Ukukhiqizwa kwezithombe zekhulu le-19 kunesici esithile sezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukuthwebula nokulungisa izithombe: ama-daguerreotypes, ama-ambrotypes, ama-tintypes, ama-carbon prints nenjoloba ene-bichromated ngezinye nje zazo.
Lezi zinqubo ezahlukahlukene zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: lawo akhiqiza isithombe esisodwa - esibizwa nangokuthi isithombe sekhamera futhi esine-line yabo yemvelaphi ku-daguerreotype- kanye nalawo avumela ukukhiqizwa okuningi -kuvela kumethrikhi engemihle etholakele ekamelweni elimnyama-, okuvela imvelaphi yakhe kukhalotype.
Eqenjini lesibili - lezo ezenze ukuthi ukuzala okuningi kwenzeke - izindlela ezimbili zokuphrinta zigqame: ukuphrinta ngosawoti noma iphepha elinosawoti nephepha le-albhamu. Umakhi wokuqala kwakunguHenry Fox-Talbot, owathola izithombe zakhe nge-wax paper negative. Ukuphrinta kwe-albhamuen, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuyindlela okwenziwa ngayo izithombe ezingama-85% ezenziwa ngekhulu le-19, okusho ukuthi ifa lezithombe zezwe lethu - elihambisana nalelo khulu leminyaka - okutholwe kule nqubo.
Iphepha le-albhamuen lalingenye yezinto zokuqala ezazisetshenziselwa ukuphrinta izinto ezinhle, kwathi ngo-1839 uLouis Blanquart-Evrard wazama ukukwenza ngokuthatha inqubo yokwenza izinto ezingezinhle ezingilazi ezivela eNiépce de St. Victor, eyayine-substrate yayo eyayine-albumin eyayikhuthazwa ngosawoti besiliva. . Ngale ndlela, uLouis wenza izivivinyo ngalolu hlobo lwe-colloid walusebenzisa emaphepheni, wenza ngcono imiphumela yamacalotype kaHenry Fox Talbot, ukuze kamuva enze imidwebo yezithombe bese ethula imiphumela yakhe eFrance Academy of Sciences (Meyi 27 ka-1850). Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo bekuncipha ngenxa yokuthi abathwebuli bezithombe - okuwukuphela kwabo abayisebenzisile - bathole imiphumela engcono ngamaphepha e-emulsified wokuphrinta ngqo (i-collodion noma i-gelatin).
Obunye bobunzima obukhulu ekwakhiweni kwephepha le-albumin kwakuwukuthi lapho iphepha livuselelwa nge-nitrate yesiliva, kwesinye isikhathi lalihlangana nephepha ngokusebenzisa ungqimba lwe-albhamuin, futhi uma iphepha lalingenziwa ikhwalithi enhle, i-nitrate isabele ngamakhemikhali ibangela amachashazi amnyama noma amabala ebusweni besithombe. Enye into eyinkinga kwakuyizinga lokungahlanzeki kwephepha nezinto zokulinganisa, ngoba ukuthwebula noma ukuthwebula izithombe ezitholwe ephepheni le-albhamuen zazingaveza ushintsho lwe-chromatic. Ngakho-ke, yize ukwenziwa kwephepha le-albenen kwakulula, kwaletha ubunzima obubonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, bekunabakhiqizi abathengisa iphepha le-albhamuen elisezingeni eliphakeme, amafemu adume kakhulu kube lawo aseJalimane - ikakhulukazi lawo aseDresden-, lapho kudliwa khona izigidi zamaqanda minyaka yonke kulo mkhakha.
"Iresiphi" yokwenza iphepha, kanye nokuzwela kwayo okulandelayo ngosawoti besiliva, kuchazwa nguRodolfo Namias ngo-1898:
Amaqanda aqhekeka ngokucophelela kanti i-albhamuin yehlukaniswe nesikhuphasha; lena yokugcina ithengiselwa amagilavu nezitolo zamakhekhe. I-albumin ewuketshezi bese iqhutshwa ibe ngama-flakes, kungaba ngesandla noma ngemishini ekhethekile, bese ishiywa ukuba iphumule: ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa iphinde ibe wuketshezi, bese izinhlayiya ezinamalungu zihlukana kahle. I-albumin ewuketshezi etholakalayo akufanele isetshenziswe ngokushesha, kodwa kufanele ivunyelwe ukubila kancane, ngoba lokhu kunikeza ungqimba olulula kakhulu lwesithombe […] luvame ukushiywa [lubila], njengoba luyizinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili noma eziyishumi , futhi ngenkathi ebandayo kuze kube yizinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu; kusukela kunukelwa yisicanucanu esikunikezayo, umzuzu lapho ifinyelela umkhawulo wayo nje ungabalwa. Ukuvutshelwa kuyamiswa ngokufakwa kwenani elincane le-acetic acid bese kuhlungwa. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le-albumin, kufanele kungezwe inani elithile le-alkali chloride. Inhloso yale chloride ukudala, ekuvuseleleni iphepha, ekwakheni i-chloride yesiliva kanye noqweqwe lwe-albhamuin, futhi le chloride yesiliva yakha ngokunembile, kanye ne-albumin yesiliva, udaba olubucayi.
