Zimbalwa izinto ezisunguliwe ezibe nokuqhamuka nokuhlala cishe ngokuphelele eMexico njengesitimela nezithombe.
Bobabili bazalwa, bapheleliswa futhi bathola okukhulu ukukhula kwabo eYurophu, futhi inguquko yabo yayishesha futhi ikhazimula kangangokuba yadlula umhlaba wonke. Lokhu kudalwa komuntu kuzalwe nezimpawu ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale impumelelo ekwehliseni imikhawulo yejubane. Ujantshi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo, uqinisekise ukuthuthwa okusheshayo, okuphephile nokujabulisayo; Kodwa-ke, ukuthwebula izithombe, ukuze kuqoshwe izikhathi lapho isithombe esithwebula khona siveze ingqikithi yesikhashana yendoda ebisemzabalazweni wokunciphisa amabanga, bekufanele inqobe izithiyo eziningi ngaphambi kokujabulela i-vertigo yejubane.
Ukuvela kukajantshi nezithombe kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwabantu okuphawuleka kanye nentuthuko esebenzayo yezimboni emazweni anesakhiwo esiqinile sezomnotho nezenhlalo. IMexico, yona, ayizange ihlanganyele nalezi zimo: yayihamba ngokungazinzi kwezepolitiki lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili zazilwela amandla, abakhululekile nabalondolozayo. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe obusha bufakazele kabanzi ukuthi banikela ngezithako ukumangaza, ukukholisa nokuzenza bahambisane nesinyathelo esiqinile, ukufinyelela emazingeni abalulekile okuphelela ekusetshenzisweni kwabo, noma emkhakheni wezwe waseMexico.
Kwakusekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1940s yekhulu le-19 lapho ukwakhiwa komgwaqo wesitimela eMexico kwenzeka, ngebanga lamakhilomitha ayi-13 elixhumanise itheku laseVeracruz nenhlokodolobha yezwe.
Ukundiza cishe kuhambisana nalezi zindaba, akuthathanga isikhathi eside ukuthi umsindo wamasondo wensimbi kojantshi bensimbi usabalale ezweni lonke, okuthi noma bekuduma izulu, kungavimbeli ukuzwa ikhwela elinamandla nelingena kaloliwe, umshini Njengesidalwa esisha futhi esinamandla, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzokwenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izimboni nezindawo zokuhlala.
Njengjantshi, inqubo yezithombe yavela okokuqala njengezindaba ezingeni likazwelonke, futhi kwaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi yesithathu yekhulu elidlule nasekuqaleni kwesine lapho kwakwaziwa ukuthi inqubo yezithombe ebizwa nge-daguerreotype ifikile eMexico. Bathatha njengerekhodi lesithombe, ohlotsheni lwesithombe, onxiwankulu baseMexico ababekwazi ukukhokhela le nqubo yenoveli, bahamba phambi kwekhamera, befuna isithombe esisha se-social order, amabhange, osomabhizinisi, abanikazi bezimayini kanye nezindawo zezolimo , ababezizwa njengabahumushi bomlando, ngoba babekwazi ukubeka isithombe sabo kusizukulwane esizayo. Endaweni ekhathazeke ngokungafi kobuso bomuntu, kwaqalwa umsebenzi omusha, njengaseYurophu, i-bohemia enezithombe ezinhle.
Ngenxa yokuthwebula izithombe bekukhonjisiwe kukho konke ukungokoqobo kwayo, iMexico ebisebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nentuthuko uqobo eyabuyisa inkathi entsha ezenzakalelayo ye-automation.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho isithombe esibaziwe noma esidwetshiwe ngenxa yesandla somculi sikhombise ukungakwazi ukunikeza isithombe esigculisayo seqiniso. Njengoba ngishilo vele encwadini "Los Días del Vapor", ujantshi, ngokulandelana kwawo nokulandelana kwezithombe, weqa umugqa wakhe wesenzo ukuhambisa ikhamera emakhoneni angalindelekile ezwe, ubhalisa ngentshiseko amadolobha asafufusa aseMexico wesimanje.
