Ekhulwini lethu leminyaka sekuye kwaziwa ukuthi amasiko aseMesoamerica ayenokuhlakanipha kwezinkanyezi, kukhalenda nangezibalo.
Bambalwa abahlaziye lesi sici sokugcina, futhi kuze kube ngu-1992, lapho isazi sezibalo saseMonterrey u-Oliverio Sánchez eqala izifundo ngolwazi lwejometri lwabantu baseMexico, akukho okwakwaziwa ngalesi siyalo. Njengamanje, izikhumbuzo ezintathu zangaphambi kweSpanishi sezihlolwe njengejiyometri futhi okutholakele kuyamangaza: kuma-monoliths amathathu kuphela aqoshwe, abantu baseMexico bakwazile ukuxazulula ukwakhiwa kwawo wonke amapholigoni avamile aze afike ezinhlangothini ezingama-20 (ngaphandle kwe-nonacaidecagon), ngisho naleyo yenombolo eyinhloko ezinhlangothini, ngokulinganisa okuphawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngobuhlakani uxazulule ukusikwa kanye nokufakwa kwepenteksi kwama-engeli athile ukwenza izinqwaba zeziqeshana zombuthano nezinkomba ezingakwesobunxele ukubhekana nesisombululo sesinye sezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ku-geometry: isikwele sombuthano.
Masikhumbule ukuthi abaseGibhithe, amaKaledi, amaGrikhi kanye namaRoma kuqala, kanye nama-Arabhu kamuva, bafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu lamasiko futhi bathathwa njengabazali bezibalo kanye nejometri. Izinselelo ezithile ze-geometry zalwa nezazi zezibalo zalawo masiko aphakeme asendulo futhi ukunqoba kwabo kwadluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, kusuka edolobheni kuya edolobheni futhi kusukela ngekhulu leminyaka kuya kwekhulu baze bafika kithi. Ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka BC, u-Euclid wasungula imingcele yokuhlelwa nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga ze-geometry njengokwakhiwa kwamapholigoni avamile anezinombolo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlangothi ngomthombo wedwa wombusi nekhampasi. Futhi, kusukela ku-Euclid, kube nezinkinga ezintathu ezithathe ubuhlakani bamakhosi amakhulu we-geometry ne-mathematics: ukuphindwa kwekhiyubhu (ukwakha onqenqemeni lwekhabethe elinevolumu ephindwe kabili kunaleyo yekhiyubhu enikeziwe), ukuhlukaniswa kwe-engeli (ukwakha i-engeli elingana nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ye-engeli enikeziwe) no-y ukusika isikwele isiyingi (kwakhiwa isikwele esinobuso obulingana nobombuthano onikeziwe). Ekugcineni, ngekhulu le-XIX lesikhathi sethu nangokungenelela kwe "Prince of Mathematics", uCarl Friederich Gauss, kwacaca ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula noma yiziphi zalezi zinkinga ezintathu ngomthombo owodwa wombusi nekhampasi.
IKHONO LOKUQALA LOKUSEBENZA LANGAPHAMBILI
Imikhondo isekhona ngekhwalithi yabantu neyenhlalo yabantu bangaphambi kweSpanishi njengomthwalo wemibono eyehlisayo evezwe ngabanqobi, ama-friar kanye nababhali bezindaba abababheka njengabahedeni, ama-sodomites, ama-cannibals kanye nabahlatshelo babantu. Ngenhlanhla, ihlathi elingafinyeleleki nezintaba zivikele izindawo zasemadolobheni ezigcwele izigaxa, izingqimba kanye namafreyimu aqoshwe, okuyisikhathi nesikhathi soguquko lwezimo zabantu esikubeke ethubeni lethu lokuhlola ezobuchwepheshe, ezobuciko nezesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwavela ama-codex asindiswa ekubhujisweni kanye nama-megaliths aqoshiwe amangalisayo, ama-encyclopedia amatshe ayiqiniso (angakafundwa ingxenye enkulu), okungenzeka ukuthi angcwatshwa ngabantu bangaphambi kweSpanishi ngaphambi kokunqotshwa futhi manje ifa esinenhlanhla ukulithola.
Eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule, kuye kwavela izinsalela ezesabekayo zamasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi, asebenze ukuzama ukuthola indlela yobungcweti bangempela balaba bantu. Ngo-Agasti 13, 1790, lapho umsebenzi wokuphinda uvuseleleka wenziwa eMayor yasePlaza eMexico, kwatholwa isithombe esibabazekayo seCoatlicue; Ezinyangeni ezine kamuva, ngoDisemba 17 walowo nyaka, amamitha ambalwa ukusuka lapho kungcwatshwa khona lelo tshe, kwavela itshe leLanga.Ngemuva konyaka, ngoDisemba 17, kwatholakala i-cylindrical megalith ye-Stone of Tizoc. Ngemuva kokuthi la matshe amathathu etholakele, ngokushesha acwaningwa yisihlakaniphi u-Antonio León y Gama. Iziphetho zakhe zathelwa encwadini yakhe Incazelo yomlando nokulandelana kwamatshe amabili ukuthi ngesikhathi sekwakhiwa okusha okwakhiwa eMain Square yaseMexico, batholwa kuso ngo-1790, ngokuhambisana okwengeziwe kamuva. Kusuka kuye nakumakhulu amabili eminyaka, ama-monoliths amathathu abekezelele imisebenzi eminingi yokuchazwa nokuncishiswa, eminye eneziphetho zasendle kanti eminye inokutholwa okuphawulekayo ngesiko lama-Aztec. Kodwa-ke, kuncane okuye kwahlaziywa kusukela ekubukeni kwezibalo.
Ngo-1928, uMnu. Alfonso Caso waveza: […] kunendlela kuze kube manje engakatholi ukunakwa okuyifanele futhi engakaze izanywe; Ngiqonde ukuzimisela kwemodyuli noma isilinganiso esakhiwe ngaso umzuzwana ”. Kulolu cwaningo wazinikela ekulinganiseni iKhalenda elibizwa nge-Aztec, iTizoc Stone kanye neQuetzalcóatl Temple yaseXochicalco, wathola ubudlelwane obumangazayo kuzo. Umsebenzi wakhe washicilelwa ku Ijenali yaseMexico Yezinto Zokuvubukula.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kamuva, ngo-1953, uRaúl Noriega wenza ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwePiedra del Sol kanye "nezikhumbuzo zezinkanyezi zaseMexico zasendulo" eziyi-15, futhi wakhipha umbono ngabo: "itshe lesikhumbuzo liyahlangana, namafomu omantshi, isisho sezibalo (ku izikhathi zezinkulungwane zeminyaka) zokuhamba kweLanga, iVenus, iNyanga noMhlaba, futhi, mhlawumbe, nalokho okukaJupiter noSaturn ”. Kwi-Stone of Tizoc, uRaúl Noriega wayecabanga ukuthi iqukethe "izinkulumo zezinto ezenzeka emaplanethi nokunyakaza okubhekiswe kuVenus." Kodwa-ke, imicabango yakhe ayizange iqhubeke kwezinye izazi zesayensi yezibalo kanye nezinkanyezi.
UMBONO WE-MEXICAN GEOMETRY
Ngo-1992, isazi sezibalo u-Oliverio Sánchez waqala ukuhlaziya i-Stone of the Sun kusuka kokungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili: i-geometric. Esifundweni sakhe, umphathi uSánchez wehlise ukwakheka kwejometri okujwayelekile kwetshe, elenziwe ngama-pentagon ahlobene, akha isethi eyindilinga yemijikelezo eyindilinga yobukhulu obahlukene kanye nokwahlukana okuhlukile. Uthole ukuthi sekukonke kunezinkomba zokwakha imapholigoni avamile ngqo. Ekuhlaziyweni kwakhe, isazi sezibalo safunda ku-Stone of the Sun izinqubo ezazisetshenziswa yi-Mexica ukwakha, ngombusi nekhampasi, ama-polygoni avamile ezinombolo eziyinhloko zezinhlangothi i-geometry yanamuhla eye yahlukanisa njengezingaxazululeki; i-heptagon ne-heptacaidecagon (izinhlangothi eziyisikhombisa no-17). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthole indlela esetshenziswe yiMexico ukuxazulula enye yezinkinga okwakuthiwa ayinakuxazululeka ku-Euclidean geometry: i-trisection ye-angle engu-120º, lapho i-nonagon (ipholigoni ejwayelekile enezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalolunye) yakhiwa ngenqubo elandelwayo , elula futhi enhle.
UKUTHOLA NGOKUDLULA
Ngo-1988, ngaphansi kwesitezi samanje segceke lesakhiwo sangaphambili sombhishobhi omkhulu, esisebangeni elingamamitha ambalwa ukusuka kwiMeya yaseTemplo, kwatholakala enye i-monolith eqoshwe kahle kakhulu yangaphambi kweSpanishi efana ne-Piedra de Tizoc. Yaqanjwa ngokuthi iPiedra de Moctezuma yadluliselwa eNational Museum of Anthropology, lapho ibekwe endaweni evelele egumbini laseMexico enesihloko esifushane: Cuauhxicalli.