Namuhla siyazi ukuthi i-albhamuin yafakwa ezitsheni ezenziwe ngamacwecwe e-zinc, futhi kuwo kwashintshwa amashidi ephepha elikhethekile elisezingeni eliphakeme nesisindo esiphansi ababefuna ukukulungisa. Ishidi lalicwilisiwe kulokhu kugeza, lilibambe ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphikisanayo futhi lehliswe kancane, ligweme ngangokunokwenzeka ukwakheka kwamabhamuza; ngemuva komzuzu noma emibili yasuswa yalengiswa ukuze yomile. Ngokuvamile, amaqabunga ayene-proteinaceous ephindwe kabili ukuwanikeza ungqimba olucwebezela futhi olufana kakhulu.
Uma selomile, iphepha bekufanele libe yi-satin ukukhulisa ukucwebezela kobuso. Uma le nqubo yenziwa kahle, kwakuzotholakala iphepha le-albhamuen elinephunga elingemnandi (isici esiyinhloko sephepha elicutshungulwe kahle). Leli phepha elalivele linamaprotheni laligoqwe ngamaphakeji ayegcinwa endaweni eyomile ukuze kusizakale kamuva. Lokhu kwenziwa usuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwalo, yize maphakathi nawo-1850s (i-JM Reilly, 1960) bekungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale sekuvele kuvuselelwe futhi kwahlanganiswa kwezinye izakhiwo zezentengiselwano.
Ukuzwela, i-10% solution nitrate yesiliva enamanzi acolisisiwe yasetshenziswa; Ngemuva kwalokho, ingxube yathelwa ebhakedeni le-porcelain, futhi ngaphansi kokukhanyiswa kwesibani sokufakelwa esibuthakathaka (igesi noma isibani samafutha, okungakaze kube incandescent), iqabunga le-albumen lalintanta kubhavu wesiliva imizuzu emibili noma emithathu; ekugcineni yacishwa ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi yayingu-albhamuin, kodwa manje kumnyama bhuqe. Uma selomile, leli phepha lalifakwe kwisisombululo se-5% se-citric acid umzuzu owodwa noma emibili bese likhishwa futhi lomiswe phakathi kwephepha lokuhlunga. Athi esomile, amaqabunga apakishwa ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva, noma asongwe, ingxenye ephrotheyini ibheke ngaphandle, esakhiweni esiyindilinga esasisongwe ngephepha. Ngokunjalo nephepha elalikhuthazwa laligcinwa endaweni eyomile (M. Carey Lea, 1886).
Ukwenza ukuphrinta kwezithombe kulolu hlobo lwephepha, kwenziwa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
a) Iphepha le-albhamuin elizwelayo lavezwa yilanga lapho lihlangana nokubi, okungaba yingilazi ene-albumin substrate, ingilazi ene-collodion, noma ne-gelatin.
b) Umbono wagezwa ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo.
c) Lalifakwa ngentambo, ngokuvamile ngesixazululo se-chloride yegolide.
d) Ilungiswe nge-sodium thiosulfate.
f) Ekugcineni yagezwa yabekwa kuma-racks ukuze yome.
Imibhalo yokuqala ye-albhamuen yayiyi-matte ebusweni, futhi indawo ecwebezelayo yavela maphakathi nawo-1950. Ngokwethulwa kwezithombe ezenziwa nge-stereoscopic and cartes de visite ("amakhadi avakashelayo"), iphepha le-albumen laba nokuqhakaza okukhulu (1850-1890).
Ngokuhweba kwazo, lezi zithombe zazifakwe kwizisekeli eziqinile, futhi zanamathelwa ngesitashi, i-gelatin, i-gum arabic, i-dextrin noma i-albhamuin (i-JM Reilly, op. Cit), zombili ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe nobuhle, kusukela ngohlobo lwephepha elisetshenziswe Ukuphrinta kwezithombe, njengoba sekuxoxiwe, kwakuncane kakhulu. Izithombe ezingenakwehliswa kwesinye isikhathi bezifakwa kuma-albhamu, nangezinye izikhathi, zigcinwe emaphakeji noma ezimvilophini, lapho zivame ukuthambeka khona ukugoqana noma ukushwabana, okuyizinto ezisetshenziswayo okuyiyona nto okucwaningwa ngayo.
