokuqala yokuhlala, yayihlala kuphela osebeni loMfula iGuanajuato, lapho amapulazi okuzuza ayelashwa khona ngamaminerali; abantu bayo, ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, baxoshwa phakathi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zezakhamizi. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli laseSan José noSeñor Santiago kwaqala ngo-1641, ngokuyalelwa yisiyaluyalu uMarcos Ramírez del Prado, umbhishobhi waseMichoacán, okuyindawo uMarfil ayengaphansi kwayo. Ithempeli lingesinye sezakhiwo ezindala zalolu hlobo (ngisho nasedolobheni laseGuanajuato), yize kwakungakaqedi ukwakhiwa ngoMeyi 1695, njengoba kuphawulwe nguDon Lucio Marmolejo eGuanajuato Ephemeris yakhe.
Kuyadingeka ukugqamisa ukuthi uMbhishobhi Ramírez del Prado nguyena ofanayo owaqala ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu laseMorelia ngo-1660, laphela kwaze kwaba ngekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, ngo-1744. Kodwa-ke, ayikho enye imininingwane ngamathonya ezakhiwo noma izitayela ezitholakele abakhi noma umbhishobhi waseMichoacán, yize kungacatshangwa kanjalo.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nokuqala kwamanje, uMarfil wadlula esigabeni esinzima futhi esididayo: ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ekwelapheni amaminerali, ukwethulwa kojantshi edolobheni laseGuanajuato (ngokunyamalala okusobala kwesiteshi esasikhona ngaphambili Marfil), nezikhukhula ezimbili ezinamandla ngo-1902 no-1905, zaphazamisa impilo yaleli dolobha neyabakhileyo kulo.
Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zimo ezingenhla, iThempeli laseParish laseMarfil bekufanele liguqule indawo yalo libe yingxenye ephezulu, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yekomkhulu langaphambilini. Lokhu, kuhambisana nokwehla okubonakalayo kokuminyana kwabantu, kuholele ekutheni uMarfil athathwe njenge "ghost town". Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ithempeli laseSan José nelikaSeñor Santiago layeka ukuba yisikhungo somphakathi. Uma ufakazi ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwedolobha nedolobha laseGuanajuato uqobo, impahla inokubaluleka okukhulu kwezokwakha, ngoba ikhombisa izindlela zokwakha nezindlela zobuhle zesikhashana, kanye nokuba ngumthombo ongapheli wolwazi ngamasiko amafomu athathwa ngumphakathi othile owenze kwaba nokwenzeka. Ezinye izakhiwo esifundazweni saseGuanajuato azikwazi ukuchazwa noma ukuqondakala ngobukhulu bazo ngaphandle kokuhlaziya lesi sibonelo.
Ithempeli laseSan José nelaseSeñor Santiago, landulelwa i-atrium engena nge-portal ye-neoclassical, ebiyelwe iyinothi elicindezelekile elinemihlobiso evelele nokubunjwa; ezinhlangothini zombili kune-pilaster nengxenye yesampula yesitayela se-Ionic. Lezi zinsizakalo ezine zisekela okufakwayo okuyi-cornice yaso eba yinsika emnyango. Ngokuxhumana nezimbazo zamasampuli wesigamu nama-pilasters, ama-cartouches ama-oval abekwa phansi, futhi maphakathi nendawo kwaphakanyiswa umzimba onephrofayili ye-concave, wafakwa imiqulu emibili nevazi.
Ingaphambili lendawo yokubhabhadisela liqukethe umzimba owodwa onekhothamo eliyindilinga ethekwini elikhulu lokungena, elinamadayimane namapaneli abhalwe phansi ezinsizeni; Umhlobiso we-phytomorphic ohlanganisa ama-spandrels uqala kukhiye, futhi ama-niches atholakala ezinhlangothini zombili. Esihlahleni kukhona into evulekile futhi kuphuma indebe enkulu ku-tympanum yayo, ingxenye eyindilinga ebonakala ngathi ivala isembozo nangaphezulu kwaso, ivikelwe ngompheme omkhulu, ijuba kanye nokukhanya kwangemuva, njengokubonakaliswa koMoya oNgcwele.
Njengamanje, ikhava yoqobo itholakala emnyango wepatio yeSikole Sobudlelwano Bezimboni, maqondana ne-patio yeSikole Sezomthetho, zombili izikhungo ezisenkabeni yesakhiwo se-University of Guauajuato; Ingosi eyinhloko ethempelini elikhona njengamanje akuyona eyasekuqaleni, ngoba ngemuva koshintsho oluvaliwe, umfanekiso wangempela wafakwa ngawo-1950.
Ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga, kuvela esinye isembozo sokubaluleka okukhulu, naso esasihlukanisiwe sabekwa eNyuvesi yaseGuanajuato ngawo-1940. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukususwa kwamakhava kwakuthethelelwa yisifiso sokongiwa nokuvuselelwa, ngoba ithempeli lacishe lashiywa ngokuphelele, ngoba umphakathi nabaqondisi bawo bezenkolo babengawusebenzisi ukwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi, ngaphandle kwezikhathi ezingavamile. Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokusebenza kwama-meteorological agents, ngaphezu kwezenzo ezithile zokucekela phansi impahla, kubangele ukonakala kwempahla.
Isitshalo sethempeli sinesiphambano sesiLatini, side kakhulu, sinamasonto amabili anamathiselwe ezikhathini zakamuva: omncane, uyi-quadrangle enamathiselwe kolunye lwezingalo zesiphambano nenye, yisikhala esinobude obufanayo bendlwana. , kusukela ku-facade kuya ku-transept.
Isethi igcwaliswa ezinye izijobelelo ezazisekela imisebenzi yokuphatha yasendlunkulu yesifunda. Ohlangothini olungasenyakatho-mpumalanga kunamakhothamo amaningana ama-buttress, anezici ezisemthethweni nezesakhiwo, kanye nokuba mncane kwawo, ubuhle bawo be-sui generis kanye nesitayela sabo se-baroque kubenza bahluke esifundeni futhi, mhlawumbe nangaphezulu. Maphakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, njengengxenye yokuzivocavoca kwezemfundo, abafundi abathathu be-Master of Restoration of Sites and Monuments, abafundiswe e-Faculty of Architecture yase-University of Guanajuato, basungula iphrojekthi yokungenelela nokubuyisa. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa nokwenza ithempeli libe yindawo yomhlangano ngokwenhlalo, njengoba lalinjalo emsukweni walo. Isithiyo esikhulu esibhekane naso bekungukukhumbula okungekho, noma okuncane kakhulu, komlando womphakathi.
Ngenxa yalokho, isenzo sokuqala (esivele ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye), ngaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe obuqinile, sigxile ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo namalungu omphakathi. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko kwaba ukubamba iqhaza kwalabo ababephethe ithempeli, ababeyizinto zokuxhumanisa kanye nomfutho wokuqwashisa umphakathi ukuze uthole ifa elibalulekile lokhokho bethu.
Ngokunjalo, ukwesekwa kobuntu obuhlukahlukene bomphakathi kwaba yisinqumo esinqunyelwe ukuqhubeka kwephrojekthi. Kepha into ebaluleke kakhulu ukubamba iqhaza kwezingane, abantu abasha, asebekhulile, abesifazane kanye nabesilisa abavela eMarfil kanye nemiphakathi eyakhelene naleyo ndawo, abathe ngomsebenzi wabo bakwazile ukubuyiselwa kwethempeli iSan José neSeñor Santiago kanye nezixhumi zalo, ngakho-ke, yingakho, ukutakulwa kwenkumbulo evamile yomlando wesikhumbuzo leso.
Ngesikhathi semisebenzi, kutholakele iminonjana yoqobo ye-atrium nengaphansi lomthombo owawengamele indawo eyayiphambi kwethempeli, kanye nemingcele yendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izindawo zisuliwe (okusho ukuthi ukuhanjiswa ngesandla kwamakhulu amathani kasilika); imifantu ekhona ezindongeni, amagumbi okulala nezinye izinto ivaliwe yahlanganiswa, njengombhoshongo omkhulu osabise ngokuwa futhi kwakudinga umsebenzi okhethekile wokuhlela kabusha.
Manje kungenzeka ukuthi uncome, ngokwesibonelo, ama-arches ohlangothini ayingqayizivele wesitayela nokwelashwa kwawo.
Ingosi ye-atrial njengamanje ikhanya kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo, ngenxa yomsebenzi omuhle wabasebenzi bezinga lokuqala bezingcweti zomphakathi uqobo. Ngokufanayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-portal eseceleni (ikhophi elithembekile laleyo eseyunivesithi yaseGuanajuato), ukufakwa kwezithombe ezithile ezazitholakala kwamanye amaphuzu omphakathi uqobo, umthombo ophambi kolunye uhlangothi lokufinyelela Umsebenzi omkhulu, kanye nenani elikhulu lokungenelela okuncane, kungubufakazi bomsebenzi ongajwayelekile owenziwa ngabenzi bomphakathi bomphakathi, ngokuhlanganyela abasivumela ukuba sikhulume ngokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo.
Namuhla impahla inokusetshenziswa okubalulekile komphakathi: njengesikhungo senkolo, samasiko, senhlalo kanye nokuhlelwa kwemicimbi ethile ye-International Cervantino Festival.
Ukutakulwa kwethempeli laseSan José y Señor de Santiago de Marfil, eGuanajuato, kuyisibonelo sendlela umphakathi owazi ngayo umlando wayo wasendulo, ongazithola ngawo ngomzamo wawo umcebo wamasiko ngokwawo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wezwe .
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-8 Agasti-Septhemba 1995