Yize izincwadi ezikhethekile (amanqampunqampu e-anthropology kanye nomagazini) sezivele zisabalalisile izincazelo zokuqala zezimpawu zetshe le-Moctezuma, ezihlobanisa "nenkolo yelanga", kanye nabantu lapho amaqhawe amelwe khona ngama-glyphs angaziwa. Ihambisana nabo, le monolith, njengezinye izikhumbuzo eziyishumi nambili ezinemiklamo efanayo yejometri, isagcina imfihlo engacacisiwe edlula umsebenzi "womamukeli wezinhliziyo emhlatshelweni wabantu."
Ngizama ukuthola ukulinganiselwa kokuqukethwe kwezibalo zamatshe ezikhumbuzo zangaphambi kweSpanishi, ngabhekana namatshe aseMctezuma, iTizoc neSun ukuze ngihlaziye ubukhulu bawo bejometri ngokuya ngohlelo olwasetshenziswa yisazi sezibalo u-Oliverio Sánchez. Ngiqinisekisile ukuthi ukwakheka nokuklanywa okujwayelekile kwe-monolith ngayinye kuhlukile, futhi kuze kube nokwakhiwa kwe-geometric okuhambisanayo. Itshe leLanga lakhiwa ngokulandela inqubo yamapholigoni avamile anezinombolo eziningi ezinjengezinhlangothi ezinhlanu, eziyisikhombisa nezingu-17, kanti lezo ezinamacala amane, ayisithupha, ayisishiyagalolunye nokuphindaphindeka, kepha ayiqukethe isixazululo salabo abangu-11, 13 Izinhlangothi eziyi-15, ezisematsheni amabili okuqala. Etsheni leMoctezuma, izinqubo zokwakhiwa kwejometri ye-undecagon (okuyisici sayo futhi egcizelelwe kumapaneli ayishumi nanye anezinhlamvu zabantu ezimbili eziqoshwe onqenqemeni lwayo) kanye ne-tricadecagon ibonakala ngokusobala. Ngokwengxenye yalo, i-Stone of Tizoc ine-pentacaidecagon njengesici, okwamelwa ngaso izinombolo eziphindwe kabili eziyi-15 zengoma yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuwo womabili amatshe (elikaMoctezuma nelikaTizoc) kunezindlela zokwakhiwa kwamapholigoni avamile anezinombolo eziphakeme zezinhlangothi (40, 48, 64, 128, 192, 240 kuya ku-480).
Ukuphelela kwejometri kwamatshe amathathu ahlaziyiwe kuvumela ukusungula izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezibalo. Isibonelo, i-Moctezuma Stone iqukethe izinkomba zokuxazulula, ngendlela ehlakaniphile nelula, inkinga engenakuxazululwa ngobuhle be-geometry: isikwele sombuthano. Akungabazeki ukuthi izazi zezibalo zabantu base-Aztec babecabanga njengesixazululo sale nkinga yasendulo ye-Euclidean geometry. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi kuxazululwa ukwakhiwa kwepoligoni ejwayelekile emaceleni ayi-13, ama-geometri wangaphambi kweSpanishi axazulula ngobuciko, futhi ngokulinganisa okuhle kwama-35 eziyishumi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, isikwele sombuthano.
Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-monoliths amathathu wangaphambi kweSpanishi esixoxe ngawo, kanye nezinye izikhumbuzo eziyishumi nambili zomklamo ofanayo ezikhona eminyuziyamu, zenza i-eniplopedia ye-geometry nezibalo eziphezulu. Itshe ngalinye aliyona i-eseyi eyedwa; Ubukhulu bayo, amamojula, izibalo nokwakhiwa kwayo kuveza ukuthi kuyizixhumanisi ze-lithic zensimbi eyinkimbinkimbi yesayensi eyavumela abantu baseMesoamerican ukuthi bajabulele impilo yenhlalakahle kanye nokuzwana nemvelo, okwakhulunywa ngokuncane emibhalweni nasezincwadini zomlando ukuthi eze kithi.
Ukukhanyisa le panorama futhi uqonde izinga lobungcweti lamasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi aseMesoamerica, indlela evuselelwe futhi mhlawumbe ukubukeza okuthobekile kwezindlela ezisungulwe futhi zamukelwa kuze kube manje kuzodingeka.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-219 / Meyi 1995