Kamuva, ukuthathwa kwezithombe kuzohlonipha lo mzamo ngokubona ujantshi ethwetshulwe kahle amapuleti angenakubalwa manje ayingxenye yomlando womphakathi nowangasese. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ifa lobuciko labathwebuli bezithombe abaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabazwelonke abathi, ukuze kufezwe umsebenzi wabo, bafaka uhla olubanzi lwamakhamera hhayi amasu ambalwa wezithombe, bathola izithombe ezedlula umkhakha wesenzo sombhali, ngoba bayakwazi ukuzikhulumela. efanayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okusheshayo nangempumelelo. Izithombe ezithwebula izithombe ezibhekise kujantshi wesitimu oselondolozwe umtapo wezithombe we-INAH, usikisele ukuhlangana okukodwa lapho ujantshi nezithombe kuhlanganyela khona indawo yaseMexico. Ngokushesha, ukuthwebula izithombe kuzokhombisa izimpawu zentuthuko enjalo, okwaholela ekusungulweni kwabathwebuli bezithombe emigwaqweni emikhulu yamadolobha kubantu abasanda kuvela.
EMexico City, ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni engamashumi amane yekhulu elidlule, abathwebuli bezithombe, ikakhulukazi abokufika kanye nabantu abambalwa, babengabalwa eminweni yesandla, ababesemigwaqweni emaphakathi yePlateros naseSan Francisco, abaningi babo abavela bafaka okwesikhashana emahhotela futhi bakhangisa ngemisebenzi yabo emaphephandabeni endawo.
Kodwa emashumini amabili eminyaka kamuva, kwakusebenza izitudiyo ezingaphezu kwekhulu, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezikhungo zazo, zisebenzisa izindlela ezisheshayo kunama-daguerreotypes, njengenqubo enhle engemihle nge-collodion emanzi lapho, ngokusetshenziswa kokuphrinta, amaphepha lapho imoto kasawoti wesiliva ophethe isithombe kwakungu-albumin nentambo, zombili kunqubo yokuziphrinta eyayidinga isikhathi esiningi ukuthola ikhophi, ebonakala ngamathoni wayo we-sepia namathoni we-purplish, ingajwayelekile umsindo we-cyan okhiqizwa ngosawoti bensimbi.
Kwaze kwaba maphakathi namashumi ayisishiyagalombili lapho ipuleti le-gelatin elomile lavela, elenza inqubo yezithombe isebenziseke kalula futhi iyenze itholakale ezinkulungwaneni zabathwebuli zithombe, okungezona nje kuphela ngenhloso yezithombe, kepha njengomkhuba wokuthwebula izithombe, bakwazi ukufinyelela kulo lonke ubude nobubanzi bezwe.
Ngenxa yesitimela, ochwepheshe bamakhamera bavele ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwe. Ngokuyinhloko babengabathwebuli bezithombe bakwamanye amazwe, umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukuthwebula uhlelo lwesitimela, kepha abaliyekanga ithuba lokuqopha ukwakheka nempilo yansuku zonke yaseMexico ngaleso sikhathi.
Izithombe ezibonisa lo mbhalo zihambisana nabathwebuli bezithombe ababili, uGove noNyakatho. Ngokwakheka okukodwa, basivumela ukuthi sibone umthengisi wamabhodwe ebonakala engxenyeni yomgwaqo wesitimela, noma kungenjalo, basenza sazi ngobuhle bengqalasizinda yesitimela yokwakhiwa kwamabhuloho kanye nemihubhe; komunye umdwebo, iziteshi nezitimela zivusa umoya wothando. Sibona nezinhlamvu ezihlobene nojantshi owakhetha indawo yokungena evulekile yemoto yomgibeli.
EMexico, ujantshi nezithombe, kuhlobene eduze, kufakazela ukuhamba kwesikhathi emifanekisweni ependwe ngokukhanya, okuthi, njengokushintsha kwethrekhi, kusike ngokungazelelwe futhi kuphendukezele okwamanje ukubuyela kokwedlule, kwehlula isikhathi nokukhohlwa.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi # 26 Septhemba / Okthoba 1998