Le mibhalo ye-albhamuen engahlanganisiwe yayigoqiwe kakhulu noma ishwabene ngenxa yezinguquko kumswakama nasethempelini okungenzeka zenzeka endaweni lapho zazigcinwe khona ngaphambi kokufika kwazo e-INAH Photo Library, nakho okwadala ukufiphala okusheshayo kwezinye izithombe .
Eqinisweni, izinkinga ezitholwe ekugoqeni kwephepha le-albenen zabikwa ezincwadini zokuqala zokucaciswa kwalolu hlobo lwephepha lokuthwebula, kanye nesisombululo salo, esasiqukethe ukulungisa imidwebo ezisekelweni zamakhadibhodi eziqinile zesibili, yize lesi sixazululo sisebenza kuphela uma i-curl ibilula (i-JM cit.).
Ukugoqa kwephepha kwenzeka ngenxa yokwehluka komswakama endaweni, ngoba ukumuncwa kwayo kuncane ku-albin substrate kunasekusekelweni kwephepha, okubangela ukuvuvukala kwemicu yokuxhaswa ngenxa yomehluko wokungezwani.
Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokwasemzimbeni kwale nqubo yokuthatha izithombe kuphansi kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi izithombe ezikhiqizwe ngale ndlela zisengozini yokwehla, kokubili ngenxa yezimo zemvelo nezingaphakathi ezinikezwe yizici ze-albhamuin nesiliva le-photolytic lesithombe esenziwe ukuphrinta okuqondile.
Yize kunezifundo ezithinta izinto eziguqula impilo yalolu hlobo lwamaphrinta, eziphakamisa izindlela ezithile zokubambezela ukuwohloka, awukho umbono womhlaba wonke wenkinga ovumela ukuthi imidwebo yezithombe ekhiqizwe yizinqubo ezibalwe ngenhla igcinwe ngendlela efanelekile.
Umtapo Wezithombe we-INAH uneqoqo lezicucu ezingaba ngu-10 000 ephepheni le-albhamu, zonke zinenani elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuma kwezwe nokwakheka kwezithombe. Izithombe eziningana zaleli qoqo zisesimweni esithuthukile sokuwohloka - ngaphandle kwezimo zokugcina ezinzile-, lapho kwasungulelwa khona uhlelo lomsebenzi wokubuyisela oluzovumela ukutakulwa kwalezi zingcezu nokusatshalaliswa kwazo. Ekubuyiseleni ngomshini, kusetshenziswa amasu aguquliwe asetshenziselwa ukubuyiselwa kwemibhalo, akhonza ukuthola "ubuqotho" nokuqhubeka ngokomzimba kokusekelwa, yize kukhulunywa ngokungenelela ku-substrate noma esithombeni, kunezinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nazo, ngoba amasu nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe azihambisani nemithetho eyisisekelo yokungenelela okubuyisela esimweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlela zamakhemikhali azisebenzi kulolu hlobo lokuvelayo, ngoba ziguqula ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana esiliva elenza isithombe (kusuka kusiliva le-photolytic kuya kwesiliva le-filamentary), ukuguqula ithoni, inqubo engaguquguquki.
Lokhu kwenziwa kanjena okulandelayo:
a) Ukuqoshwa kwezithombe zezingxenye zokuqala ezigoqiwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa.
b) Ukuhlaziywa komzimba nokwamakhemikhali kwesakhiwo semibhalo ye-albhamuin.
c) Lapho nje kwenziwa lezi zingcezu, zenziwa ngendlela yokumanzisa ebandayo, okwakuthi lapho kwenyusa iphesenti lamanzi ngesisindo esakhiweni ngasinye kungavama ukuwaqaqa.
d) Saqhubeka soma futhi sakha kabusha indiza yokuqala yezithombe ngomshini wephepha.
e) Ekugcineni, ngalinye lalifakwe ekusekeleni okuqinile kokungathathi hlangothi ph, okusiza ukugcina ukwakheka kwalo koqobo, ukugwema ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka kukho kokubili ekusekelweni okuyinhloko nasesithombeni (ukufiphala, amabala, njll.).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi yokulondolozwa nokongiwa kwamaqoqo ezithombe ibalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuthwebula izithombe empeleni kuyinkumbulo ebonakalayo yomphakathi, isizwe, hhayi nje umphumela wenqubo ye-photochemical noma ukuhlangana nama-thanatos.
