Inkathi yamanje ibonakaliswe ukusetshenziswa okungakaze kubonwe kwesithombe; Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, imithombo yezindaba iye yathuthuka ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.
Isici esibalulekile sokuxhumana, ngokujwayelekile, nangokubukwayo, ikakhulukazi, isibopho esikhulu senhlalo, okusho ukuthi abathumeli bemiyalezo kumele bakhe izithombe ezinembile nezinhloso. Iphosta njengoba sazi manje ingumkhiqizo wenqubo efakwe ekuguqukeni kwesiko.
EMexico ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ukungqubuzana kwezenhlalo, kwezepolitiki kanye nokwamasosha okwaphawula impilo yezwe, kwakungeyona isithiyo kwezinye izimboni, njengokuzijabulisa, ukuthuthukisa, phakathi kwesimo esibucayi sezomnotho, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphromotha abantu balangazelela iziphazamiso.
Masikhumbule ukuthi eMexico kwakukhona isiko eliqhakazile kusukela ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka kwaqalwa futhi kwabhekwa umsebenzi kaManuel Manilla, uGabriel Vicente Gaona "Picheta" noJosé Guadalupe Posada, phakathi kwabanye ababhali, ababethinta ukuzwela kwabantu ababebanolwazi oluncane futhi iningi labo elingafundile, kepha hhayi ngenxa yalesi sizathu entula intshisekelo ezenzakalweni zesizwe. Emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni athuthukile kwakungokuqoshwa - futhi kamuva i-lithography yacebisa ngombhalo, kulabo ababekwazi ukufunda - ukuthi abantu bangafunda ngemicimbi yomlando neyezinsuku zonke. Ngandlela thile, abantu babejwayele ukuhlala nezithombe.Ubufakazi balokhu bekungukusetshenziswa kwemibhalo yenkolo nokuthanda imidwebo yezombusazwe noma ukunambitheka kokuthwetshulwa izithombe; kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ama-pulquerías ayenezindonga ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukuheha amakhasimende amakhulu.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, i-cinema ethule yathuthukisa isidingo sokuheha umphakathi ngama-divas nezinkanyezi zombukiso omusha. Kusetshenziswa izikhangiso ezinezithombe ezimile noma ezihambayo, umbhali, umqambi womdwebo noma umdwebi, umenzi wezimpawu kanye nephrinta bakhiqize ukukhangisa okungenayo njengomsebenzi omusha wokubumba imikhiqizo ebonwayo, kuze kube manje ayaziwa, ithonya layo elivela masinyane livela e-United States; kusukela kulowo mzuzu kuvela iphosta yezentengiso ehlobene nemfashini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kwesimo se-post-revolution effervescence, izwe lalizihlela kabusha ngezisekelo ezintsha; abadwebi bepulasitiki bacwaninga izimpande zesikhathi esidlule somdabu ukuthola obunye ubuso bezwe lonke, okwenza ulimi olubonakalayo olubizwa ngokuthi iSikole saseMexico. Laba baculi baphinde benza izingqikithi zomlando, zenhlalo noma zansuku zonke kanti abanye basebenza ngezingqikithi zepolitiki, njengamalungu eTaller de Gráfica Popular ngawo-1930 abekhiqiza izingqwembe nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinkulumo-ze zezinhlangano zabasebenzi nezabahlwempu. Kusukela emsukeni wayo, uMnyango Wezemfundo Yomphakathi ukhuthaze ubuhlakani besizukulwane esisha sabadwebi (u-Diego Rivera, uJosé Clemente Orozco, uDavid A. Siqueiros, uRufino Tamayo…) ukwenza impi yomkhankaso wokufundisa nokuphromotha ezindongeni zezakhiwo zomphakathi; UGabriel Fernández Ledezma noFrancisco Díaz de León babambe iqhaza kulezi zimpi zemfundo ezivela ezincwadini nakwezobuciko bokuqhafaza ezithuthukisa ukwakheka kwemidwebo etholakalayo.
Iphosta kwezobuciko bokuqhafaza nokukhangisa
Ekufikeni kwabo, abaculi baseSpain ababedingisiwe benza umaka wabo wazwakala ekwakhiweni kwamaphosta nokuklanywa kwe-typographic; UJosé Renau noMiguel Prieto banikele ngezinye izixazululo namasu kwezobuciko bezithombe zaseMexico.
Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1940, izingqwembe bezingezinye zezinsizakusebenza zokuqhakambisa imicimbi eyahlukahlukene yenqwaba yabalandeli bokulwa nezinkunzi, ukulwa, isibhakela noma ukudansa, ngenkathi besabona ukuthi imboni yomsakazo esanda kuvela bekusebenza kangcono ekusabalaliseni le misebenzi. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lokuthwebula izithombe lwakhiwa ngamakhalenda noma amakhadi atholakele kalula aphakamisa ifantasy yamakilasi aphakathi nathandwayo, imvamisa ngombono wenqubekela phambili obekungumbono omuhle futhi ongenangqondo kwaze kwaba seqophelweni eliphezulu. Kodwa-ke, yize abadwebi bekhathuni nabadwebi bezokukhangisa bezamile ukuthola ukuvezwa okwamukelekayo kokufana kwasekuqaleni, kulolu hlobo lokukhiqiza bambalwa kakhulu ababhali, kufaka phakathi uJesús Helguera, okwazile ukudlula.
Izikhangiso ezinesimo esikhulu sezimpi zesibhakela nezimpi zaba isici sokusetshenziswa kwe-typeface enezinhlamvu ezisindayo, ezinobukhulu obuhle, eziphrintwe ephepheni eliphelele elinamakhasi aphelele, oyinki ababili ohlanganiswe nokonakala. Kamuva, bananyathiselwa ngopende ezindongeni zemigwaqo ukuze kusakazeke kabanzi okwakuyovumela ukuba kube khona le mibukiso.
Imikhosi yendabuko noma yezenkolo nayo ibisebenzisa le phosta ukumemezela imicimbi emphakathini, futhi yize bekuyisiko ukubamba iqhaza minyaka yonke, yadalwa njengesikhumbuzo nobufakazi. Lezi zinhlobo zamaphosta zenzelwe ukumemezela imidanso, ama-gig noma ukuhlolwa kwezomculo.
Lokhu okungenhla kuyisibonelo sezinga lokungena kwemiyalezo ebonakalayo emikhakheni eyehlukene yomphakathi, kungaba ngezinjongo zokuhweba, zokufundisa noma zokuqwashisa.
Ngokuqondile, iphosta kumele ligcwalise umsebenzi wokuxhumana futhi namuhla lithole iphrofayili yalo; Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu nokusungulwa kwayo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe, ingcebo ethe xaxa ekubhalweni kwemibhalo nombala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokuphrinta ezifana ne-offset ne-photoserigraphy.
Esikhathini seminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, umhlaba wagqamisa iphosta yasePoland, ubuciko be-pop baseNyakatho Melika, kanye neposta encane yaseCuba yenguquko, phakathi kokunye okuhlangenwe nakho; Le micimbi yamasiko ithonye izizukulwane ezintsha zochwepheshe nezethameli ezifundile, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wentsha. Lo mkhuba uphinde wenzeka lapha ezweni lethu futhi abadwebi bezithombe (uVicente Rojo kanye neqembu le-Imprenta Madero) abasezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Iphosta "yamasiko" yavula igebe futhi yamukelwa kabanzi, futhi nenkulumo-ze yezombusazwe yazuza amazinga angcono ekhwalithi. Futhi, kuze kufike ezingeni lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele zadlala komunye umzabalazo wezimfuno zazo, zazakhela ezazo izingqwembe, kungaba ngosizo lochwepheshe bobumbano noma ukuveza imibono yabo ngezinsizakusebenza abazitholayo.
Kungafakazelwa ukuthi iphosta uqobo lwayo ingumthombo odumile ngenxa yokuqagelwa kwayo nokuthi ngokuba nokuxhumana okuningana kuyatholakala kalula emphakathini, kepha kufanele sazi ukuthi singawuhlukanisa kanjani umqondo omusha ngomyalezo ocacile, oqondile futhi omuhle, kusuka esithombeni esenzelela futhi ukunganaki, noma ngabe kwenziwe kahle, okuthi, kunalokho kube negalelo ekwakhiweni kwezithombe, kuyingxenye yemfucumfucu ebonakalayo yemiphakathi yanamuhla.
